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TableofContents
CRIMEANDPUNISHMENT......................................................................................................3
MEDIAANDADVERTISING......................................................................................................8
THEENVIRONMENT...............................................................................................................14
BUSINESSANDMONEY..........................................................................................................20
GOVERNMENT.......................................................................................................................25
SPORTANDEXERCISE............................................................................................................30
SPACEEXPLORATION.............................................................................................................35
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CRIMEANDPUNISHMENT
1. crimeofpassion
Meaning:referstoacrime,especiallymurder,causedbysexualjealousy
Example:Peoplewhocarryoutcrimesofpassionoftenregrettheiractionslater,whentheyreflectonwhattheyhavedone.
2. toserveaprisonsentence
Meaning:tocarryoutconfinementinprisonasapunishment
Example:Theyareservinglongprisonsentencesfortheirpartintheassassination.
3. toturntocrime/drugs
Meaning:Tostartcommittingcrimesorusingdrugs.
Example:Duringperiodsofhighyouthunemployment,someyoungstersturntocrimetoobtainmoney.
4. tobetoughoncrime
Meaning:Topunishcrimeseverely
Example:Thecrimerateislikelytofallifgovernmentstakestrongmeasurestobetoughoncrime.
5. tocontesttheverdict
Meaning:notagreewiththedecisionofthejuryafterthetrialofacase
Example:Inmanycountries,theaccusedpersonhastherighttocontesttheverdictwhichwasreachedinthecourt.
6. totakeintoconsideration
Meaning:tothinkaboutaparticularfactordetailandallowittohavesomeinfluencewhenyouaremakingadecision
Example:Thepreviouscriminalrecordsofthosewhoarefoundguiltymustbetakenintoconsiderationwhenasentenceispassed.
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7. toreintegratebackintosociety/community
Meaning:torestoresomeonethrougheducationortherapy
Example:Thereisanincreasingfocusamongpolicy-makersandpractitionersonidentifyingprogramsandstrategiesthatwillhelpprisonerssuccessfullyreintegratebackintotheircommunitieswithoutre-offending.
8. tobesoftoncrime
Meaning:nottoimposestrictpunishmentsonoffenders
Example:Inordertodetercriminalseffectively,governmentsmustnotfollowpolicieswhicharesoftoncrime.
9. apolicyofzerotolerance
Meaning:apolicyofapplyinglawsverystrictly,sothateveryillegalactionispunished,evenifitisnotveryserious
Example:Iwouldarguethatthemosteffectivewaytoreducecrimeistoimplementapolicyofzerotolerance.
10. achanceofrehabilitation
Meaning:achanceofhelpingsomeonetohaveanormallifeafterservingaprisonsentence
Example:Weshouldgiveex-offerdersachanceofrehabilitationandteachthemhowtobecomeusefulmembersofsociety.
11.toembarkonsomething
Meaning:Tostartsomethingnew
Example:Youngpeoplesometimesembarkonalifeofcrimeasaresultofthebadinfluenceofcriminalswhomtheyknow.
12.tomakeafreshstart
Meaning:totrysomethingnewaftermakingmistakesinone’slife
Example:Ibelievethatpeopleshouldhavetheopportunitytomakeafreshstartaftertheyarereleasedfromprison.
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13. toactasadeterrent
Meaning:ameasurewhichmakessomebodylesslikelytodosomething
Example:Longerprisonsentenceswouldactasadeterrentandwouldbeoneusefulmeasuretotacklerisingcrime.
14. toreleasebackintosociety.
Meaning:togivefreedomtoprisonerswhohavefinishedtheirsentences.
Example:Hewasreleasedbackintosocietyafterservingtwoyearsofafive-yearsentence.
15. corporalpunishment
Meaning:topunishbyphysicallyharmingtheoffender
Example:Manyschoolshaveabandonedthepolicyofcorporalpunishmentforchildrenwhomisbehaveandprefertogiveextraworkordetentionafterschoolinstead.
16. drugtrafficking
Meaning:importingandsellingillegaldrugs
Example:Somepeoplearguethatlegalisingdrugswouldputanendtotheevilofdrugtraffickingandtheviolenceassociatedwithit.
17. anon-custodialsentence
Meaning:asentencewhichisnotservedinprison
Example:Thereisawiderangeofnoncustodialsentenceswhichacourtmaygivetooffenders,including:fines,probationordersorcommunityserviceorders.
18. tobefoundguilty
Meaning:thecourtdecidedthatthepersondidcommitthecrime
Example:Ifpeoplearefoundguiltyofcommittingseriousoffences,heavypunishmentsshouldbeimposed.
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19. thefullweightofthelaw
Meaning:allthestrictestpunishmentsavailableaccordingtothelawsofacountry.
Example:Inordertodetercrime,thefullweightofthelawmustbeimposedforallseriousoffences.
20. toimposeabanonsth
Meaning:toenforceanofficialrulewhichsaysthatsomethingisnotallowed
Example:Mostgovernmentshaveimposedabanonthesaleoftobaccotothoseagedunder16.
21. toconvictacriminal
Meaning:tofindanoffenderguiltyandtopunishthem
Example:Oncethecourtshaveconvictedacriminal,thepunishmentshouldbesevere.
22. law-abidingcitizens
Meaning:peoplewhoobeyandrespectthelaw
Example:Thegovernmentcouldtakesomeeffectivestepstoprotectlaw-abidingcitizens.
23. toenforcethelaw
Meaning:tomakesurethatthelawisobeyed
Example:Theroleofthepoliceandthecourtsistoenforcethelaw.
24. capitalpunishment
Meaning:punishmentbydeath
Example:InsomestatesofAmerica,thosewhocommitmurderaresometimessentencedtocapitalpunishment.
25. forensicevidence
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Meaning:connectedwiththescientifictestsconductedbythepolicewheninvestigatingacrime
Example:Modernpolicemethodsincludetheuseofforensicevidence,suchasDNAsamples,toinvestigatecrimes.
26. toinstallsurveillancecameras
Meaning:toputcamerasinaplacewhereacrimeislikelytobecommitted
Example:Thesecuritycompanyhasinstalledsurveillancecamerasatalltheentrancesandexitsoftheshoppingmall.
