Vocabulary Vocabulary ReviewReview
Ch 32 – Intro to Ch 32 – Intro to AnimalsAnimals
A multicellular, heterotrophic organism that lacks cell walls and
that is usually characterized by
movement and sexual reproduction; a member
of Kingdom Animalia
Animal
An animal that has a backbone;
includes mammals, birds, reptiles,
amphibians, and fish
Vertebrate
An animal that does not have a
backbone
Invertebrate
The evolutionary adaptation of a
cell, organ, organism, or
population for a particular function
or environment
Specialization
The process of taking in food
Ingestion
The cell that results from the
fusion of gametes; a fertilized egg
Zygote
The structural and functional
specialization of cells during an
organism’s development
Differentiation
An animal that at some stage in its life cycle has
a dorsal nerve, a notochord, and
pharyngeal pouches; examples include
mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and
some marine lower forms
Chordate
In the embryos of all chordates and in many
adult chordates, a firm, flexible rod of
tissue that is located in the dorsal part of
the body
Notochord
A neural tube dorsal to the
notochord
Dorsal nerve cord
One of the lateral sac that branch from the pharynx of chordate
embryos and that may open to the outside as gill slits in adult fishes
and invertebrate chordates
Pharyngeal pouch
A body arrangement in which parts that lie on opposite
sides of a central line are identical
Symmetry
A body plan in which the parts of an animal’s body are organized in a
circle around a central axis
Radial symmetry
Lying on or near the back
Dorsal
The lower or abdominal part of
an organism
Ventral
The front part of a body or structure
Anterior
In animals with bilateral
symmetry, refers to the end of the
body that is opposite the head;
rear
Posterior
A condition in which two equal halves of a body mirror each other
Bilateral symmetry
The concentration of nerve tissue
and sensory organs at the
anterior end of an organism
Cephalization
One of the layers of tissue that develop in the embryos of all animals except
sponges
Germ layer
The division of the body of an
organism into a series of similar
parts
Segmentation
A hard, external, supporting
structure that develops from the
ectoderm
Exoskeleton
In aquatic animals, a respiratory structure that consists of many
blood vessels surrounded by a
membrane that allows for gas exchange
Gill
A type of circulatory system in which the
circulatory fluid is not contained entirely
within vessels; a heart pumps fluid through
vessels that empty into spaces called sinusesOpen
circulatory system
A circulatory system in which the heart circulates blood through a network
of vessels that form a closed loop; the blood
does not leave the blood vessels, and materials
diffuse across the walls of the vessels
Closed circulatory
system
An organism that has both male and
female reproductive
organs
Hermaphrodite
An independent and immature form of an
organism that is morphologically
different from the adult form
Larva
An internal skeleton made of
bone and cartilage
Endoskeleton
One of the 33 bones in the spinal column (backbone)
Vertebra
The outer, protective
covering of a body, a body part,
an ovule, or a sporangium
Integument
The central organ of the respiratory system in which oxygen from the air is exchanged with carbon dioxide
from the blood
Lung
One of the organs that filter water and wastes
from the blood, excrete products as
urine, and regulate the concentration of
certain substances in the blood
Kidney
A compound that improves the
quality of the soil to produce plants
Fertilization
In biological development, a
series of cell divisions that
occur immediately after an egg is
fertilizedCleavage
The stage of an embryo before
gastrulation
Blastula
The transformation of the blastula into
the gastrula or the formation of the embryonic germ
layersGastrulation
The embryo in the stage of
development after the blastula; contains the
embryonic germ layers
Gastrula
The primitive gastric cavity of an
embryo
Archenteron
An opening that develops in the
blastula
Blastopore
The outermost of the three germ layers of an embryo that develops into the epidermis and epidermal tissues, the
nervous system, external sense organs, and the
mucous membranes lining the mouth and anus
Ectoderm
An animal that can generate body heat
through metabolism and can maintain a constant
body temperature despite temperature changes in
the animal’s environment
Endoderm
In an embryo, the middle layer of cells that gives rise to muscles,
blood, and various systems
Mesoderm
An animal that lacks a coelom, or
body cavity
Acoelomate
The type of body cavity, derived from the
blastocoel and referred to as a “false body cavity,” that forms between the
mesoderm and the endoderm in rotifers and
roundworms
Pseudocoelom
A body cavity that is completely lined by mesoderm and that contains the internal organs of
an animal
Coelom
An organism whose embryonic blastopore
develops into the mouth, whose coelom arises by schizocoely, and whose embryo has determinate
cleavage
Protostome
An organism whose embryonic blastopore develops into an anus,
whereas its mouth develops from a second opening at the opposite end of the archenteron; usually characterized by
an embryo that undergoes indeterminate,
radial cleavageDeuterostome
The method of coelom formation in protostomes in
which the embryonic
mesoderm splits into two layers
Schizocoely
In deuterostomes, the method of
coelom formation in which the embryonic mesoderm develops from pouches within
the archenteron
Enterocoely