Volatile Oils
• Essential oils
• volatilize and distilled in steam
• chemically and physically different from fixed oils – not glyceryl esters of fatty acids
– do not leaves permanent grease spot in paper
– not saponified with alkali
– not become rancid but on exposure to air and light becomes oxidized and resinify
• frequently associated with other substances like gums, resins
Volatile Oils• they are secreted by oil glands, oil cells, secretory
ducts, glandular hairs, modified parenchyma cells, oil tubes (vittae), lysigenous or schizogenous passages
• Use: therapeutically - administered by inhalation (eucalyptus oil), orally (peppermint oil), gargle and mouthwash (thymol oil), transdermal (lavender, rosemary, bergamot - aromatherapy)
• with phenol content - antiseptic, carminative
(clove, thyme) antispasmodic
• anti-bacterial, food preservative
Volatile Oils
• generally mixtures of hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds derived from hydrocarbons
• the odor and taste is mainly determined by the oxygenated constituents which is immiscible in water but more soluble in alcohol
• many of them are terpenoids in origin with some containing aromatic derivatives
Volatile Oils
• Evaluation– preliminary examination: odor and taste
• taste, if diluted with a sugar solution in ethanol as prescribed by BP)
– Physical measurements: optical rotation, relative density, refractive index
– to determine individual proportions of components - Gas Chromatography
– volatile oil content in crude drugs - determined by distillation (clavenger method)
Volatile Oils• Methods of obtaining volatile oils
1. Direct steam distillation- disadv: hydrolysis of certain components decomposition at high temperatures
2. Expression - those that cannot be distilled due to decompositiona. ecuelle methodb. sponge method
3. Enfleurage - fat absorbs oil4. Extraction - solvent systems and distilled at 50oC5. Rectification - second distillation in steam and frees oil from resin and other impurities
Volatile Oils• volatile oils’ chemical constituents are divided
into 2 classes based on their biosynthetic origin:
– 1. Terpenoid derivatives - acetate - mevalonic acid pathway
– 2. Aromatic compounds - shikimmic acid - phenyl propanoid pathway
• many volatile oils are largely monoterpenoids and others phenylterpenoids
• constituents are responsible for their characteristic odor, taste, flavor and therapeutic properties
Oil of TurpentineSynonym: spirit of turpentine, rectified oil of
turpentineOrigin: rectified volatile oil distilled from the
oleoresin of Pinus palustris (Pinaceae)Constituents: terpene ((+), (-)α,(-) β – pinene,
camphene)Use: externally – counterirritant, rubefacient
- fragrance, flavor, vitamins, insecticideNote: - rarely given internally
- for inhalation – terebene is preferred (terebene is prepared from oil of turpentine and cols sulfuric acid --- converts pinene to inactive diterpene (±limonene)
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Hydrocarbons
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Hydrocarbons
Canada turpentineSynonym: Canada balsam
Origin: oleoresin from the stem of Abies balsamea (Pinaceae)
Constituent: contains 23 – 24% volatile oil
Use: use as microscopic mount
Note:
Oil occurs in schizogenous ducts and large cavities
Pumilio Oil
Synonym: Dwarf Mountain Pine oilOrigin: oil obtained from the fresh leaves of Pinus
mago var. pumilio (Pineaceae)Constituents: terpenes and sesquiterpenes (L-
camphene, β – pinene, dipentene, borneol, cadinene, monoterpene with bornyl acetate
Use: - decongestant inhalant- prep. of compound thymol glycerin- constituent of Zinc undecenoate dusting powder
Oil of Cade
Origin: oil obtained from the destructive distillation of the woody portions of Juniperus oxycedras (Cupressaceae)
Constituent: sesquiterpene – cadinene
- phenolic compounds – guaiacol, ethyl guaiacol and cresol
Use: veterinary purposes (skin diseases)
Cubeb NF X (1955)
Synonym: tailed pepper, java pepper, cubebaOrigin: dreid nearly full – grown but unripe fruit of
Piper cubeba (Piperaceae)Constituents:
