∗ Every creature and plant on Earth needs water to survive.
∗ Oceans make up about 97% of the Earth’s water.
∗ Less than 1% is available to people for consumption, agriculture, and industry use.
Feinstein, 2011 p. 9
Water on Earth
Oceans 97% Snow and Glaciers 2%
Fresh Water 3% Rivers, Lakes, Streams 1%
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Feinstein, S. (2011). Conserving and Protecting Water. Berkeley Heights: Enslow Publishers, Inc.
Conservation and Water Reuse needed to promote sustainability.
∗ 2005 US average use per household is 254 gallons per day (48,000 MGD).
∗ Installing home water-saving features, water use would decrease by 30%.
∗ 2005 US Industry use 162,000 MGD
∗ Switching to closed-loop recirculation cooling towers would save 50% or more water use.
Source: World Bank Freshwater Table 3.5
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
World US
7040
18
46
12 14
2011 Freshwater Withdrawals
Domestic
Industrial
Agriculture
Source: AWWA Water Use Statistics 2014, USGS 2005 Estimated Water Use 2009
Presenter
Presentation Notes
American Water Works Association. (2014). Water Use Statistics. Retrieved July 29, 2014, from Drinktap.org: http://www.drinktap.org/home/water-information/conservation/water-use-statistics.aspx Kenny, J. F., Barber, N. L., Hutson, S. S., Linsey, K. S., Lovelace, J. K., & Maupin, M. A. (2009). Estimated use of water in the United States in 2005. Reston: U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved July 27, 2014, from http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/cir1344 The World Bank. (2014). World Development Indicators: Freshwater. Retrieved July 25, 2014, from Environment 2014 Table 3.5: http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/3.5#
Conservation and Water Reuse needed to promote sustainability.
∗ 2005 US Agricultural use 138,000 MGD per day; half is lost to evaporation and evapotranspiration.
∗ Switching to low flow irrigation would save 35% from evaporation:∗ Drip Irrigation∗ Low Spray Irrigation
Source: World Bank Freshwater Table 3.5
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
World US
7040
18
46
12 14
2011 Freshwater Withdrawals
Domestic
Industrial
Agriculture
Source: USGS 2005 Estimated Water Use
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Kenny, J. F., Barber, N. L., Hutson, S. S., Linsey, K. S., Lovelace, J. K., & Maupin, M. A. (2009). Estimated use of water in the United States in 2005. Reston: U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved July 27, 2014, from http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/cir1344 The World Bank. (2014). World Development Indicators: Freshwater. Retrieved July 25, 2014, from Environment 2014 Table 3.5: http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/3.5#
Early Examples of Water Reuse.
∗ The oldest use of reclaimed wastewater in the US is in Grand Canyon Village, AZ IN 1926. ∗ Dual distribution system - two separate lines into a
residence, to supply water for:∗ Toilet flushing ∗ Boiler feed water for power generators ∗ Steam locomotives (Fulton 2011, p.12).
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Fulton, M., & Graf, C. (2011, December 13). Wastewater Treatment and Reclaimed Water Reuse in Arizona: Past and Present. Retrieved November 16, 2013, from Arizona Department of Environmental Quality Website: http://www.flagstaff.az.gov/DocumentCenter/Home/View/15091
Early Examples of Water Reuse.
∗ Agricultural – non food crops∗ Industrial – thermoelectric
cooling towers∗ Irrigation - lawns, golf
courses, and parks
By the 1970s, several other cities began reusing their wastewater for:
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Fulton, M., & Graf, C. (2011, December 13). Wastewater Treatment and Reclaimed Water Reuse in Arizona: Past and Present. Retrieved November 16, 2013, from Arizona Department of Environmental Quality Website: http://www.flagstaff.az.gov/DocumentCenter/Home/View/15091 National Research Council. (2012). Understanding Water Reuse: Potential For Expanding the Nation's Water Supply Through Reuse of Municipal Wastewater. Washington: National Academy of Sciences.
Early Examples of Water Reuse.
In 2008, the US reuses the most reclaimed wastewater out of all countries at a rate of 2 BGD (Jimenez, 2008; NRC, 2012).
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
USASaudi Arabia
EgyptSyria
IsrealSpain
Total reuse
2,006488470
268217203
5,416
MGD
Presenter
Presentation Notes
BGD = Billion Gallons per Day Jimenez, B. (2008). Water Reuse: An International Survey of Current Practice, Issues and Needs (Vol. Scientific and Technical Report No. 20). (B. Jimenez, & T. Asano, Eds.) London: IWA Publishing. National Research Council. (2012). Understanding Water Reuse: Potential For Expanding the Nation's Water Supply Through Reuse of Municipal Wastewater. Washington: National Academy of Sciences.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency & USAID. (2012). Guidelines for Water Reuse. Washington, DC: CDM Smith Inc. Retrieved July 10, 2014, from http://nepis.epa.gov/Adobe/PDF/P100FS7K.pdf Image Source: brackish.usegrid.net Image Source: kevinalanlamb.com Image Source: www.kfactorfilter.com
requirement for health∗ For human consumption∗ Public water works∗ Bottled water
Potable
Drinking
Bathing
Cooking
Non-potable Reuse
∗ Known as ‘gray water’∗ Treatment not as strict∗ Agriculture
∗ Irrigation of non-human food crops
∗ Industrial∗ Cooling Towers∗ Mining∗ Paper Processing
∗ Urban∗ Fire hydrants∗ Lawn and park irrigation∗ Toilets∗ Boiler feed
Non-potable
Agriculture
Industrial
Urban
Defacto Reuse
∗ Discharge from a municipal treatment plant to a stream or reservoir
∗ Travels downstream mixing with storm water to another lake or reservoir
∗ Pulled from downstream lake or reservoir for reuse
∗ Example: Trinity River, CRMWADefacto
Discharge
Reservoir
Reuse
What Can We Do to Reclaim Water from Sewage and Reuse It?
Primary • Remove large solids, grit, & grease
Secondary
• Biological & chemical process to break down nutrients and remove most solids
Tertiary• Polishes and
disinfects water
Treatment Process to Remove Wastes
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Wastewater is treated in several stages to remove the solids, pathogens, and contaminants. The primary stage removes and screens out large solids, grit, and grease. The secondary stage uses biological and chemical processes to break down nutrients. The nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates settle out with any smaller solids and are drawn off for further treatment. The tertiary stage, advanced treatment, polishes and disinfects the water. Polishing includes extra filtering processes such as sand filters, cloth filters, membrane filters, and reverse osmosis. Disinfection methods include chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, and ultra violet radiation (UV).