27.toputonprobation
Meaning:tomakeaconvictedpersonseeanofficialatregularintervalstocheckontheirgoodbehavior,asanalternativetogoingtoprison
Example:Theyoungoffenderwasputonprobation,ashiscrimewasnotseriousenoughtosendhimtoprison.
28. topunishwrongdoers
Meaning:topunishpeoplewhodosomethingillegal
Example:Strictermeasuresmustbeintroducedbygovernmentstopunishwrongdoers.
29.toarrestsuspects
Meaning:tostopandholdpeoplewhothepolicethinkmayhavecommittedacrime
Example:Thegovernmentshouldgivethepolicegreaterpowerstoarrestsuspects.
30.theletterofthelaw
Meaning:theexactwordingofthelaw,withoutconsideringanyexcuses
Example:Ibelievethatthecourtsmustapplythestrictletterofthelawandimposetheharshestpossiblesentencesoncriminals.
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MEDIAANDADVERTISING
1. tobroadcastpropagandaMeaning:tosendoutaprogrammeontelevisionorradiothatmaybefalseorexagerratedinordertogainsupportforapoliticalleader,aparty,etc
Example:ThemediainNorthKoreabroadcastpropagandaeverydayaboutthedangersofwarwithSouthKoreaandtheUSA.
2. aleadingarticle
Meaning:apieceofwritingwhichdealswiththemostimportantnewsitemoftheday.
Example:Newspapersinmycountryoftenhavealeadingarticleonsomesensationalcrimethathasbeencommitted.
3. editorialpolicy
Meaning:thepolicyofthenewspaper,asdecidedbythepersoninchargeofproducingthenewspaper
Example:Theeditorialpolicyofanewspaperdetermineswhetherseriousnewsitemsarereportedinaresponsibleway.
4. sensationaljournalism
Meaning:reportingwhichtriestogetyourinterestbypresentingfactsoreventsasmoreshockingorworsethantheyare.
Example:Unfortunately,sensationaljournalismhasresultedinmuchpublicdistrustofthemedia.
5. tocarryastory
Meaning:toincludeaniteminanewsreport
Example:Themedianowadayscarriestoomanystoriesaboutcelebritiesandtriviaandnotenoughseriousnews.
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6. newscoverage
Meaning:thereportingofnewsandsportinnewspapers,tv,orradio.
Example:TheUSpresidentialelectionreceivedglobalnewscoverage,sothatthewholeworldbecameinterestedintheoutcome.
7. tomakefrontpageheadlines
Meaning:tobeanimportantitemofnewsinthenewspapers,onradioorTV.
Example:Itseemsthateveryinsignificanteventinthelivesofcelebritiesmakesfrontpageheadlines.
8. breakingnews
Meaning:newlyreceivedinformationaboutaneventthatiscurrentlytakingplaceOPIC
Example:Onedisadvantageoftheprintedmediaisthatitisunabletocarrythelatestbreakingnewsstories.
9. uptotheminute
Meaning:havingthelatestinformation
Example:Newspapersareunabletoprovideuptotheminutenewscoverageofeventsastheyhappen.
10. stalenews
Meaning:informationthatisnolongerinterestingornew,becauseithasalreadybeenreported
Example:Newspapershavenowbecomeonlyasourceofstalenews,whichisamajorreasonwhytheyhavebecomelesspopular.
11. fallingcirculation
Meaning:thedeclineinthenumberofcopiesofanewspapersoldeachday
Example:Asaresultoftheirfallingcirculation,newspapersarelosingadvertising
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revenue.
12. celebrityendorsement
Meaning:Aformofbrandoradvertisingcampaignthatinvolvesawellknownpersonusingtheirfametohelppromoteaproductorservice
Example:CelebrityendorsementbyfamousTVstarsiscommonlyusedbycompaniestoencourageconsumerstotrustandbuytheirproducts.
13. tosubscribetoamagazine
Meaning:topaymoneyregularlyinordertoreceiveacopyofamagazine
Example:Thosewithastronginterestinaparticularfieldsometimesprefertosubscribetoamagazinewhichhasarticlesrelatingtothatarea.
14. thefinancial/businesssections
Meaning:Newspapershaveincreasinglyturnedtoprovidingexpert,detailedanalysisofrecentevents,forexampleintheirfinancialorbusinesssections.
15. onlineadvertising
Meaning:advertisingaproductorserviceontheinternet
Example:Thegrowingpopularityofonlineadvertisinghasresultedinalossofrevenuefortheprintedmediaingeneral.
16. toslashthepricesofproducts
Meaning:toreducethepricedramatically
Example:Supermarkets,forexample,alwayscarryhugein-storeadvertisementswhentheyslashthepricesofproducts.
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17. tobewaryofsomething
Meaning:notcompletelytrustingorcertainaboutsomething
Example:Consumersmustalwaysbewaryoftheclaimsmadeinadvertisements,becausesuchclaimsareoftenexagerratedoruntrue.IELTSTOPICVOCABULARYBYNGOCBACH
18. topromotetheirproducts
Meaning:tomakeproductspopularbyadvertisingthem
Example:Mostlargeenterprisescontractspecialistmarketingcompaniestopromotetheirproducts.
19. tobuygoodsimpulsively
Meaning:tobuythingssuddenlywithoutanyplanningandwithoutconsideringtheeffectstheymayhave
Example:Advertisingmotivatesconsumerstobuygoodsimpulsively.
20. tobeswayedbyadvertisements
Meaning:tobeinfluencedtobuythingsasaresultofadvertising
Example:Ifconsumerswerenoteasilyswayedbyadvertisements,theadvertisingindustrywouldnotexist.
21. marketresearch
Meaning:theactionofcollectinginformationaboutwhatpeoplebuy
Example:Indecidinghowtopromotetheirproductsorservices,businessesshouldfirstconductmarketresearch.
22. apricewar
Meaning:asituationinwhichcompaniesorshopscontinuallyreducetheirpricesinordertoattractcustomersawayfromtheircompetitors
Example:Advertisingplaysakeyroleinpricewarsbetweensupermarkets.