- 20 – 28% volatile oil containing terpenes and sesquiterpenes- cubebin – inodorous crystalline substance- cubebic acid – white amorphous substance- Amorphous resin
Use: stimulant, carminative, condiment
Pepper NF V (1926)Synonym: Black pepper, Malisa, PamintaOrigin: dried unripe fruits of Piper nigrum
(Piperaceae)Constituents:
- terpene – limonene, sabinene, camphene, β – bisabolene, β – caryophylene, β – pinene, thujone- alkaloids – piperine and piperitine (pungency)
Use: once used in the treatment of gonorrhea and chronic bronchitis
- condiment
Pepper Note:
- stimulate thermal receptors and increases secretion of saliva and gastric mucosa- may ease the nicotine withdrawal syndrome during
smoking
white pepper – removal of the outer part of the pericarp
Lupulin (Humulus NF VII 1942)Synonym: lupulinic Glands, Hop Strobile, lupulin (drug), common hopsOrigin: glandular hairs separated from the
strobile of Humulus lupulus (CannabinaceaeConstituents:
- humulene – α – acids (phlorogluctinol derivative)- lupulone – β - acid - 2 – methyl – 3 – butene – 2 ol (sedative – hypnotic property
Lupulin Use:
- bitter tonic, mild anti – bacterial (gm +)- sedative (treat neuralgia, insomnia, nervous tension etc.)- mild diuretic, appetite stimulant, digestive aid- Preserve beer
Adverse Effect: CNS – sedation; Resp. – bronchial irritation; Skin – contact dermatitis
Interactions: CNS depressants – additivePhenothiazine – type antipsychotic - additive
Peppermint NF18(1995)Synonym: Brandy Mint, Menta InglesaOrigin: dried leaves of Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae)Constituents:
- oil distilled with steam from the fresh leaves, partially or wholly dementholized
- menthol, menthone, acetaldehyde, deimethylsulfide, isovaleric aldehyde, pinene, limonene, terpinene, piperitone, pulegone, carvone
- 2 – acetyl – 4 – isopropenyl pyridine - odorUse: Pharmaceutical aid(flavor), carminative,
stimulant, counterirritant- commercial importance, flavor for confectionery(chewing gum)
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Alcohol
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Alcohol
Peppermint– Antibacterial, antiviral– Enteric – antispasmodic, antiflatulenceInteractions: Cal. Blockers - effect
• Adverse: – gallstones, obstructed bile ducts, gall bladder inflammation,
severe liver damage– Face and nostrils of infants and children
Note:
Japanese Peppermint (Mentha canadensis var. piperascens) contains 70-90% menthol
- higher in menthol yield but inferior in flavor compared to peppermint oil
Peppermint
Menthol
- used as topical antipruritic in burns and sunburn preparations
- counterirritant, antiseptic, stimulant
- internally, depressant effect to the heart
Cardamon NF 14 (1985)Synonym: Ceylon or Malabar cardamonOrigin: dried nearly ripe fruit of Elettaria
cardamomum var. minuscula (Zingiberaceae)- dried ripe seeds recently removed from the capsules of Elettaria cardamomum (Zingiberaceae)
Constituents:- volatile oil – linalol and terpenes- cineol , - terponyl acetate
Use:- flavoring agent in curries, cake, manufacture of liqueurs- form of Cpd. Tincture of Cardamon - anti- viral
Sage Synonym: Garden sage Dalmatian sage, meadow
sageOrigin: dried leaves of Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae)Constituents: 50% thujone with cineole, borneol,
diterpenes, camphorUse: infusion: mouthwash, gargle (antiseptic and
astringent)- topical – itching – insect bite, herpes lesions, shingles, psoriasis- vaginal douche – yeast infection- Prevent hair loss and preserve hair color
Sage
– Has cholinergic activity – treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
– Mild antioxidant property
• Adverse: seizure
• Interaction: disufiram– Those with epileptic history
Savin
Synonym: Savin Tops, Horse Savin Tops
Origin: young shoots of Juniperus sabina (Cupressaceae)
Constituent:
- terpene alcohol – sabinol
- podophyllotoxin, coumarin, savinin
Use: powerful irritant both internally and externally
Sandalwood Oil NF 7 (1942)
Synonym: white sandalwoodOrigin: heartwood of Santalinum album
(Santalaceae)Constituent:
- sesquiterpene – α, β – santalolUse:
