Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
Variation in Ende Word Order
Megan M. Brown
Boston University
12th International Austronesian and Papuan Languages andLinguistics Conference, June 18, 2020
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
The Ende Language
• Pahoturi Riverlanguage
• >0600 speakers
• Limol, Malam, andKinkin
(Eberhard et al., 2019; Lindsey, 2019)
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
The Ende LanguageWord Order Variation
(1) Daif
bongoyou
ttongoone
llaman
deacc
papahit
dagaganaux.3sg
‘If you hit someone’
Subject - Object - Verb
(2) Yabadsun
angdewhen
ikopsee
dagaganaux.3sg
kokmoon
bomacc
kollbafish
peyangwith
‘When sun saw moon with the fish’
Subject - Verb - Object
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
The Ende LanguageWord Order Variation
(1) Daif
bongoyou
ttongoone
llaman
deacc
papahit
dagaganaux.3sg
‘If you hit someone’
Subject - Object - Verb
(2) Yabadsun
angdewhen
ikopsee
dagaganaux.3sg
kokmoon
bomacc
kollbafish
peyangwith
‘When sun saw moon with the fish’
Subject - Verb - Object
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
The Ende LanguageWord Order Variation
(1) Daif
bongoyou
ttongoone
llaman
deacc
papahit
dagaganaux.3sg
‘If you hit someone’
Subject - Object - Verb
(2) Yabadsun
angdewhen
ikopsee
dagaganaux.3sg
kokmoon
bomacc
kollbafish
peyangwith
‘When sun saw moon with the fish’
Subject - Verb - Object
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
The Ende LanguageWord Order Variation
(3) Gethis
llaman
deacc
umllanginform
dagaganaux.3sg
mallawoman
danom
‘Then some woman informed this man’
Object - Verb - Subject
(4) Mallawife
deacc
llaman
danom
ekatell.rec
nantamenynan3sg>3sg
‘A man told the wife something’
Object - Subject - Verb
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
The Ende LanguageWord Order Variation
(3) Gethis
llaman
deacc
umllanginform
dagaganaux.3sg
mallawoman
danom
‘Then some woman informed this man’
Object - Verb - Subject
(4) Mallawife
deacc
llaman
danom
ekatell.rec
nantamenynan3sg>3sg
‘A man told the wife something’
Object - Subject - Verb
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
The Project
What are the mostcommon word ordersin Ende?
Where variationoccurs, what factorsmight influence the useof one order vsanother?
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
The Project
• What are the mostcommon word ordersin Ende?
Where variationoccurs, what factorsmight influence the useof one order vsanother?
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
The Project
• What are the mostcommon word ordersin Ende?
• Where variationoccurs, what factorsmight influence the useof one order vsanother?
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
The Data
• Ende corpus (Lindsey, 2015)
• >0100 hoursrecorded EndeSpeech
• >0200,000 wordstranscribed
• 4 recordings ofspoken Endeselected
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
The Data
• 4 speakers
• 2 male, 2 female
• Age Range = 57-76
• Narratives and stories
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
The Analysis
• Verbs, Subjects, andObjects
• Copula Constructions
• Pre- and Post-NominalAdjectives
• Main Verbs andAuxiliary Verbs
• Adpositions(Prepositions vs.Postpositoins)
• Demonstratives
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
Consistencies
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
ConsistenciesCopula Constructions
Copula constructions are always ordered predictate-copula(n=25).
