Vocab list for Immunity due October 15th(Friday)
Active immunity
Allergy
Anemia
Antibiotic
Antibody
Antigen
Asthma
Auto immune
B cell
Bacteriophage
CarcinogenDiseaseHelper T cellImmuneImmunityInfectionKiller T cellsMicroorganismPassive immunityPathogenTumorVaccine
VectorVirulentVirus
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Nucleus
Membrane Bound Organelles (MBO)
DNA
Age
Example
Critter?
A) Comparing Types of Cells
NO
NO, only ribosomes
YES, circular w/ no ends & plasmids
Older, 3.5 BYO
Bacteria, ex E. coli
Prokaryote
YES
YES
YES, linear w/ ends packed into chromosomes
Younger, 1.5 BYO
Everything Else
Eukaryote
B) BacteriaTwo Main Types
Gram-Positive
stain purple~6 genera are pathogens
Streptococcus,Staphylococcus,Listeria,Clostridium,Bacillus
Gram-Negative
stain red
have extra lipopolysaccharide memebrane,
90-95% are harmful pathogens
Gram positive Athrax, w/WBC
Gram Negative bacteria
C) Viruses: Are they alive?
Bacteriophage Diagram
Means Poison/ Toxin in Latin
Over 5000 varieties described
Most abundant biologic entity
Are transmitted through vectors
Just like….
Virus vs. Cell
Reproduce
Genetic Code
Grow and Develop
Use Energy
Response to the Environment
Change over time
Only with a host
DNA or RNA
NO
NO
NO
YES
Independently
DNA
YES( cells ^ in # and differentiate)
YES
YES
YES
Comparing Viruses and Cells
D) Diseases caused by Viruses & MicroorganismsStreptococcus
oooooooooooo (long chain of bacteria)
many species included in genera
causes Strep Throat•infection of the throat and tonsils•no cold like symptoms•sore throat, fever, white spots on bright red throat•Treated with Antibiotics which reduce spreading risk•can lead to meningitis-infection of the brain and spinal cord linings•Streptococcus pneumoniae- most common cause of meningitis•cause flu-like symptoms --> DEATH
Influenza•Caused by the Influenza RNA Viruses, Type A and B•Strains are constantly changing/ mutating
•Very high mutation rates because they lack DNA polymerase, which find mistakes by proofreading•Prevention by flu vaccine (Active Immunity)~200,000 people hospitalized 36,000 deaths per year•AT RISK: Old & Young, & Immuno-compromised
The swine flu outbreak was cause by a new strain of Type A flu Virus subtype H1N1, which has genes similar to a common swine version of the flu
The 1918 Spanish flu pandemic that killed lots of people (50 -100 million) worldwide was also caused by a vary similar strain of the H1N1 flu virus- thus the “ OH CRAP” response by the WHO in 2009
HIV HIV-Human Immunodeficiency Virus-- Lead to AIDS ( Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome )
-Highest risk to African Americas-Mecklenburg County has highest NC rate
-Transferred through blood, semen and vaginal secretions that come into contact with broken skin and mucus membranes ( wet- thin tissue found in certain openings such as eyes, nose, rectum, vagina and penis)
- Virus finds and destroys T-cells- Death usually comes not from the disease
but instead by something else that takes advantage of weakened immune system
- Originated in African Chimps
Small Pox•Unique to humans•Versions of the disease are caused by Viruses •Variola major whose name means “pimple”•Characterized by a rash and raided fluid blisters•30-35% mortality, ~ 500 million deaths in the 20th Century•Completely Eradicated –December 1979- declared by the WHO (World Health Organization)
-Called Small Pox in reference to the Great Pox Syphilis: bacterial STD caused by Treponema
palladium
Janet Parker- DOD 9/11/78 was the last known person to die from smallpox- Contracted it from a medical school, thus all known stocks were destroyed except for the CDC’s
Smallpox localizes in smaller blood vessels, around the head and extremities rather then the torso like chickenpox
When chicken pox rears its ugly head again
Vaccines•1796 – Edward Jenner
(English Doctor )
-Discovered immunity could be produced by treating patient with cowpox, a common ailment of milkmaids
-Treated a small boy( James Phipps) by inoculation with cow pox, then injected him with small pox virus no symptoms. Thus the first vaccine (Vacca-means cow)
-Treatment created a small blister that left a scar
-CDC maintains a stock in case of outbreak caused by bio-terrorism-20 diseases are preventable with vaccines
Non-Specific Defenses
1st line of Defense –•SKIN (Layers of dead cells for protection)•Mucous lining, sweat, tears, and hair
2nd Line of Defense – Inflammatory Response•Blood vessels expand near site, causing swelling and local temperature increase•White blood cells move from vessels to infected tissue•Fever•Last ditch universal attempt at killing pathogen by destroying(denaturing proteins)
Specific Defenses
Immune ResponsesAntigen- Anything that triggers an immune
responseex: Virus, Bacteria, other pathogens
Humoral Immunity-the secretion of antibodies produced by B
lymphocytes- (B cells)-protection against antigens preset in body
fluids (saliva, blood, urine, mucous)
Cell Mediated Immunity-defense against abnormal cells and
pathogens in living tissue ( protection against ourselves)
-carried out by T lymphocytes ( T cells)
Types of Immune cells
Killer T cells- track down & destroy antigens
Helper T cells- produce memory T-cells
Memory T/B cells- remember specifically how to identify and defeat a particular antigen
Plasma Cells- create antibodies (immunoglobulins- used to identify and neutralize antigens
Suppressor T cells- used to shut down cell-mediated response
* Special Note- T-cells must be suppressed after organ transplants to help prevent rejection