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VAPOUR ABSORPTION MACHINES(Under Technical Collaboration with Hitachi Ltd., Japan)
The most energy efficient and reliable
advanced PARAFLOW technology.
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VOLTAS AT ITS VERY BESTOLTAS AT ITS VERY BESTVOLTAS OFFERS VAPOUR ABSORPTION MACHINES
WITH STATE-OF-THE-ART TECHNOLOGY
FROM HITACHI.
Waste heat sources can be used
to produce cooling. The absorptionmachines are also used as a
heat pump by utilising absorption
refrigeration cycle heat energy in the
hot water at outlet of absorber and
condenser circuits for applications
requiring simultaneous cooling and
heating and in co-generation
applications.
Single stage (Single Effect) machines can use low-pressure steam as well as hot water to drive the
lithium bromide absorption cycle effectively.
Two Stage (Double Effect) machines are designed to work on Hitachi Patented parallel flow
cycle using medium pressure steam for a lower steam consumption rate with reduced energy cost.
Li Br solution as absorbent, non-toxic
lithium molibidate and lithium nitrate
inhibitors and water, as refrigerant are
harmless. Also these machines are
ozone-friendlysince no usage of CFC.
Voltas' manufacturing range covers the following types of absorption machines.
2Double Effect - Saturated steam (Pressure 3 to 10 kgs/ cm g) : 11 Models, 80 TR to 1250 TR.
2Single Effect - Saturated steam (Pressure 0.4 to 1.5 kg/cm g) : 5 Models, 200 TR to 1000 TR.
Single Effect - High Temperature Hot Water (HW at 140C) : 5 Models, 200 TR to 1000 TR.
Single Effect - Low Temperature Hot Water (HW at 85C) : 5 Models, 100 TR to 450 TR.
Ask for Voltas Direct Fired Absorption Machines 40 TR to 700 TR using oil, gas or kerosene.
Versatility
Converting waste into worth
Environment protection
Vapour Absorption Machine
PRODUCT RANGE
Versatility is built into Voltas Vapour Absorption Machines.
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SUPERIOR FEATURESUPERIOR FEATURESTechnology For double effect VAM in India, only Voltas offers world's most preferred Parallel-Flow
technology originally patented by Hitachi, now followed by majority of renownedmanufacturers in Japan, USA & other countries.
Parallel-Flow
For details refer page 6,7 & 8.
Highest Efficiency Voltas Double Effect VAM offers lowest steam consumption when compared with others aidentical operating parameters.
Large Design Margins Voltas offers standardisation of machine capacity with cooling water inlet temperature a32C having large design margins compared to machines designed at 29.4C aidentical capacity by others.
Capacity range Wide range available i.e. 80 TR to 1250 TR, in double effect VAM.
Soft Spray System In evaporator & absorber section, Hitachi's patented design SS nozzles provided fopressurised soft spray of refrigerant & absorbent for excellent heat transfer co-efficient &
__full coverage of heat transfer areas. Additional benefits are no clogging and no neefor automatic cooling water shutoff valve (Absolutely essential in gravity feed system).
HTG-U-tubes In double effect VAM, U tube design is the best construction to take care of thermaexpansion in high temperature zone. Voltas provides highest quality seamless gradCu-Ni-70/30 or SS-316 L tubes compared to others generally provide ferretic gradcheaper ERW tubes.
Fused sight glasses
Inhibitors
PLC based Control Panel
High Performance Tubes
Factory Performance Test
Optional Features
At strategic locations on the unit, Sight Glass Assembly is provided. Fused glaconstruction ensure no leakage from this port for life time and needs no replacements
Backed up by Hitachi's R&D, Lithium Molibidate & Lithium Nitrate mixture. This formuloffers negligible non-congible generation compared to other system. They are totally nontoxic and environment friendly.
Advanced PLC based System is a standard feature in Voltas VAM, with user-friendly ke
board, LED facia and LCD display system.High performance finned tubes are provided as per requirements, having doublthickness compared to others.
All VAMs mandotorily are performance tested under simulated load conditions at 100%actual capacity on the most modern test bench in Voltas factory prior to despatch.
Different MOC of tubes i.e. Cu-Ni, SS or other special requirements can be offeredin evaporator, absorber and condenser.
Connectivity for communication, data logging, history charts, mimics to PC at remotlocation and or to BMS, DCS Systems.
High performance tubes in absorber section.
Bearing wear monitors for canned motor pumps.
Narrow approach at installation site exist, then unit can be supplied in 2 or 3 majosections as per need.
Automatic purge system avoiding need of removal of non-condensible gases througpurge pump.
For any other specific optional requirements, please ask Voltas for confirmation.
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SINGLE EFFECT - VAPOUR ABSORPT ION MACHINEINGLE EFFECT - VAPOUR ABSORPT ION MACHINE
Single effect absorption machines work on low-pressure steam or hot water as heat source. A negligibleamount of electrical energy is required to operate them.
Unique single shell leak tight constructionmaintaining excellent hermatic conditions.Perfect protection from thermal stresses due tofloating end type generator design.Simple but efficient capacity control by steamcondensate throttling.Better safety margin against crystallization.
FEATURESEATURES Easily openable water boxes.Efficient soft spray arrangement in evaporator andabsorber sections for full coverage of heat transferarea.High performance tubes in evaporator for bestapproach there by possible to get consistent chilledwater outlet temperature.Fully factory performance tested unit undersimulated load conditions.
SINGLE EFFECT MODELS HAU-D,N,H,L .INGLE EFFECT MODELS HAU-D,N,H,L.