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23. tolaunchaproduct
Meaning:tointroduceanewproduct
Example:Companieshaverecognisedthattheservicesofthemarketingindustryareessentialtolaunchanewproductsuccessfully.
24. targetaudience
Meaning:consumerswhombusinessesaimatwhensellingtheirproducts
Example:Companieswhichsellsoftdrinks,likeCocaCola,aimmainlyatatargetaudienceofchildrenandadolescents.
25. brandawareness
Meaning:theactionofbringingthenameofacompanytotheattentionofthepublic
Example:Advertising,notthequalityoftheproduct,isresponsibleforcreatingbrandawarenessamongconsumers,ascanbeseenbythesuccessofmarketleaderssuchasNikeorCocaCola.
26. primetimetelevision
Meaning:thehoursduringwhichmostpeoplearewatchingTV
Example:Althoughadvertisingonprimetimetelevisionisexpensive,itisguaranteedtoreachalargeaudience.VOCABULARYBYNGOCBACH
27. theelectronicmedia
Meaning:broadcastmediawhichuseelectronictechnology,suchastheinternet,television,radio,DVDs,etc.
Example:Incontrast,toprintmedia,theelectronicmediaaregrowinginpopularity,especiallyamongtheyouth.
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28. toimposeregulationson
Meaning:tocontrolsomethingbymeansofrules
Example:Governmentsmustimposeregulationsontheadvertisingindustryinordertoprotectconsumers.
29. commercialadvertising
Meaning:advertisingontheradioortelevision,betweenorduringprogrammes.
Example:CommercialadvertisingontelevisionprovidestherevenueformostTVchannels.
30. telemarketing
Meaning:amethodofsellingthingsortakingordersforsalesbytelephone
Example:Telemarketinghasbecomeagrowthindustry,employingmillionsofpeopleacrosstheworld.
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THEENVIRONMENT1. todischargechemicalwaste
Meaning:todisposeofwasteproductsfromchemicalprocesses.
Example:Nowadays,moreandmorecompanyandindustrialzoneshavebeendischargingchemicalwasteintorivers,causingdeathtomanyfishandotheraquaticanimals.
2. environmentaldegradation
Meaning:theprocessorfactoftheenvironmentbecomingworse
Example:Africaisacontinentinwhichenvironmentaldegradationisevidentinthespreadofdesertsandtheextinctionofanimalspecies.
3. totakeactiononglobalwarming
Meaning:todowhathastobedoneonproblemsrelatedtoglobalwarming
Example:Therehavebeennumerousinternationalconferencestowarnofthedangers,butmanygovernmentshaverefusedtotakeactiononglobalwarming.
4. tobebio-degradable
Meaning:asubstanceorchemicalthatcanbechangedtoanaturalharmlessstatebytheactionofbacteria
Example:Mostplasticsarenotbiodegradable,andremainaswasteproductsintheenvironmentforthousandsofyears.
5. todepletenaturalresources
Meaning:Toreducetheamountofnaturalresources.
Example:Timbercompaniesmustnotbeallowedtodepletenaturalresourcesby
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cuttingdowntreeswithoutplantingnewtreestoreplacethem.
6. ozonelayerdepletion
Meaning:referstoasteadydeclineinthetotalamountofozoneintheEarth'satmosphere
Example:Ozonelayerdepletionhastheeffectofallowingharmfulradiationfromthesuntopenetratetheatmosphereandthisincreasestherisktohumansofskincancer.
7. anecologicalcrisis
Meaning:aserioussituationthatoccurswhentheenvironmentofaspeciesorapopulationchangesinawaythatdestabilizesitscontinuedsurvival
Example:Environmentaldegradationcausedbyhumanactivityisprovokinganecologicalcrisiswhichthreatensourexistence.
8. carbonfootprint
Meaning:ameasureoftheamountofcarbondioxidethatisproducedbythedailyactivitiesofacompanyorperson
Example:Byprovidingsubsidies,governmentsshouldencouragecompaniestoreducetheircarbonfootprintthroughenergyefficiencyorother‘greenmeasures’.
9. tocutdownonemissions
Meaning:toreducetheamountofgasessentoutintotheair
Example:Peoplemustbemadeawareoftheneedtocutdownonemissionsfromtheircarsifwearetoreduceairpollution.
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10. tofightclimatechange
Meaning:Totrytopreventchangesinclimatepatterns,suchasrainfall,temperatureandwinds.
Example:UnlessweconsumelessoftheEarth’snaturalresources,itwillbeimpossibletofightclimatechangeandsafeguardourfuture.
11. toreducethedependence/relianceonfossilfuels
Meaning:todecreasepeople’sconsumptionoffossilfuels,likeoil,coalorgas.
Example:Governmentsmustinvestheavilyinsolarandwindenergyprojectsinordertoreduceourdependence/relianceonfossilfuels.
12. toalleviateenvironmentalproblems
Meaning:tomakebadenvironmentalproblemslesssevere
Example:Everyonecanassistintheefforttoalleviateenvironmentalproblemsinthelocalcommunitythroughsimpleactionssuchasrecyclingwasteorplantingatreeintheirgarden.
13. tothrowone’sweighbehindsth
Meaning:Touseone'sinfluencetohelpsupport
Example:Thecouncilistothrowitsweightbehindacampaigntosaveoneoftheborough'sbest-lovedbeautyspots.
14. toholdsbdyaccountablefor+noun/gerund
Meaning:toconsidersomeoneresponsibleforsomething;toblamesomethingonsomeone
Example:Companieswhichdischargechemicalwastefromtheirfactoriesintotheseaorintoriversmustbeheldaccountablefortheiractionsandbefinedheavily.
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15. toachievesustainabledevelopment
Meaning:economicdevelopmentthatisachievedwithoutdepletingnaturalresources
Example:Organicmethodsmustbeintroducedeverywhereinordertoachievesustainabledevelopmentinagriculture.
16. alternativeenergysources
Meaning:referstoanyenergysourcethatisanalternativetofossilfuel
Example:CleanenergywhichdoesnotpollutetheEarthcanonlycomefromgreaterrelianceonalternativeenergysources.