- mainly used in perfumery- urinary antiseptic, stimulant, treatment of bronchitis
Note: chemoprotective action on liver carcinogenesis (mice)
Juniper NF 10 (1955)
Synonym: Horse savin berries, juniper berriesOrigin: dried ripe fruits of Juniperus communis
(Cupressaceae)Constituents: volatile oil contains α - pinene,
camphene, sesquiterpene – cadinene, terpin –4-ol
Uses: diuretic, atiseptic, UTI, kidney stones- falvoring agent – gin, bitters, liqueurs
Note: prolonged use of commercial oil causes kidney damage due to high terpene and low proportion of terpin - 4-ol
Juniper NF 10 (1955)
Adverse: kidney failureInteractions:
Antidiabetics – potentiationantihypertensives – interfere with blood pressurediuretics – potentiation – hypokalemiaginseng, fenugreek – additiveCucumber, dandelion, horsetail - additive
Coriander oil NF 11(1960)Synonym: culantro, Uansoy, Fruto de Cilantro,
Chinese parsleyOrigin: dried nearly ripe fruit of Coriandrum sativum
(Apiaceae)Constituents:
volatile oil contains (+) linalool (coriandrol),small amts of α - pinene, γ- terpinene, limonene, p-cymene
Use:spice, flavoring agent, carminative, enhance appetite, treat dyspepsia, diarrheatreatment of cough, chest pain, fever and measles
Coriander oil
- aromatherapy – soothing effect, improve blood circulation
Note:unripe fruit has a mousy odor
Adverse: anaphylactic reactionsInteractions: sun exposure - risk of photosensitivity
Otto of Rose NF 8 (1947)
Synonym: Rose oil Attar of Rose, Oleum RosaeOrigin: dried fresh flowers of Rosa gallica, R.
damascens, R. centifolia (Rosaceae)Constituents:
volatile oil contains geraniol, (-) citronellol, nerol, 2-phenylethanol
Use:perfume
Note: oil id semi – solid, liquid portion - alcohols
Geranium Synonym: MalvarosaOrigin: the whole plant except the roots of
Pelargonium graveolens (Geraniaceae)Constituents:
volatile oil contains geraniol, citronellol, limonene
Use: antidepressant, antiseptic, fingicidal, stypticflavoring agent
Note: - Indian or Turkish geranium (Palmarosa)
- citronella oil- freshly cutted or partially dried leaves of Cymbopogon
winterianus, C. nardus (Poaceae)- citronellol, geraniol
- perfume, insect repellant
Lavender Oil NF XVI (1985)
Synonym: Lavanda, Espliego , Foreign oilOrigin: fresh flowering tops Lavandula officinalis, L.
augustifolia (Lamiaceae)Constituents: volatile oil contains linalyl acetate,
linalool, cineol, terpin-4-olUse: perfume, toiletry (to mask disagreeable odor)
- pharmaceutically in the anti-arthropod prep. (Gamma Benzene Hexachloride)
- treatment of flatulent dyspepsia- topically - rheumatic pain - aromatherapy
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Ester
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Ester
Lavender
oil exert sedative effect orally, topically and inhaled doses (non-toxic – up to 5g/kg)
Adverse – respiratory depression
Interaction: CNS depressants – potentiate
alcohol - potentiate
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Ester
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Ester
Rosemary Synonym: Hoja de Romero, Romero, compass
plant, polar plantOrigin: Flowering tops of leafy twigs of
Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae)Constituents: fresh sample, the volatile oil contains
cineole, borneol, camphor, bornyl acetate, linalol- leaves contain triterpene alcohols (α, β - amyrin), rosmarinic acid, diosmin
Use: perfumery, component of soap liniment- aromatherapy- insect repellant
Rosemary Oil – NF XII (1985)
Rosemary
Note:
oil is adulterated with Spanish eucalyptus oil, camphor oil, turpentine fractions
Adverse: seizures at high dosesInteractions: sunlight – topical cream
Valerian Synonym: Summer Heliotrope, All Heal RootOrigin: dried rhizome and roots of Valeriana
officinalis (Valerianaceae)Constituents:
volatile oil contains bornyl acetate, bornyl isovalerate, valerenic acid, valerenolic acid, acetoxyvalerenolic acid, bornyl valerate valeric acid- lipo - iridoid principle - valepotriate
Use: tea, carminative, antispasmodic (nervous disorders, perfume
Allied drugs:1. Indian Valerian - Valeriana wallichii
2. Japanese Valerian - Valeriana augustifolia
Valerian