(5) Ngamaour
ttoenttoensmall-story
dancop
Predicate - Copula
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
ConsistenciesAuxiliary Verbs
Auxiliary verbs always followed the main verb (n=75),
(6) ttoeskin[verb]
amalloaux.prs.3nsg
Main Verb - Auxiliary Verb
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
ConsistenciesDemonstratives
Demonstratives are always pre-nominal (n = 25)
(7) GeThis
ttoenttoensmall story
Demonstrative - Noun
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
Variation
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
VariationAdpositions
90% of all adpositions were postpositional (n=10)
(8) ll1gboy
kalsresmall
peyangwith
Noun Phrase - Postposition
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
VariationAdpositions
All prepositional examples involve the preposition “do”
(9) doto/until
W1rbunplace name
preposition - noun
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
VariationAdjectives
81% of adjectives were post-nominal (n = 16)
(10) ll1gboy
kalsresmall
Noun - Adjective
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
VariationAdjectives
Most cases of pre-nominal adjectives suggested borrowings
(11) Mergood
totoevening
Adjective - Noun
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
VariationSubjects, Objects, and Verbs
Constructions Considered:
• Transitive Verbs
• Overt Subjects and Objects
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
VariationSubjects, Objects, and Verbs
Constructions Considered:
• Transitive Verbs
• Overt Subjects and Objects
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
VariationSubjects, Objects, and Verbs
74% of all transitive sentences (n = 50) were SOV
(12) Bongoyou
llaman
deacc
papahit
dagaganaux.3sg
Subject - Object - Verb
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
Atypical Word Orders
(13) Yabadsun
angdewhen
ikopsee
dagaganaux.3sg
kokmoon
bomacc
kollbafish
peyangwith
‘When sun saw moon with the fish’
Subject - Verb - Object
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
Atypical Word Orders
(14) Yabadsun
angdewhen
ikopsee
dagaganaux.3sg
kokmoon
bomacc
kollbafish
peyangwith
‘When sun saw moon with the fish’
SubjectNEW - Verb - ObjectESTABLISHED
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
Atypical Word Orders
(15) Gethis
llaman
deacc
umllanginform
dagaganaux.3sg
mallawoman
danom
‘Then some woman informed this man’
Object - Verb - Subject
(16) Mallawife
deacc
llaman
danom
ekatell.rec
nantamenynanaux
‘A man told the wife something’
Object - Subject - Verb
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
Cross-linguistic Word Order Trends
Object-Verb Verb-Objectpostpositions prepositions
genitive - noun noun - genitivemanner adverb - verb verb - manner adverb
standard - marker marker - standardstandard - adjective adjective - standard
adpositional phrase - verb verb - adpositional phrasemain verb - auxiliary verb auxiliary verb - main verb
predicate - copula copula - predicateinitial question particle initial question particle
final complementizer initial complementizernoun - article article - noun
relative clause - noun noun - relative clausenoun - plural word plural word - noun
(Dryer,1991, 1992)
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
Cross-linguistic Word Order Trends
Object-Verb Verb-Objectpostpositions prepositions
genitive - noun noun - genitivemanner adverb - verb verb - manner adverb
standard - marker marker - standardstandard - adjective adjective - standard
adpositional phrase - verb verb - adpositional phrasemain verb - auxiliary verb auxiliary verb - main verb
predicate - copula copula - predicateinitial question particle initial question particle
final complementizer initial complementizernoun - article article - noun
relative clause - noun noun - relative clausenoun - plural word plural word - noun
(Dryer,1991, 1992)
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
Cross-linguistic Word Order Trends
Object - Verb Verb - Object
Common
PostpositionsStandard - Adjective
Main Verb - Aux VerbPredicate - Copula
Article [Demonstrative] - Noun
ObservedPrepositionsAdjective-Standard
NotObserved
Noun - ArticleAux Verb - Main VerbCopula - Predicate
NotTested
Genitive - NounManner Adverb - Verb
Adpositional phrase - VerbFinal Question ParticleFinal Complementizer
Relative Clause - NounNoun - Plural Word
Noun - GenitiveVerb - Manner AdverbVerb - Adpositional PhraseInitial Question ParticleInitial ComplementizerNoun - Relative ClausePlural Word - Noun
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
Cross-linguistic Word Order Trends
Object - Verb Verb - Object
Common
PostpositionsStandard - Adjective
Main Verb - Aux VerbPredicate - Copula
Article [Demonstrative] - Noun
ObservedPrepositionsAdjective-Standard
NotObserved
Noun - ArticleAux Verb - Main VerbCopula - Predicate
NotTested
Genitive - NounManner Adverb - Verb
Adpositional phrase - VerbFinal Question ParticleFinal Complementizer
Relative Clause - NounNoun - Plural Word
Noun - GenitiveVerb - Manner AdverbVerb - Adpositional PhraseInitial Question ParticleInitial ComplementizerNoun - Relative ClausePlural Word - Noun