17. foodmiles
Meaning:Distancefoodhastotravelbetweenwhereitisgrownormadeandwhereitisconsumed
Example:Wecanallreduceourcarbonfootprintbyflyingless,andreduceourfoodmilesbybuyinglocalproduce.
18. captivebreeding
Meaning:thereproductionofanimalsinconfinement,notintheirnaturalhabitats.
Example:Asuccessfulcaptivebreedingprogramingzooshasresultedinanincreaseintheworld’spandapopulation.
19. tostemfrom
Meaning:tobecausedbyExample:Scientistssaythatglobalwarmingpartlystemsfromtheincreaseincarexhaustemissions.
20. environmentalimpactassessment
Meaning:astudyintohowadevelopment,likeanewroad,anewdamorotherconstructionactivitywillaffecttheplants,animalsandlocalcommunitieslivinginanarea.
Example:Thegovernmentmustcommissionanindependentenvironmentalimpact
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assessmentwheneveranewdevelopmentisproposed.
21. thegreenhouseeffect
Meaning:thenaturalprocessbywhichthesunwarmsthesurfaceoftheEarth.
Example:OurburningoffossilfuelsisincreasingthegreenhouseeffectandmakingtheEarthhotter,endangeringalllifeontheplanet.
22. globalwarming
Meaning:theprocessbywhichtheEarthisgettinghotter,asaresultofthegreenhouseeffect–inparticulartheincreaseincarbondioxideintheair.
Example:Perhapsthemajorenvironmentalchallengewhichfaceshumanitytodayisglobalwarming,becauseitthreatensoursurvival.
23. habitatdestruction
Meaning:theprocessthatoccurswhenanaturalhabitat,likeaforestorwetland,ischangedsodramaticallybyhumansthatplantsandanimalswhichlivethere.
Example:Theelephantpopulationintheworldisdecliningbecauseofhabitatdestructioncausedbyhumanexploitationoftheenvironment.
24. endangeredspecies
Meaning:plantsoranimalsthatonlyexistinverysmallnumbers,sothatinfuturetheymaydisappearforever
Example:Oneexampleofanendangeredspeciesisthelowlandgorilla,whichhasalmostdisappearedasaresultofthedestructionofitsforesthabitat.
25. onthebrinkofextinction
Meaning:ananimalorplantwhichhasalmostdisappearedfromtheplanet
Example:Beforethecaptivebreedingprograminzoos,thegiantpandawasonthebrinkofextinction
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26. renewableenergy
Meaning:energyisrenewablewhenitsource,likethesunorwind,cannotbeexhaustedorcaneasilybereplaced(likewood,aswecanplanttreesforenergy)
Example:Morefundingisrequiredfromgovernmentfundstohelpcompaniestodeveloprenewableenergy,suchascompanieswhichproducesolarpanelsforbuildings.
27. windfarms
Meaning:anareaoflandonwhichtherearealotofwindmillsorwindturbinesforproducingelectricity
Example:Windfarmsshouldbeconstructedinmountainousareasorinthesea,closetoland.
28. environmentallyfriendly
Meaning:behaviororproductsthatdonotharmtheenvironment
Example:Wecanhelptoprotecttheenvironmentbyusingdetergentsandcosmeticsthatareenvironmentallyfriendly.
29. toxicwaste
Manyspeciesoffishareendangeredasaresultofthetoxicwastedumpedbyindustriesintotheriversandthesea.
30. thegreenmovement
Meaning:alltheorganisationsconcernedwiththeprotectionoftheenvironment
Example:Individualsshouldjoinoneoftheorganisationswhichformpartofthegreenmovement,inordertocampaignforchangesinofficialpolicyontheenvironment.
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BUSINESSANDMONEY
1. Totakesomethingintoconsideration/account
Meaning:toconsiderorremembersomethingwhenjudgingasituationExample:Nobusinesswillsucceedifitfailstotaketheneedsofcustomersintoaccount/intoconsideration.
2. Tobreakintoamarket
Meaning:toenteramarketwiththeconnotationthatentrancetotheindustrywasdifficult.Example:ItisdifficulttobreakintothemarketfordesignersportswearbecausethereistoomuchcompetitionfromleadingbrandslikeNike.
3. Tokeepsomeone’sword
Meaning:toupholdone'spromise;todoasonesaysExample:Ilenthimalotofmoney,soIhopethathekeepshiswordandrepaystheloan.
4. Toreachaconsensus
Meaning:tocometoanagreementExample:Thedirectorsofthecompanyhavereachedaconsensusonthenewbusinessplan.
5. Tomakethemostofsomething
Meaning:tomakesomethingappearasgoodaspossible;toexploitsomething;togetasmuchoutofsomethingasispossible.Example:Theydesignedtheadvertisementstomakethemostoftheproduct'sfeatures.
6. Togooutofbusiness
Meaning:ifacompanygoesoutofbusiness,itstopsdoingbusinesspermanently,especiallybecauseithasfailedExample:Ifwesoldfoodatthosepriceswe’dsoongooutofbusiness.
7. Todomarketresearch
Meaning:tocollectinformationaboutwhatpeoplebuyandwhytheychooseit.Example:Advertisingcompaniesdoalotofmarketresearchbeforetheydesignpromotioncampaigns.
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8. Tomakecutbacks
Meaning:todecrease,toreduceExample:ThecompanymadecutbacksattheirstoresinNewYorkandmanyemployeesweredismissed.
9. Tomanageexpectations
Meaning:Seektopreventdisappointmentbyestablishinginadvancewhatcanrealisticallybeachievedordeliveredbyaproject,undertaking,courseofaction,etc.Example:thecompanyneedstomanagetheexpectationsofinvestorsbypresentingarealisticfigurefornextyear’sestimatedprofits.
10. Tomakeacalculation
Meaning:toassessasituationandfigureout(orguess)theoutcomeExample:Wecannotmakeaprecisecalculationofthepriceuntilwehaveallthecosts.
11. Topayinarrears
Meaning:referstomakingapaymenttoasupplierlaterthanthetermsofthearrangementunderwhichgoodsorserviceswerepurchasedfromthesupplier.Example:Thecompanypaysonemonthinarrearstoallitssuppliersandemployees.
