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THE USE OF ZERO, PLACE VALUE SYSTEM, LARGE NUMBERS AND SMALL NUMBERS IN

ANCIENT INDIA

Ancient Indians were the first who invented zero and decimal place value system during Rigvedic

period. The scientific naming system of numerals in Vedic Sanskrit indicates that decimal place

value system was well established. The compounded words for numerals like Ekadasa

(Eka+dasa) = one and ten, Ekavimshati (Eka+vimshati) = one and twenty, Ekatrimshat (Eka +

trimshat) = one and thirty etc. indicate that Eka will be always the first word and Dasa will be

always second word which implies the position of a number is most important since the symbol of

unit & the symbol of ten cannot interchange their positions without affecting the value of the

numbers. Thus units must be counted first later tens and so on. The use of large numbers up to

1012 considering the powers of 10 in Yajurveda was also not possible without having the

knowledge of place value system and zero.

Ramayana gives the counting of large numbers from 10 to the power of 7 to 10 to the power of

62.

Koti = 100000 x 100 = 107

Shanku = Koti x 1000 x 100 = 1012

Mahashanku = Shanku x 1000 x 100 = 1017

Vrinda = Mahashanku x 1000 x 100 = 1022

Mahavrinda = Vrinda x 1000 x 100 = 1027

Padma = Mahavrinda x 1000 x 100 = 1032

Mahapadma = Padma x 1000 x100 = 1037

Kharva = Mahapadma x 1000 x 100 = 1042

Mahakharva = Kharva x 1000 x 100 = 1047

Samudra = Mahakharva x 1000 x 100 = 1052

Mogha = Samudra x 1000 x 100 = 1057

Mahaugha = Mogha x 1000 x100 = 1062

Mahabharata also used large numbers up to 1052.

Lalitavistara is a biography of Buddha and belong to Mahayana school of Buddhism written

around 100 AD. Lalitavistara gives the evidence of use of infinitely large and small numbers.

According to the story of Lalitavistara, A svayamvara (competition for marriage) was organized

for Princess Gopa in which Prince Siddhrtha participated. Apart from other competitions like

horse riding, archery etc., Siddhartha had to undergo the test of mathematics.Arjuna a great mathematician asked Siddhartha "Do you know the procedure of Kotishatottara

(counting after hundred crores)". Explaining the procedure of Kotishatottara,Siddhartha counted

large numbers starting from Koti (107), calculating in multiples of 100 up to Tallakshana (1053)

referring as first numeration.

Koti x 100 = Ayuta (109)

Ayuta x 100 = Niyuta (1011)

Niyuta x 100 = Kankara (1013)

Kankara x 100 = Vivara (1015)

Vivara x 100 = Akshobhya (1017)

Akshobhya x 100 = Vivaha (1019)Vivaha x 100 = Utsanga (1021)



Utsanga x 100 = Bahula (1023)

Bahula x 100 = Nagabala (1025)

Nagabala x 100 = Titila (1027)

Titila x 100 = Vyavasthanaprajnapti (1029)

Vyavasthanaprajnapti x 100 = Hetuhila (1031)

Hetuhila x 100 = Karahu (1033)

Karahu x 100 = Hetvindriya (1035)

Hetvindriya x 100 = Samaptalambha (1037)

Samaptalambha x 100 = Gaganagati (1039)

Gaganagati x 100 = Niravaravadya (1041)

Niravaravadya x 100 = Mudrabala (1043)

Mudrabala x 100 = Sarvabala (1045)

Sarvabala x 100 = Visangyagati (1047)

Visangyagati x 100 = Sarvasangya (1049)

Sarvasangya x 100 = Vibhutangama (1051)

Vibhutangama x 100 = Tallakshana (1053)

Building on this first numeration, next eight numerations also have 23 multiplicative steps of 100

and the last number expressed by Siddhartha was 10421(Uttaraparamanurajahpravesha).

Again replying to Arjuna, Siddhartha talked about "Paranamu"(subtle atoms) with bottom up

approach and particles composed of atoms.