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
Cross-linguistic Word Order Trends
Object - Verb Verb - Object
Common
PostpositionsStandard - Adjective
Main Verb - Aux VerbPredicate - Copula
Article [Demonstrative] - Noun
ObservedPrepositionsAdjective-Standard
NotObserved
Noun - ArticleAux Verb - Main VerbCopula - Predicate
NotTested
Genitive - NounManner Adverb - Verb
Adpositional phrase - VerbFinal Question ParticleFinal Complementizer
Relative Clause - NounNoun - Plural Word
Noun - GenitiveVerb - Manner AdverbVerb - Adpositional PhraseInitial Question ParticleInitial ComplementizerNoun - Relative ClausePlural Word - Noun
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
Cross-linguistic Word Order Trends
Object - Verb Verb - Object
Common
PostpositionsStandard - Adjective
Main Verb - Aux VerbPredicate - Copula
Article [Demonstrative] - Noun
ObservedPrepositionsAdjective-Standard
NotObserved
Noun - ArticleAux Verb - Main VerbCopula - Predicate
NotTested
Genitive - NounManner Adverb - Verb
Adpositional phrase - VerbFinal Question ParticleFinal Complementizer
Relative Clause - NounNoun - Plural Word
Noun - GenitiveVerb - Manner AdverbVerb - Adpositional PhraseInitial Question ParticleInitial ComplementizerNoun - Relative ClausePlural Word - Noun
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
Cross-linguistic Word Order Trends
Object - Verb Verb - Object
Common
PostpositionsStandard - Adjective
Main Verb - Aux VerbPredicate - Copula
Article [Demonstrative] - Noun
ObservedPrepositionsAdjective-Standard
NotObserved
Noun - ArticleAux Verb - Main VerbCopula - Predicate
NotTested
Genitive - NounManner Adverb - Verb
Adpositional phrase - VerbFinal Question ParticleFinal Complementizer
Relative Clause - NounNoun - Plural Word
Noun - GenitiveVerb - Manner AdverbVerb - Adpositional PhraseInitial Question ParticleInitial ComplementizerNoun - Relative ClausePlural Word - Noun
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
Cross-linguistic Word Order Trends
Object - Verb Verb - Object
Common
PostpositionsStandard - Adjective
Main Verb - Aux VerbPredicate - Copula
Article [Demonstrative] - Noun
ObservedPrepositionsAdjective-Standard
NotObserved
Noun - ArticleAux Verb - Main VerbCopula - Predicate
NotTested
Genitive - NounManner Adverb - Verb
Adpositional phrase - VerbFinal Question ParticleFinal Complementizer
Relative Clause - NounNoun - Plural Word
Noun - GenitiveVerb - Manner AdverbVerb - Adpositional PhraseInitial Question ParticleInitial ComplementizerNoun - Relative ClausePlural Word - Noun
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
Summary
• Ende overall conforms with Dryer’s trends for anObject-Verb (OV) language.
• There remains a relatively high degree of variation
• Outlook• Other reasons of non-SOV orderings• Additional feature trends in Dryer’s proposal
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
Summary
• Ende overall conforms with Dryer’s trends for anObject-Verb (OV) language.
• There remains a relatively high degree of variation
• Outlook• Other reasons of non-SOV orderings• Additional feature trends in Dryer’s proposal
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
Summary
• Ende overall conforms with Dryer’s trends for anObject-Verb (OV) language.
• There remains a relatively high degree of variation
• Outlook• Other reasons of non-SOV orderings• Additional feature trends in Dryer’s proposal
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
The EndeLanguage
Word OrderTrends InEnde
Consistencies
Variation
LargerImplications
Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends
Summary
Thank You!
Questions?
Contact:[email protected]
Slides available atmeganmbrown.com
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
Appendix
References
References I
Dryer, M. S. (1991)SVO languages and the OV:VO typology.Journal of Linguistics, 27:430-482.
Dryer, M. S. (1992)The Greenburgian word order correlations.Language 68:81-138.
Dryer, M. S. (1995)Word Order in DiscourseIn Noonan, M. and Downing, P., editors, pages 105-135.
Eberhard, D. M., Simons, G. F., and Fennig, C. D., editors(2019).Ethnologue: Languages of the World.SIL International, Dallas, Texas, 22nd edition.
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
Appendix
References
References II
Evans, N. et al., (2018).Languages of Southern New Guinea.In Palmer, B., editor, The Languages and Linguistics ofNew Guinea: A Comprehensive Guide.of Southern NewGuinea. De Gruyter Mouton, Berlin, Boston.
Lindsey, K. L., (2015)Language corpus of Ende and other Pahoturi Riverlanguages.https://doi.org/10.26278/5c1a5cfcaacde.
Lindsey, K. L., (2019)Ghost Elements in Ende PhonologyPhD thesis, Stanford University.
Variation inEnde Word
Order
Megan M.Brown
Appendix
References
Example Citations in the EndeCorpus (Lindsey, 2015)
1. SE SF039 # 40.1
2. SE PN006 # 18.1
3. SE PI041 # 32
4. SE PI041 # 32
5. SE SN004 # 3.1
6. RE EE001 # 143.1
7. SE SN004 # 2
8. SE PI035 # 95.2
9. SE SN024 # 15.2
10. SE PI035 # 95.2
11. SE PN023 # 5.1
12. SE SF039 # 40.1
13. SE PN006 # 18.1
14. SE PN006 # 18.1
15. SE PI041 # 32
16. SE PI041 # 32