12. Tobuyatauction
Meaning:tobuysomethingatausuallypublicsaleofgoodsorproperty,wherepeoplemakehigherandhigherbids(=offersofmoney)foreachthing,untilthethingissoldtothepersonwhowillpaymostExample:Buyingapropertyatanauctioncanbeanerve-wrackingorexhileratingexperience.
13. Tosquanderachance/savings
Meaning:towastemoneyorsupplies,ortowasteopportunitiesbynotusingthemtoyouradvantageExample:JamessquanderedallhissavingsinanunsuccessfulbusinessventuretosellicecreaminAlaska.
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14. Overheadcost
Meaning:referstoregularcostsrequiredtorunabusiness,suchasrent,electricity,wagesetcExample:Anincreaseinrentsintheshoppingmallincreasedtheoverheadcostsofalltheshopswhichoperatedthere.
15. AtakeoverMeaning:anactoftakingoveracompanybybuyingitssharesExample:SonymadeasuccessfultakeoverofthebroadcastingcompanyCBS.
16. Amerger
Meaning:theactionofjoiningtwoormorebusinessesintooneExample:ThedirectorsofKentuckyFriedChickenandBurgerKingareconsideringamergerofthetwocompanies.
17. Aheavyworkload
Meaning:havingmanytaskstoperformExample:Manyemployeesofthecompanytaketimeoffworkbecauseofillnessandstressduetotheheavyworkload.
18. Compensation
Meaning:somethingthatsomebodygivesyou[usuallymoney]becausetheyhavehurtyouordamagedsomethingthatyouownExample:IreceivedalargesumofmoneyascompensationfortheinjurywhichIsustainedatwork.
19. Revenue
Meaning:themoneythatagovernmentreceivesfromtaxesorwhichacompanyreceivesfromitsbusinessExample:Thetaxrevenuesofthegovernmenthavefallenasaresultoftheeconomiccrisis.
20. White-collar
Meaning:workinginanoffice,notafactoryExample:Theinsurancecompanyisofferingsomewhite-collarjobsifyouwanttoapply.
21. Blue-collar
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Meaning:connectedwithpeoplewhodophysicalworkinindustryExample:He’sablue-collarworkerinacarfactory.
22. Torunyourownbusiness
Meaning:tohaveabusinesswhichyouownExample:Iwastiredofworkingforotherpeople,soIdecidedtorunmyownbusiness.
23. Toearnaliving
Meaning:toearnmoneyExample:Iusedtoearnalivingasateacher,butnowIsellusedcars.
24. Enhancetheirpublicimage
Meaning:tomaketheircompanyappearmoreattractivetopeopleExample:Inordertoenhancetheirpublicimage,somecompaniesdonatelargesumsofmoneytocharities.
25. Togrowabusiness
Meaning:toexpandabusiness,usuallyanewoneExample:Thecompanystartedoneyearagowithonlyoneshop,buttheyhavegrownthebusinessandnowhavetenshops.
26. Togainacompetitiveedge
Meaning:toachieveanadvantageoveranothercompanyororganization,oftenbyprovidingthesamegoodsorservicesatalowerpriceExample:ThehighqualityofVWcars,combinedwiththeiraffordableprice,hasenabledthecompanytogainacompetitiveedgeoverallitsrivalsinworldmarkets.
27. Maximizeprofits
Meaning:toincreaseprofitstothehighestpossiblelevelExample:Thecompanyhashiredamarketingconsultanttorecommendhowtomaximizeprofitsnextyear.
28. Toconductabusiness
Meaning:tooperateabusinessinaparticularwayExample:Itisimportanttoconductabusinesswithhonestyinordertogaintheconfidenceofcustomers
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29. Tobemaderedundant
Meaning:toloseone’sjobExample:Thecarfactoryhasclosedand1000employeeshavebeenmaderedundant.
30. Pensionscheme
Meaning:asysteminwhichyouandyouremployerpaymoneyregularlyintoafund,tousewhenyouretirefromworkExample:Oneofthebenefitsofworkingforabigcorporationisthatsuchlargecompaniesusuallyprovideagoodpensionscheme.
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GOVERNMENT
1. toabideby
Meaning;(formal)toacceptandactaccordingtoalaw,anagreement,etc.Example:Motoristswhodonotabidebytherulesoftheroadshouldbeseverelypunished.
2. parliamentarydemocracy
Meaning:asystemofgovernmentinwhichcandidatesarevotedtorepresentthepeopleofacountryinanationalparliamentorassemblyExample:Freedomofspeechisusuallyoneoftherightsenjoyedbycitizensinaparliamentarydemocracy.
3. toadhereto
Meaning:tobehaveaccordingtoaparticularlaw,rule,setofinstructions,Example:Governmentswhichfailtoadheretotheirelectionpromisesgenerallybecomeunpopularveryquickly.
4. constitutionalgovernment
Meaning:connectedwiththelawswhichacountryisgovernedbyExample:Themediahaveanimportantroletoplayinreportingontheactionsofpoliticians,toensuretheproperfunctioningofconstitutionalgovernment.
5. theexecutivebranch
Meaning:thatpartofthegovernmentorganisationresponsibleforimplementinglawsanddecisionsExample:Theenforcementofpoliciesaffectingschoolsandhospitalsistheresponsibilityoftheexecutivebranchofthegovernment.
6. thelegislativebranch
Meaning:thatpartofthegovernmentresponsibleformakinglawsExample:Lawsrelatingtohumanrightshavebeenpassedbythelegislativebranchofmanynationalgovernments.
7. theseparationofpowers
Meaning:theprinciplethatseparatesgovernmentauthorityintothreebranches–legislative(theParliamentorSenate),executive(thePresidentorMinisters)andthejudiciary(thejudgesandcourts).
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Example:IntheUSA,theindependenceofthecourtsfromthegovernmentissafeguardedbytheseparationofpowers
8. toadoptpolicies
Meaning:tostarttouseparticularpoliciesExample:Inordertodealwithtrafficcongestion,thegovernmentmustadoptpoliciestorestricttheuseofprivatecars.