Interactions:
barbiturates, benzodiazepine – additive
hops, kava, passion flower - potentiate
Oleum Valerianae USP VI (1882)
Gaultheria
Synonym: Wintergreen, Boxberry, TeaberryOrigin: dried leaves of Gaultheria procumbens
(Ericaceae)Constituents:
volatile oil contains methyl salicylateUse: diuretic, astringent, stimulant, rheumatoid
arthritis- used in diarrhea
Note: - methyl salicylate can be obtained from Betula lenta
(Betulaceae)
- enzymatic hydrolysis of gaultherin – methyl salicylate
Gaultheria Methyl salicylate NF 18 (1995)
Adverse: pulmonary edema and collapse, renal failure, liver failure, metabolic acidosis
Intrerations:
Anticoagulants, antiplatelets - bleeding
Antidiabetics, salicylates - hypoglycemic
Bergamot Synonym: Origin: rind of the fresh fruit of Citrus aurantium
var. bergania (Rutaceae)Constituent: linalyl acetate, linalolUse: used aromatically for stress related conditions
- anti-depressant, antiseptic- combined with eucalyptus and carrier oil to relieve symptoms of shingles and cold sores
- suppresses irritation caused by chicken pox
Note:- oil is phototoxic
Bergamot oil NF XI (1960)
Cinnamon NF XVI(1985)Synonym: Corteza de CanelaOrigin: dried bark of the stem and branches of
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon Cinnamon), C. cassia or aromaticum (Cassia Cinnamon), C. Laureirii (Saigon Cinnamon) (Lauraceae)
Constituents: volatile oil contains cinnamic aldehyde, limonene, p-cymene, linalool, β - caryophylene, eugenol and mannitol
Use: flavoring agent, carminative, pungent aromatic, antiseptic, powerful germicide against Aspergillus
Cassia oil – NF 14(1985)Ceylon oil – NF 11 (1960)
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Aldehyde
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Aldehyde
Sweet Orange USP 15(1955)
Synonym: Naranja Dulce, Naranja de ValenciaOrigin: fresh outer rind of the non-artificially
colored ripe fruit of Citrus aurantium var. sinensis (Rutaceae)
Constituents:violexanthin, D - limonene, citral, citronellal
Use: flavoring agent, carminativeCaution: do not use oil with terebinthinate odor
Orange Flower Oil – C. aurantium partially expanded flower
Bitter OrangeSynonym: Neroli Oil
Origin: fresh outer rind of the non-artificially colored ripe fruit of Citrus aurantium var. amara (Rutaceae)
Constituents:
flavone glycosides – naringin, neohesperidin
Vol oil – limonene, jasmone, linalyl acetate, geranyl acetate, citronellyl acetate
Uses:
Stimulate appetite and digestion,
relieve flatulence, Antifungal, gargle
Lemon PeelSynonym: limon
Origin: yellow outer rind of the fresh ripe fruit of Citrus limon (Rutaceae)
Constituents:
terpene (limonene), aldehyde (citral, citronellal)
Coumarins, flavonoids (rutin, hesperidin)
Use: flavor, stimulant, stomachic, perfume
Note: oil is prepared from hand method, machine or distilled
adulterant: oil of turpentine
Lemongrass BPC 1968Synonym: tanglad, citronella, fevergrassOrigin: whole plant of Cymbopogon citratus /nardus
(Poaceae)Constituents:
citral, citronellal, myrcene, geraniolcymbopogol
Use:flavor, antispasmodic, analgesic, treatment of nervous and GI disordersMosquito repellant, mask fishy odorFood additive
Bitter Almond oil NF X (1955)
Origin: dried ripe kernel (deprived of fixed oil) of Prunus amygdalus var. amara (Rosaceae)
Constituents:
benzaldehyde, HCN
Use:
sedative, cough remedies
- not taken internally
Bitter Oil is intended for medicinal use and neither it or its solution be used or sold as flavoring agent
Spearmint NF 14 (1985)
Synonym: ordinary garden mint, Lamb or Mackerel Mint, Hierba buena (Mentha arvensis)
Origin: dried leaves and flowering tops of Mentha spicata (M. viridis), M. cardiaca (Lamiaceae)
Constituents:(-) carvone, (-)limonene, phellandrene
Use: carminative, stimulant, nervine, corrective, flavoring agent
Note: oil formation depends on age, time of collection, chemical varieties or hybridization
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Ketone
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Ketone
Caraway NF 14 (1985)
Synonym: Alcarahueya, Karawya, Carum
Origin: dried ripe fruit(cremocarp) of Carum carvi (Apiaceae)