Paramanu (subtle atom) x 7 = Renu (fine particle)

Renu x 7 = Truti (small particle)

Truti x 7 = Vatayanarajah

Vatayanarajah x 7 = shasharajah

shasharajah x 7 = Edhakarajah

Edhakarajah x 7 = Gorajah

Gorajah X 7 = Liksharajah

Liksharajah x 7 = sarshapa

sarshapa x 7 = Yava (breadth of barley)

Yava x 7 = Anguli

Anguli x 12 = Vitasti

Vitasti x 2 = Hasta (cubit)

Hasta x 4 = DhanuDhanu x 1000 = Krosha

Krosha x 4 = Yojana

Assuming an Anguli = finger is 4 centimetres long, the "Paramanu"(subtle atom) is therefore, 4

centimetres divided by 7 ten times, which is 0.04 meter x 7 to the minus 10 or

0.00000000001416 meter (70 trillionths of a meter), which comes amazingly close to the actual

size of carbon atom.

After discussing infinitely large and small numbers, Siddhartha accepted the challenge to

calculate the mass of one Yojana. Siddhartha calculated the mass of one Yojana as10003000000000000060320512000 atoms. According to Buddhist cosmology, there are three



thousand crore worlds in the universe each measuring 34000 yojanas. The question arises how

many atoms are there in the universe. Siddhartha replied that there are Asamkhyata

(innumerable) atoms in the universe. When 7 paramanus combine each other then only

paramanus occupy space but there are innumerable paramanus in the world do not combine

each other, thus, do not occupy space. Therefore, in view of Siddhartha, paramanus in the

universe are innumerable. In the modern theory of quantum-mechanics, quarks enter into

existence and disappear all the time in the vacuum. Therefore the quantum information is not

fixed or innumerable.

What a glorious heritage!!!! Lalitavistara was translated into Chinese during 2nd century.

Therefore, Lalitavistara cannot be dated later than 1st century. Possibly, it might have written few

hundreds years before 2nd century.

Unfortunately, Modern textbooks teach us that Aryabhata invented zero in 5th century and

Indians had no knowledge of zero and place value system before 5th century. Interestingly, one

grant of Katachchuri king Taralswami is dated in the year 346 and the year is recorded in decimal

place value notation. Historians declared this grant as forgery because Indians had no

knowledge of plave value system before 5th century. Shame on these historians.

Evidently, Indians had the knowledge of zero and place value system since Vedic period. Racist

western and Eurocentric scholars do not accept this fact. Therefore, we teach our children that

Indians had no knowledge of Zero and place value system before 5th century.

WE LOOK FOR A CERTIFICATE FROM WEST. (Mera Muajjim hi mera katil hai ab anjame insaaf

kya hoga!!!!)

SHAME ON US !!!! WE ARE "NALAYAK" DESCENDANTS OF A GLORIOUS HERITAGE.



Pranshu saxena

Date of Mahabharata war:

Some Extreme Daters claim that

Aryabhatta claims that Mahabharata was 3100 BC....

Now, Aryabhatta states 3 yugapadas and 6 Manus and 27 yugas elapsed at the point of

Mahabharata.

The stanza of the sloka starts with “Shastyabdanam Shadbhiryada vyateetastra yascha yuga

padah.”

..

..

“Shastyabdanam Shadbhi” means 60 x 6 = 360. While printing the manuscript, the word

“Shadbhi” was altered to “Shasti”, which implies 60 x 60 = 3600 years after Kali Era.

..

...



and that was used to denote that Mahabharat was 3100 BC. Clearly Aryabhatta is describing

something else which occured 360 years ago.

Actually, another interpretation is that he is describing the Yugic cycle as a day or week and then

what part has elapsed.

Anyway, the change of Shadbhi to shasti is arbitrary. It makes the calculation 3600 instead of360.

Aryabhatta’s birth time was fixed as 476 A.D so 360 years back was 116 AD which was also a

Date for a great upheaval in Mathura from Numismatic and other evidence. the overthrow of

Kanishka most likely and establishment of Vaishanava kushana kings.

(The story of Vrishni overthrow of Kamsa may have been repeated by overthrow of similar

sounding Kanishka by Soorsainis, Yaudheyas, Malavas and Arjunayanas. Last three claiming

descent from three Kaunteyas.)

Since in every genuine manuscript (from a point of view, well the critical edition), we find the word

“Shadbhi” and not the altered “Shasti”.Aryabhatta is describing an event 360 years earlier to him.

.

..

Actually the extreme daters use circular logic.