9. toimposespendingcuts
Meaning:tointroducenewrulestospendlessmoneyonsomethingExample:Itisessentialfortheauthoritiestoimposespendingcutsonspaceprogramsinordertofundhealthservices.
10. toraisetaxeson
Meaning:toincreasetheamountoftaxonsomethingExample:Governmentsshouldraisetaxesoncigarettestopersuademorepeopletogiveupsmoking.
11. tocurbpublicspendingon
Meaning:torestrictwhatthegovernmentspendsonsomethingExample:Iwouldarguethatitispreferabletocurbpublicspendingonbuildingnewroadsratherthantoimposespendingcutsoneducation.
12. toallocateresourcesto
Meaning:tomakemoneyandmaterialsavailabletodosomethingExample:Ifgovernmentsallocatemoreresourcestoimprovingpublictransport,thiswillreducetheproblemoftrafficcongestionincities.
13. tointroducerestrictionson
Meaning:tolimitwhatpeoplecandoorwhatcanhappenExample:Thegovernmentmustintroducerestrictionsonsmokinginpublicplaces.14. toinfringeon/uponsomething
Meaning:tolimitsomebody’slegalrightsExample:Governmentsmustsometimesinfringeuponindividualfreedomsinthewiderinterestsofsociety.
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15. tobeagovernmentpriority
Meaning:somethingwhichissoimportantthatthegovernmentshoulddealwithitfirst.Example:Indevelopingcountries,spendingonhealthandeducationshouldbetopgovernmentpriorities.
16. toprioritizeexpenditureon
Meaning:toputtheneedtospendmoneyoncertainthingsfirstExample:Ibelievethatitisimportanttoprioritizeexpenditureonmedicalresearchinordertosavelives.
17. toprovidefundingfor
Meaning:togivemoneytoenablesomethingtobedoneExample:Providingfundingforhealthcaremustbeapriorityofgovernments.
18. highontheagenda
Meaning:somethingwhichisamongthefirstthingsinthelistofactionstobetakenExample:Therehabilitationofprisonersmustbehighontheagendaofprisonauthoritieseverywhere.
19. toexertpressureon
Meaning:tousepowertoinfluencesomebodyorsomethingExample:Environmentalorganisationsshouldexertpressureongovernmentstoinvestinrenewableenergyprojects.
20. toformapressuregroup
Meaning:toorganizeagroupofpeoplewhotrytoinfluencethegovernmenttoachievetheactionthattheywant.Example:Activistsinmycountryhaveformedapressuregrouptopersuadethegovernmenttoclosenuclearpowerstations.
21. toprovidepublicsubsidiesfor
Meaning:togivegovernmentmoneytoreducethecostsofservicesortoproducegoodsinordertokeepthepricelowExample:Inordertopromoteagriculturethatisenvironmentally-friendly,thegovernmentshouldprovidepublicsubsidiesfororganicfarmers.
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22. internationalbodies
Meaning:organizationswhichoperateinmanycountriesExample:Nationalgovernmentsoughttogivefundstointernationalbodies,liketheRedCrossandtheUnitedNations,todealwithemergencysituations.
23. nationalandlocalauthorities
Meaning:governmentorganizationsactingatanationallevelorwithinasmaller,localareaExample:Tacklingcrimeisaresponsibilityofbothnationalandlocalauthorities.
24. non-governmentalorganizations:NGOs
Meaning:acharityorassociationthatisindependentofgovernmentorbusinessExample:IndividualscoulddonatemoneytoNGOstohelpothersinneedoffood,shelterandmedicalservices.
25. tocampaignforsomething
Meaning:totakepartinaseriesofactivitiesinordertoachieveaspecificaim.Example:Peoplewhoareconcernedabouttheenvironmentshouldcampaignforstrictercontrolsonpollution.
26. governmentdecision-making
Meaning:theprocessofdecidingaboutsomethingofficialExample:Pressuregroupsaresometimesabletoinfluencegovernmentdecision-making.
27. toimposeanofficialbanon
Meaning:tosayordeclarethatsomethingisnotallowedExample:Governmentsoughttoimposeanofficialbanontheuseofmobilephonesonpublictransport.
28. governmentsponsorship
Meaning:theactofprovidingfinancialsupportbythegovernmentExample:Governmentsponsorshipoftheartsisnecessaryifcreativetalentistobeencouraged.
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29. awelfarestate
Meaning:ataxationsystemwhichallowsgovernmentstoprovidefortheeconomicandsocialwell-beingofitscitizensExample:Inordertoeradicatepoverty,Ibelievethatawelfarestateshouldbeestablishedinalldevelopingcountries.
30. astopgapmeasure
Meaning:apolicyoractionadoptedforashorttimeuntilsomemorepermanentsolutionisfoundExample:Buildingmoreprisonswillnotsolvetheproblemofrisingcrimerates,butitisastopgapmeasurewhichthegovernmentmusttaketoprotectordinarycitizens.
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SPORTANDEXERCISE
1. totakeupsport/totakeupexercise
Meaning:tostartdoingasport,tostartdoingexerciseExample:Governmentsshouldprovidesportsfacilitiestoencouragemorepeopletotakeupsport.
2. togetintoshape
Meaning:tobecomefitExample:Ifpeoplehaveasedentarylifestyle,theymustdoregularexercisetogetintoshape.
3. tokeepfit
Meaning:tostayingoodphysicalconditionExample:Ahealthydietandplentyofexerciseareessentialforpeopletokeepfit.
4. toexertoneself
Meaning:tomakeabigphysicalefforttodosomethingExample:Ibelievethatsportsprofessionalsdeservehighsalaries,becauseconstanthardtrainingisnecessarysothattheycanexertthemselvestothelimitwhentheycompete.
5. toworkoutatthegym
Meaning:totrainthebodybyphysicalexerciseatthegymExample:Aspartofahealthylifestyle,peopleofallagesshouldworkoutatthegymonaregularbasis.
6. tobeoutofcondition
Meaning:tobephysicallyunfitExample:Oneofthecausesofobesityisthatmanypeopleareoutofconditionandfailtoexerciseregularly.