Constituents:
(+) carvone, terpene (d-limonene or carvene)
dihydrocarvone, carveol, deihydrocarveol
Use:
culinary purpose, flavor, carminative, weak antispasmodic
promote lactation, stimulate appetite
Dill
Synonym:dill herb, dill weed
Origin: dried ripe fruit(cremocarp) of Anethum graveolens (Apiaceae)
Constituents:
carvone, limonene
Use:
carminative, flavor, used in infant’s gripe water
antispasmodic, bacteriostatic
- avoid sun exposure
Buchu NF X (1955)Synonym: Bucco, Bucha
Origin: dried leaves of Barosma betulina, B. crenulata, B. serratifolia (Rutaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains pulegone, limonene, menthone, diosmin
in distilled oil - diosphenol (buchu camphor) formed at room temperature
Use:
diuretic, urinary antiseptic, carminative, cystitis
Adverse: stomach, bowel and kidney irritation
Interaction: anticoagulants - enhanced
Absinthium NF 4 (1916)Synonym: green ginger, absinthe, Wormwood
Origin: dried leaves and flowering tops of Artemisia absinthium (Asteraceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains thujone anf flavones
bitter principles: absinthine, artabsin (lactone sesquiterpene)
artabsinolide A,B,C
Use: promote appetite, strengthening effect in the treatment of colds and influenza, expulsion of roundworms
LovageSynonym: lavose, maggi plant, sea parsleyOrigin: dried rhizome and roots of Levisticum
officinale (Apiaceae)Constituents:
volatile oil contains, Ligusticum lactone, ligustilide, 3-butylphthalide
Use:herbal remedy, antimicrobial, treatment of
dyspepsia, cystitis, mouthwash (tonsilitis)stimulates salivation and gastric secretiondiuretic (pedal edema)
Interaction: anticoagulants, warfarin – potentiatesunlight
MatricariaSynonym: Flor de Manzanilla, Rosas de Japon,
German or Hungarian ChamomileOrigin: dried flower heads of Matricaria recutita
(Asteraceae)Constituents:
contains a blue volatile oil mainly of sesquiterpenes α - bisabolol, chamazulene and farnesene
Use:anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic property, ulcer - protective propertyTea – sedation and relaxation
Interaction: warfarin
Matricaria
Allied drug:
Tanacetum parthenium, Chrysanthenum parthenium or feverfew USP 7 !894)
- also known as bachelor’s button
- parthenolide (germacronolide)
- inhibits protaglandin synthesis, platelet aggregation, release of
serotonin from platelets etc.
Thyme NFX (1955)
Synonym: Common or Garden Thyme, Tremocillo
Origin: dried leaves and flowering tops of Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae)
Constituents:
thymol, carvacrol, rosmarinic acid
Uses:
antiseptic, antitussive, expectorant, spasmolytic, condiment, antibacterial
Oil – NF 12(1965)
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Phenol
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Phenol
Clove NF 11 (1960)Synonym: Clavo de Especia, Clavo aromatico,
Clavillo
Origin: the dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (Eugenia caryophyllus) (Myrtaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains eugenol(phenol) with acetyleugenol, sesquiterpene (α, and β - caryo - phyllene), eugenyl acetate
Use: flavoring agent, stimulant, aromatic and antiseptic
dental analgesic, antibacterial (gm + and - )
Clove NF 11 (1960)• store in well – filled, air – tight container
protected from light and heat
Adverse: liver failure, pulmonary toxicity
Interactions: inhibit platelet aggregation
Myrcia Oil NF 11 (1060)
Synonym: Bay Oil
Origin: leaves of Pimenta racemosa (Myrtaceae)
Constituents:
eugenol, methyl eugenol, chavicol
Use:
perfume, Constituent of Cpd. Myrcia Spirit (Bay Rum), pharmaceutical necessity
Ajowan
Synonym: Carum capticum
Origin: dried seeds of Trachyspermum ammi (Apiaceae)
Constituent: Thymol
Uses:
carminative, diuretic, stomach disorder, chest infections, epilepsy, hypotensive
Allspice NF V (1926)
Synonym: pimiento, Jamaican pepper, clove pepperOrigin: dried nearly ripe fruit of Pimenta dioica /
officinalis (Myrtaceae)Constituents:
eugenol, caryophyllene, cineole, leviphellandreneUse:
condiment (enhance the taste of food)dental analgesic, aid in indigestionmassage oil (aromatherapy)analgesic – arthritis, muscle spasm