They state that as Kaliuga started 3102 BC then Aryabhataa was ancient mathematician in 2742

BC!!

.

..

On one end they state that Mahabharata was 3100 BC on evidence of Aryabhata and when that

evidence is overturned, they make this claim.

...

...

They are tied to this 3102 BC date without any evidence and thus, try to make all the evidence

conform to it and when that is overturned, they overturn the history.

.

..

The Puranas and Kharavela inscriptions all give 1050 (or 1015 years Sanskrit is read left to right

or right to left) as gap between Mahapadma Nanda and Parikshita.

.

..

This textual evidence backed by 9th cen BC Vrishni Sangh coins depicting Vasudeva ties us to

lower dates. I am not saying that is hard and fast. The evidence for 1400 BC date is more and is

in logical sequence.

.

..

The Extreme daters make 3102 BC as Kaliyuga and then place Mauryas in 2000 BC.

.

..

.

The connection of Mauryas and especially Asoka to the Greek states in Central Asia is attested



with Epigraph evidence. Disconnecting them subverts the entire world history on its head.

..

..

Even if extreme daters are right, they do not create a conclusive argument around the rest of

history like Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan and others like Chatursena and Sanskritayana using the 1450

BC date.

.

..

The extreme daters even try to move Buddha by 1200 years. Which is again possible.

.

..

The Sramana sects that were later co-opted by followers of Buddha (and Mahavira) may be

extant centuries before under different names.

.

There is no maybe!

Mahabharata describes them in Vana parva in Yudhishthara's retinue.

Like Jains have 24 Teerthankars, some Buddha sects especially sarvasti-vada has multiple

Buddhas also and that is the basis of Jatakas.

.

..

But tying one of Bodhisatvas born 1200 years prior to Buddha to Asoka (epigraphic evidence

again would make Alexander older than Moses for extreme daters!).

.

..

Extreme daters fail the test of world history. Unless Mahabharat occured on another planet which

is possible!! Never close any avenue or option till conclusively closed.

.

..

Another popular involuntary co-conspirator of Extreme daters is Varaha Mihira.

Again i do need to emphasize two things. Mihira was from west and probably even of persian/

central asian origin

(having said that Indian culture flourished there in those regions even till 800 AD and even later

so Mihira could still be as Indian as Chandragupta II, the ancestors of Hemu of Panipata fame

lived in Ghor province of Afghanistan till 1200 AD! and Bhargavas were family priest for Suriroyals of Ghor hundreds of year before Panipata!).

Mihira was a member of Gupta inner circle.

.

..

He was even awarded the highest honor equivalent of Bharat Ratna of the day, Varaha

.

hence Varaha Mihira.

.

..

Varaha Mihira stated that 2526 years before start of Saka count (either Shalivahana saka starting



in 79 AD or Vikrama Saka starting in 57 BC) [Brihat Samhita].

.

When Saptarishis (ursa major) was near Magha Yudhistira was king 2526 years before Saka

time.

.

..

Now they use time of Yudhishthara as 2526 minus 78 AD as 2448 BC.

.

..

No, again there is sleight of hand. The sanskrit sloka of Varahamihira is translated by BORI as

Saka only aka time.

.

..

Yudhishthara was King 2526 years before current Time!

.

..

And it is from book Jagaccandrika which is commentary on ब हजतकमthe treatise written by

Varahamhiara. It was written by Utpala or Bhata Utpala, (Soota Utpala if you may in terms of

Mahabharata references).

...

...

The date is 832 AD for that commentary. It may even be upto 200 years later.

.

..

The dating of text is open to interpretation, it is the time of Varahamihira or the time of the copy ofthe commentary on the text we are using.

Varahamihira evidence becomes 2526 minus Varahamihira (500 AD) as 2026 BC

or 2526 - 832 AD aka 1694 BC or upto 200 years later.

Third point:

Mahabharata Drona Parva also refers to Jayadhratha's killing during a eclipse episode on 14th

day of the war, which some consider as another short solar eclipse.

This document is basically concerned with analysis of all eclipses visible at Kurukshethra

(Location where Mahabharata war took place, north of New Delhi, Longitude 76 deg 49 min East,

Latitude 29 deg 59 Min North) from 3300 BC to about Buddha-Mahavira-Parshvanaatha time ofabout 700BC.