7. tobeinthepeakofcondition
Meaning:tobeinthebestpossiblephysicalconditionExample:Sportsprofessionalsshouldreceivehighsalaries,becausetheymustalwaysbeinthepeakofconditioninordertoperformatthehighestlevels.
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8. totakegentleexercise
Meaning:todoexercisewhichisnotphysicallydemandingortiringExample:Eventheelderlycankeepfitbytakinggentleexercise,likejoggingorevenawalkinthepark.
9. alternativeformsofexercise
Meaning:takingexerciseinlesscommonways,involvingthemindaswellasthebodyExample:Alternativeformsofexercise,suchasyogaandtaichi,arepopularinmycountryamongpeopleofallages.
10. tooutlawdangeroussports
Meaning:tobanorprohibitsportswhichhaveahighriskofcausinginjury
Example:Ibelievethatthegovernmentshouldoutlawdangeroussportsbecauseparticipantsmaysufferseriousinjuries.
11. onsafetygrounds
Meaning:forreasonsofsafetyExample:Boxingisaverydangeroussportandmustbeoutlawedonsafetygrounds.
12. ahigh/lowprobabilityofinjury
Meaning:youareverylikely/notverylikelytobeinjuredExample:Ifanyoneplanstotakeupmountaineeringorskydiving,theyshouldbeawarethatthereisahighprobabilityofinjury.
13. life-threateninginjuries
Meaning:injurieswhicharesoseriousthatthepersonmaydieExample:Paraglidingandcliff-jumpingaretwoexamplesofextremesportsinwhichlife-threateninginjuriesaresustainedalltoooftenbythosewhotakepart.
14. anextremesport
Meaning:asportingactivitywhichisverydangerousExample:Personally,Icannotunderstandwhysomepeopletakeupanextremesport,andtheyshouldconsideralltherisksfirst.
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15. essentialsportsgear
Meaning:theequipmentandclothingneededtopracticeaparticularsportExample:Inordertoreducetherisksassociatedwithdangeroussports,participantsshouldundergorigoroustrainingandusealltheessentialsportsgearrequired.
16. totakesensibleprecautions
Meaning:todosomethinginadvanceinordertopreventproblemsortoavoiddangerExample:Anyoneengaginginanextremesportmusttakesensibleprecautionsandseekexpertadvice.
17. tofosteracompetitivespirit
Meaning:encouragethedesiretobeatothersinasportseventExample:Theproblemwithencouragingsportatschoolisthatitfostersacompetitivespiritamongstudents,insteadofteachingchildrensimplytodothebestthattheycaninallaspectsoflife.
18. theOlympicideal
Meaning:theultimategoalisnottowinbuttoknowthatyouhavetakenpartanddoneyourbestinacompetitionExample:Unfortunately,professionalsportisjustanotherbranchoftheentertainmentindustry,andtheOlympicidealhasbeenlost.
19. awin-at-all-costsattitude
Meaning:anideathatamatchorcompetitionmustbewon,usingallpossiblemeansExample:Youthsportisbeingruinedbyawin-at-all-costsattitude,whichincludescheatingandbreakingtherulesinordertoachievevictory.
20. bedisqualifiedfromparticipating
Meaning:nottobeallowedtojoinacompetitionExample:Sportsmenorsportswomenwhotakedrugsshouldbedisqualifiedfromparticipatinginsportforalongtime.
21. performance-enhancingdrugs
Meaning:drugswhichimprovetheabilityofasportspersontocompeteExample:Athleteswhotakeperformance-enhancingdrugsarenotonlycheating,buttheyalsosetabadexampleforyoungpeople.
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22. tofailadrugstest
Meaning:tofailanexaminationbeforeorafteracompetitiontomakesurethatyouhavenottakenillegaldrugstoimproveyourperformanceExample:Cyclingisasportwhichhasbeendiscreditedinrecentyears,assomanycompetitorshavefaileddrugstests.
23. touseillegalsubstances
Meaning:tousedrugsormedicineswhicharenotallowedundertherulesofacompetitionExample:Inprofessionalsport,ithasbecomeincreasinglycommontouseillegalsubstancesinordertowinatallcosts.
24. toplacetoomuchvalueonsport
Meaning:toregardsportastooimportantExample:Iwouldarguethatschoolsplacetoomuchvalueonsportinthecurriculum,andparticipationinsportshouldbeanout-of-schoolactivity.
25. asportsfan
Meaning:apersonwhotakesakeeninterestinsportExample:WhileIthinkthatitishealthytobeasportsfan,peopleshouldrememberthatformostpeople,sportisjustentertainment,notamatteroflifeanddeath.
26. tosetarecord
Meaning:toachievethebestresulteverachievedinasportExample:RealMadridhavesetarecordforthenumberofgoalsscoredinamatch.
27. sportscoverage
Meaning:theactivityofreportingnewsrelatedtosportExample:Manytopsportsstarsarenowknowntomillionsofpeoplearoundtheworldbecauseofglobalsportscoveragebythemedia.
28. sportscommentators
Meaning:peoplewhoareexpertsonsportandtalkorwriteaboutitinthemediaExample:Notonlysportsstars,butevensomesportscommentatorshavebecomewell-knowncelebrities.
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29. sportsmerchandising
Meaning:theactivityofsellingproductsconnectedwithasportorsportspersonExample:Sportsmerchandisingisamulti-billiondollarbusinessworldwide,intheformoft-shirtsandsportsequipment.
30. theendorsementofsportinggoods
Meaning:anadvertisingstatement,usuallybyafamoussportsperson,sayingthattheyuseorlikeaparticularproduct.
Example:Inadditiontotheirfabuloussalaries,sportscelebritiesalsomakeagreatdealofmoneythroughtheirendorsementofsportinggoodssuchastrainersorevencasualclothesordeodorants!
Sourceofvocabulary:IELTSNgocBach
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SPACEEXPLORATION
1. Thespacerace
Meaning:competitionbetweentheUSandtheSovietUnioninthe1950sand60stobethefirsttoexplorespaceExample:Thespaceraceinthe1950smarksanimportantpointinthedevelopmentofspaceexploration
2. Aspaceprobe
Meaning:atypeofspacecraftthatdoesnothaveapersoninsideExample:Spaceprobescanbesenttofardistancesforlongperiodsoftimetogatherinformationaboutdifferentareasinspace.