Anise
Synonym: Aniseed, Matalahuga
Origin: dried ripe fruits (cremocarp) of Pimpinella anisum (Apiaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains anethole, chavicol, methyl ether
Use: flavor, aromatic stimulant, carminative, treatment of coughs and colds
Note: allied drug - Star Anise
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Phenolic Ether
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Phenolic Ether
Star Anise
A) Chinese Star- anise
- Sanke’
- dried fruits of Illicium verum (Magnoliaceae - Illiciaceae)
- fruit has 8 follicles
- constituent: anethole
- use: flavoring agent, carminative
Star Anise
b) Japanese Star - anise
- Shikimmi
- dried fruit of Illicium religiosum (Magnoliaceae)
- 2 follicles are smaller like a beak
- anthole, skimmin, skimmic acid
- no use due to its toxicity
Fennel
Synonym: Sweet Fennel fruit, Haras, AnisOrigin: dried ripe fruit of Foeniculum vulgare
var. dulce (Apiaceae)Constituents:
volatile oil contains anethole, fenchoneUse:
aromatic stimulant, corrective of purgativesAdulterant: Bitter Fennel (Foeniculum
vulgare var. vulgare) a, small fruit with no anethole but with fenchone and phellandrene
Cajeput
Origin: fresh leaves of Melaleuca leucodendron (Myrtaceae)
Constituents:
cineole, terpineol, terpineol acetate
Use:
used internally and externally as a stimulant
treatment of several parasitic conditions
Camphor
Synonym: Natural camphor
Origin: wood of Cinnamomum camphora (Lauraceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains camphor, safrole, borneol, heliotropic
Use:
externally as a rubefacient
internally - mild antiseptic and carminative
formerly used in the manufacture of celluloid
Camphor
Synthetic camphor - American turpentine
Allied drugs:
1. Borneo camphor - Drybalanops aromatico (Dipterocarpaceae)
2. Ngai camphor - Blumea balsamifera (Asteraceae)
3. Artemisia - levorotaory camphor
Parsley
Synonym: garden parsley, persely
Origin: the whole plant of Petroselinum sativum (Apiaceae)
Constituents:
apiole (dimethylsafrole), apigenin (flavonol glycoside)
Use:
condiment
treatment of indigestion, flatulence and dyspepsia
Nutmeg
Synonym: Myristica, Nuez de Banda
Origin: dried kernel of Myristica fragrans (Myristicaceae) deprived of its seed coat and arillode and with or without thin coating of lime.
Consituents:
volatile oil contains myristicin, elemicin, safrole, eugenol, d-camphene, dipentene
Use: flavoring agent, carminative, condiment
Indian medicine, used in the treatment of infantile diarrhea
Nutmeg
Mace (Banda mace)
- dried arillus or arillode of Myristica fragrans (Myristicaceae)
- contains volatile oil similar to nutmeg and phenolic compounds - dihydrodiisoeugenol and 5’ - methoxydehydrodiisoeugenol
- significant antibacterial property
Note: Nutmeg is known for its psychoactive and hallucinogenic properties
Sassafras
Synonym: Agûe Tree
Origin: dried bark of the roots of Sassfras albidum or variifolium (Lauraceae)
Constituents:
safrole, tannic acid --- sassafrid red, terpenes
Use:
carminative, aromatic, stimulant, flavor, corrective
Chenopodium
Synonym: American Wormseed. Alpaseotes
Origin: dried fruit of Chenopodium ambrosoides var. anthelmintica (Chenopodiaceae)
Constituents:
ascaridole, unsaturated terpene peroxide
Use:
anthelmintic (roundworms, hookworms and intestinal ameobae)
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Oxide/ Peroxide
Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:
Oxide/ Peroxide
Eucalyptus
Synonym: Blue Gum leaves, Gum wood, Fever Tree
Origin: the dried scythe - shaped leaf of Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae)
Constituents:
volatile oil contains, cineole, phellandrene
Use:
alleviate symptoms of nasopharyngeal infections, treat coughs and decongestant
internally and externally - expectorant
externally : treat sore muscles and rheumatism
Tea - Tree Oil
Synonym: paperbark tree
Origin: dried leaves and terminal branches of Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae)
Constituents
cineole and terpin - 4 -ol
Use:
antiseptic (skin diseases), anti-fungal