During the period of our interest, 3500BC to 700 BC, nearly 4350 Lunar Eclipses and 6960 solar

eclipses have occurred on earth.

Of these nearly 673 solar and lunar eclipses occurred in pairs of time gap of about nominal 15

days corresponding to roughly half lunar month. We need to search amongst these 673 for

eclipse pairs visible in Kurukshethra, which occurred in 'Thirteen' days.

After serious analysis of all the eclipses, six eclipse pairs from 3129 BCJ, 2599BCJ, 2056 BCJ,

1853 BCJ, 1708 BCJ and 1397 BCJ clearly are the best candidates for Mahabharata war year

from 'thirteen day' eclipse pairs view point.



There are others that have low obscurity for solar eclipse, or have dominant penumbral lunar

eclipse content and hence do not constitute strong candidates for the Mahabharata war.

The dating is in Julian and uses 4704 BC as Julian Year.

(This was first done in 1990s and the results presented in Julian dates. )

The dates of this eclipse pair are Julian 3129 and Julian month of August.

In ancient Bharata, since the full moon occurred on Proshtapada, the month would be considered

as Bhadrapada. Normally, this is the monsoon rainy season in North India.

The epic states that drought like conditions existed.

So 3129 BC date loses out.

Imagine a bad monsoon. The Julian date of 3129 BCJ could be read as 4704 -3129 BC aka 1575

BC. This was one of initial arguments on the date also by Later Daters!

The 2559 BC period is problematic as in reality there was an extra eclipse in the period which

would have been caught by the Poet of Mahabharata. three eclipses rather than 2!

The third candidate is eclipse pair from 2056 BCJ. It occurs in Margashira/pushya months, the

eclipse occurring when moon is between Punarvasu/pushya nakshathra, and would be right in

the middle of war.

But because now we are in 2056 BC already, most "biased" Indian researchers do not even look

at this and this matches one of Varahamihira dates.

4th and 5th occur near or after Uttaarayan! And 1708 BC date is also one of matches for

VarahaMihira date.

The last candidate of eclipse pair occurs in 1397 in the month of Bhadrapada. It is a reasonably

good candidate for Mahabharata war.

The "biased" indian researchers than move away.

By the way the 1397 BC may be 1457 BC in the calculations. (the 60 year cycle float for

recording the Mesopotamia eclipses).

.

..

And the 1450 BC date is backed by other evidences as well. That is also what Chatursena and

Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan and RC Majumdar and Bhandarkar (well his successors) concluded.

.

..Ethnically, i would like to go to 2056 BC date as well. That will place Mahabharata writing as

same period as Mesopotamian Temple texts and Egyptian papyrus scrolls. But, see other

evidences are all for later 1500 BC to 1177 BC dates.

The dates like 1708 BC and 2056 BC are not even researched by the Extreme daters. and Later

daters ignore them.

Now we do have Mesopotamian temple steles telling story of Pururava and Urvashi in 3000 BC

circa. (inscription, stories and steles published by Banarasidass Motilal in 1971)

So 3102 BC may be actual important date in our history maybe the date for Yayati or Pururava!



The Indian civilization began with Vaivasta Manu and his son Ikshvaku and his son-in-law Budha

founding the Surya Vamsha and Chandra Vamsha and the 3102 BC can be the date for that

event. the foundation of kingly authority.

Textual evidence

The Puranas gave two dates for the event of Mahabharat - 950BC or 1452B according to KPJaiswal Institute.

Jains note 920 years elapsed between Krishna and Mahavira again pushing the date to 1448 BC

as lower value.

So the evidence is in favor of lower dates not lower than 1377 BC though Aurobindo even pushed

it lower to 1194 BC as well.

We have probable outliers of 1700 BC also from some other epigraph or textual evidences.

The mass of evidence however you may term it puts the date in float 1700 to 1194 BC and that

points to 1450 BC as a median date (may not be actual date there would be float. we are using

statistics and standard deviation here.)

As i said, the 2000 BC date is ignored by extreme daters who stick to 3102 bc!

Also we have another evidence from an inscription in Jaisalmer which states some 3000 years

elapsed since Yudhishthara.

That Lodorva inscription may be as old as 10th century to 1474 AD because that piece of Rock

on the mountain was used again and again to record events.

The place in question was contested by several Rajput groups over a period of 700 years!