3. Alunarmodule
Meaning:asmallcraftusedfortravellingbetweenthemoonandthelargerspacecraftorbitingthemoon.Example:Whenthefirstmenwalkedonthemoontheycameoutofthelunarmodule.Thefirstmantowalkonthemoonsaid"Onesmallstepforaman,onegiantleapformankind."
4. Toputintoorbit
Meaning:Tosendsomethingintospace,followingacurvedpathofaplanetoranobjectasitmovesaroundastar,amoonoraplanetExample:Anewsatellitehasbeenputintoorbitaroundtheearth.
5. Mannedspaceflight
Meaning:avoyageintospacewhichhasapersontocontrolitExample:Asmannedspaceflightsaresodangerous,manychecksmustbecarriedoutfirst.
6. Tolaunchaspacerocket
Meaning:tosendarocketintospaceExample:Nowadays,menlaunchspacerockets–notships–todiscovernewworlds.
7. Thecosmos
Meaning:theuniverse,especiallywhenitisthoughtofasanorderedsystemExample:Althoughthechallengeofexploringandunderstandingthecosmosisexciting,itisalsoveryexpensive
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8. Topourmoneyintospaceresearch
Meaning:tospendenormousamountsofmoneyonspaceresearchExample:Somepeoplearguethatitiswastefultopourmoneyintospaceresearch.
9. Atestflight
Meaning:aflightduringwhichaspacecraftorpartofitsequipmentistestedExample:Testflightsaddtothehugecostsofspaceexploration.
10. Aspaceshuttle
Meaning:aspacecraftdesignedtobeused,forexample,totravelbetweentheearthandaspacestationExample:Thefirstspaceshuttlewasfront-pagenews,butnowpeoplearenolongerexcitedbytheconcept.
11. Aspacestation
Meaning:alargestructurethatissentintospaceandremainsabovetheearthasabaseforpeopleworkingandtravellinginspaceExample:Evenmaintaininganinternationalspacestationissoexpensivethatthecostsmustbesharedbyseveralcountries.
12. Spacevogages
Meaning:journeysintospaceExample:Publicinterestintheearlyspacevoyageswasunprecedented.
13. Spacetourism
Meaning:travellingtospaceasaformofvacation/holidayExample:Billionairesaretheonlypeoplewhoarelikelytoexperiencespacetourismintheforeseeablefuture.
14. Todiscoverthemysteriesoftheuniverse
Meaning:tofindoutmoreaboutspaceExample:Spaceexplorationisanessentialelementinourattempttodiscoverthemysteriesoftheuniverse.
15. Spacemissions
Meaning:flightsintospace
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Example:RecentspacemissionshavebeguntoexploreMarsandmoredistantpartsoftheuniverse.16. Theconquestofspace
Meaning:theactofgainingcontroloverthedifficulttaskofexploringspaceExample:Theconquestofspaceisachallengethatcontinuestoinspirethepublicimagination.
17. Tobeaninspirationto
Meaning:tomakesomebodyexcitedaboutsomething,especiallythinkingofthefutureExample:Theimagesofthefirstmenonthemoonwereaninspirationtopeople,andmadethemmorehopefulaboutthefuture.
18. Spacesuitsandhelmets
Meaning:theclothingwornbyastronauts.Example:Astronautsmustfinditdifficulttocarryoutmaintenancetasksduringspaceflightswearinguncomfortablespacesuitsandhelmets.
19. Vacuum-packedfood
Meaning:aspacethatiscompletelyemptyofallsubstances,includingallairorothergasExample:Duringmannedspaceflights,astronautshavetoliveoffvacuum-packedfood.
20. Weightlessconditions
Meaning;havingnoweightorappearingtohavenoweight.Asaresult,astronautsappeartofloatinspace.Example:Astronautsworkinweightlessconditions,whichmustmakeevenroutinetasksverydifficult.
21. ToendurehardshipsanddiscomfortsMeaning:toexperienceanddealwithconditionsthatareunpleasantExample:Idoubtthatspacetourismwillhavemassappealinthefuture.Travellerswouldhavetoendurehardshipsanddiscomfortssuchasweightlessconditions,vacuum-packedfoodandwearingspacesuitsandhelmets.
22. TofloatthroughspaceMeaning:tomoveslowlyintheairExample:Spacetourismwouldbereallyboring,simplyfloatingthroughspaceandlookingoutofthewindowofthespacecraft.
23. ZerogravityMeaning:havingnoforcetopullobjectstotheground,sothattheyfloat.
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Example:Livinginconditionsofzerogravityinspacemustbeextremelytiringanduncomfortable.
24. Satellitetechnology
Meaning:thetechnologyofsendingelectronicdevicesintospaceforcommunicationspurposesExample:Satellitetechnologyhasresultedinhugeadvancesincommunicationsandinformation-gathering.
25. Aspin-offMeaning:ausefulresultofanactivitythatwasdesignedtoproducesomethingdifferentExplanation:Spaceprogramshaveproducedspin-offsthathaverevolutionizedmodernlife,suchassatellitetelevisionandcommunications.
26. TomakespacetravelcommerciallyviableMeaning:tomakespacetravelasuccessfinanciallyExample:Holidaysinspacearejustfantasy.Itisdoubtfulifitwilleverbepossibletomakespacetravelcommerciallyviable.
27. ThequestforanewhomelandMeaning:thesearchforanewplacetoinhabitExample:Ashumansaredestroyingtheirownplanet,thequestforanewhomelandintheuniverseisessential.
28. AlienlifeformsMeaning:creaturesfromanotherworldExample:Oneofthemostexcitingpossibilitiesofthespaceprogramisfindingalienlifeformsonotherplanets.
29. ExtraterrestriallifeMeaning:lifethatmayexistonanotherplanetExample:Thequestforextraterrestriallifewillprovethathumansarenotaloneintheuniverse.
30. IntherealmofsciencefictionMeaning:onlypossibleinsciencefictionstories,onlyfantasyExample:Mostoftheargumentsinfavourofspaceprogramsareintherealmofsciencefiction.
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