The reading may be contaminated by fact that yamadwara or land of dharma was also name for

province now called Kandhara and southern Afghanistan (and Helmand was called Sarasvati atone point) and several of these Rajput groups Langahs and Bhattis ruled there in previous time.

so the inscription may mean the time elapsed since leaving the old home.

SQUARE ROOT OF 10 : ACCURATELY CALCULATED BY ANCIENT JAIN MATHEMATICIANS

Jambudvipaprajnapti (500 - 300 BC), a Jain work on cosmology, calculated that the

circumference of a circle of diameter 1,00,000 yojanas is 316227 yojana + 3 gavyuti + 128 dhanu

+ 13 1/2 angula and a little over. Converting these to yojana (1 yojana = 14 km, 4 gavyuti = 1yojana, 2000 dhanu = 1 gavyuti and 96 angula = 1 dhanu), the circumference is

316227.766017578125 (316227.766017578125 / 100000 = 3.162277660178125). It is thrilling to

see that ancient Jain mathematicians have correctly computed the square root of 10 up to 11

decimal places.

CRYPTOGRAPHY (Error Detection and Correction) IN VEDIC TIMES

Vedic Rishis had deveo!ed three nat"ra #ethods (sa#hit$% !ada% &ar#a) and ei'ht s!ecia encodin'

#ethods (at$% M$$% Shi&h$% Re&h$% Dhvaa% Danda% Ratha% Ghana) *or recitation o* verses +hich are

si#iar to #odern error correction codes in co#!"ters and co##"nication,

-M$$- #ethod is ver. #"ch si#iar to #odern inear /oc& code, These #ethods are /ased on advanced#athe#atica conce!t 0 a'e/raic thin&in', Each encodin' #ethod is ca!a/e o* detectin' one t.!e o*

error, D"e to these #ethods% Vedic Mantras co"d have /een !reserved in ori'ina *or# even a*tertho"sands o* .ears,



WHY PELL'S EQUATION MUST BE RENAMED AS BRAHMAGUPTA'S EQUATION

Brahmagupta (63 BCE-19 CE) was the first who solved the second order indeterminate equation

using a general method. Brahmagupta invented a classical method to generate infinitely many

integer solutions of an equation "Nx2 + 1 = y2" where N is a positive and non-square integer. If

N is less than zero or N is a perfect square than infinitely many integral solutions can be easily

obtained. But Brahmagupta was only interested in solving harder equations where N is a positive

integer but not a perfect square. He solved the following equations.

• 11x2 + 1 = y2 : The solution is (x,y) = (3,10), (161/5, 534/5)...........

• 61x2 + 1 = y2 : The smallest solution is x = 226153980 and y = 1766319049

Interestingly, Brahmagupta challenged that any person who is able to solve the equations 83x2

+ 1 = y2 and 92x2 + 1 = y2 in a year will be a truly mathematician.

In 1657 AD, French mathematician, Fermat, who was studying these equations, challenged his

contemporaries to solve the equation but nobody succeeded in solving the equation in integers.

Only in 1732, Swiss mathematician, Leonard Euler solved the equation and incorrectly named

this equation as Pell's Equation since English mathematician John Pell (1610-1685 AD) hadmentioned this equation but there is no contribution to this subject by Pell. Hence, so-called Pell's

equation must be named as Brahmagupta's Equation.

Interestingly, Euler had corresponded with Danish protestant missionaries in South India around

1730 AD about the translations of mathematical and astronomical techniques of Indians.



Ashoka

1HO 1AS THE EMPEROR ASHO2A3 A MA4RYA 2ING or A 2ASHMIR 2ING3

Shoc&ed555 #e too, 6"t there are #an. vaid reasons to /eieve that the 'reat e#!eror Asho&a #i'ht /e a2ash#ir &in', There +ere t+o Asho&as in Ancient Indian histor., One +as a 2ash#ir &in' and the other

+as a Ma"r.a &in',

MA4RYA 2ING3

7, The e!i'ra!hic evidence does not !rovide an. c"e a/o"t Asho&a8s Ma"r.an connection or at east%Ma'adha connection,

9, Accordin' to #. i#ited &no+ed'e% P"ranas #ention nothin' to esta/ish that Ma"r.an &in'

Asho&avardhana !ro#oted 6"ddhis#,

:, Interestin'.% historians convenient. conc"ded that /oth Asho&as +ere conte#!oraries +itho"t an.evidence so that the. can de*end the distorted date o* 6"ddha nirvana and the *ase identit. o*

Sandro&ott"s,

2ASHMIR 2ING37, Accordin' to 2ahana8s Raataran'ini% Gonanda I +as the conte#!orar. o* arasandha o* Ma'adha and

2ansa o* Math"ra, 2ahana #entions that ;9 2ash#ir &in's% *ro# Gonanda I to A/hi#an."% rei'ned *or

79<< .ears, A*ter that% Gonanda III ascended the throne o* 2ash#ir, Considerin' the rei'n o* Gonanda I

aro"nd :7=> 6CE% Gonanda III #i'ht have ascended the throne aro"nd 7??7 6CE,9, 2ahana stated that three T"r"sh&a &in's na#e. H"sh&a% "sh&a and 2anish&a r"ed 2ash#ir +hen 7;@

.ears ea!sed *ro# the Maha!arinirvana o* 6"ddha,

:, The tradition o* Sas&.a!a schoars tes "s that 6"ddha attained nirvana aro"nd 97:=97:: 6CE, The.*iB the date o* the /irth o* 6"ddha aro"nd 997: (EarthDra'on .ear) and the date o* nirvana on the

/o"ndar. o* 97:= 6CE (irePi' .ear) 0 97:: 6CE (EarthMo"se .ear), 6"ddhist schoar Atisa Di!an&arSrinana #entioned that 6"ddha attained nirvana in 97:< 6CE,



=, 2ahana con*ir#s that 2ash#ir &in' Asho&a +as the !atron o* 6"ddhis#,

;, Ancient 6"ddhist so"rces te "s that Asho&a +as coronated a*ter 7@@ .ears *ro# nirvana o* 6"ddha,

<, As !er #. &no+ed'e% 6"ddhist so"rces did not #ention a/o"t Asho&a8s Ma"r.an connection orMa'adha connection,

>, 6ased on the a/ove% the chronoo'. can /e derived as *oo+s

The /irth o* 6"ddha F 997=997: 6CE

The nirvana o* 6"ddha F 97:=97:: 6CE Asho&a F 9@:=9@@@ 6CE

ao&a9@@@7@ 6CE

Da#odara II F 7@7?= 6CE H"sh&a7?=7<@ 6CE

"sh&a 7<@7;@ 6CE

2anish&a F 7;@77@ 6Ce

A/hi#an." 77@7??7 6CE The coronation o* Gonanda III F 7??7 6CE

In vie+ o* the a/ove% it a!!ears that the 'reat e#!eror Asho&a +as the 2ash#ir &in' and not Ma"r.a &in',

1h. not +e atte#!t so#e scienti*ic datin' o* roc& edicts% !iars o* Asho&a to sette an acc"rate date and

*ind the rea Asho&a3 1hether Cos#o'enic Radion"cide Datin' can /e acc"rate3



Narayan Pandit

NARAYANA PANDITS ACTORIATION METHOD

Nara.ana Pandit (7:9;7=@@ AD) dis!a.ed the &no+ed'e o* si#!e rec"rrin' contin"ed *raction #ethodin the so"tion o* the eJ"ation o* the t.!e NBK9 L 7 .K9 +here the sJ"are root o* nonsJ"are !ositive

n"#/er to /e co#!"ted, He 'ave a #ethod to co#!"te a!!roBi#ate va"e o* a sJ"are root o* nonsJ"aren"#/er, He !roved that i* B and . are a !air o* roots +here B is not 'reater than . in the eJ"ation o* thet.!e NBK9 L 7 .K9% than the sJ"are root o* N is a!!roBi#ate. eJ"a to . divided /. B ,

This #ethod o* N$r$.ana Pandit is a#ain'. acc"rate and eJ"ivaent to a other #ethods, In the encosed

i"stration% he eB!icit. a!!ied a *actoriation #ethod /. re!resentin' a nonsJ"are inte'er as the

di**erence o* t+o sJ"ares, This #ethod is no+ &no+n as er#ats *actoriation #ethod +hereas N$r$.anaPandit a!!ied it #"ch earier than er#at, Hence% this #ethod #"st /e na#ed as N$r$.ana Pandits

*actoriation #ethod,