Chilled watersuspension cutout
Automaticstart/stoprelay
Condenser
Generator
Evaporator
Absorber
Vacuum pump
Solution-Heat Exchanger Absorber level gauge
Solution pump
Refrigerantpump
Drain controlvalve
Controlpanel
Refrigerantlevel guage
Vacuum Manometer
Sight glass
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WORKING OF SINGLE EFFECT MACHINES HAU - D, N, H, L.ORKING OF SINGLE EFFECT MACHINES HAU - D, N, H, L.This is the Refrigeration cycle description.
OPERATIONPERATION Voltas single effect absorptionmachine consists of two sections in
one shell. The lower section housesthe evaporator and the absorber,. Theupper section houses the generatorand the condenser. The pressure in thelower section is of the order of 6 mmHg (abs) while the pressure in the uppersection is about 70 mm Hg(abs).LiBr-Water combination is used in theoperation of vapour absorptioncycle. Water acts as the refrigerantand LiBr as the absorbent. Solutionpump, refrigerant pump, heat
exchanger, purge unit and the controlpanel complete the machine.
1. EVAPORATOR1. EVAPORATORRefrigerant pump sprays the waterover the evaporator tube bundle. Thewater to be chilled that is circulatingin the evaporator tubes, gets cooledas the refrigerant water in the shellevaporates because of extremely lowpressure in the evaporator shell.2. ABSORBER2. ABSORBER
the absorber through a mist-eliminator. Concentrated LiBr-Watersolution is sprayed over the absorber
tube bundle. The refrigerant vapouris absorbed by the strong solutionbe ing sprayed and heat o f absorption is removed by coolingwater passing through the absorbertubes. The weak solution form theabsorber is sent by the solution pumpto the generator for recovering therefrigerant water vapour.
3. GENERATOR. GENERATORWeak solution from absorber is
heated in the generator with the helpof low pressure steam / hot water.The refrigerant water vapour is
evaporated and goes to thecondenser. The strong solution is sentdown to the absorber for furtherabsorption of water vapour.
4. HEAT EXCHANGER. HEAT EXCHANGER
5. CONDENSER. CONDENSER
To recover the heat energy form thestrong solution returning to absorbera heat exchanger is used. The coldweak solution being pumped fromthe absorber picks up excess heatfrom the strong solution. Thisimproves cycle efficiency.
The water vapour evaporated in thegenerator at a higher temperatureand pressure is condensed to liquidform in the condenser where the heatof condensation is picked up by thecooling water from the absorber inletcirculating in the condenser tubes.The condensed refrigerant water isreturned to the evaporator throughan expansion device.
LiBr - H 2O CYCLEiBr - H 2O CYCLE
Concentratedsolut ion
Mixed solution
Dilutedsolut ion
Refrigerant
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DOUBLE EFFECT MODELS - HAU-W - H, N, S.OUBLE EFFECT MODELS - HAU-W - H, N, S.INTRODUCTIONNTRODUCTIONDouble effect absorption machines work on mediumpressure saturated steam and a negligible amount ofelectrical energy is required to operate them.
Voltas double effect vapour absorption machines usemedium pressure saturated steam (pressure of 3 to 10
2kg/cm g) to produce a refrigeration effect. It can alsoprovide simultaneous heating by utilizing the heat that isremoved during the vapour absorption cycle.
At standard operating conditions steam consumption ofVoltas, double effect steam absorption machines is justabout 4. 3k/ghr TR .Under the technical collaboration with Hitachi Ltd.,Japan, Voltas manufactures the world famous ParallelFlow vapour absorption machines patented by Hitachi.
These machines are surprisingly compact and are wellknown for their reliability and energy efficiency.
OPERATIONPERATIONHitachi patented parallel flow solution cycleitachi patented parallel flow solution cycleIn the double effect vapour absorption cycle employingthe parallel flow principle, the weak solution from theabsorber is pumped simultaneously to two generators,a high temperature generator and a low temperaturegenerator. Since the solution is pumped simultaneouslyto the two generators, the high temperature generator
can be located at a lower level. Whereas in the SeriesFlow double effect machines used by othermanufacturers, the high temperature generator has tobe placed above the low temperature generator toallow draining of solution from a high temperaturegenerator to a low temperature generator. Therefore, theoverall height of the Voltas parallel flow machines isgreat ly red u c e d .Further more, the parallel flow method also contributesto increased safety levels, reliable cycle and easymaintenance. Comparison of parallel flow and seriesflow cycles can be seen in the diagram given below.
THE SOLUTION CONCENTRATION AT THE
ABSORBER INLET (WHERE THE TEMPERATURE
IS VERY LOW IN THE CYCLE) IS LOWER IN
PATENTED PARALLEL FLOW CYCLE, UNIQUE
IN VOLTAS-HITACHI MACHINES THUS
ENSURING SAFE OPERATION, AWAY FROM
THE CRYSTALLIZATION ZONE, WHEREAS
SERIES FLOW MACHINES OF OTHER
MANUFACTURERS OPERATING AT HIGHER
CONCENTRATION AND TEMPERATURE
CLOSER TO CRYSTALLIZATION ZONE, ARE
MORE PRONE TO CRYSTALLIZATION
Compar ison of Parallel Flow and Series Flow on Duhring Diagra mompar ison of Parallel Flow and Series Flow on Duhring Diagra m
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WORKING OF DOUBLE EFFECT MACHINES HAU-W- H,N,S.ORKING OF DOUBLE EFFECT MACHINES HAU-W- H,N,S.This is the Refrigeration cycle of the patented Parallel Flow method.
1. EVAPORATOR. EVAPORATOR 4. LOW TEMPERATURE GENERATOR. LOW TEMPERATURE GENERATOR
5. CONDENSER. CONDENSER
The refrigerant pump sprays the water over theevaporator tube bundle. The water to be chilled,
circulating in the evaporator tube gets cooled, as therefrigerant water evaporates because of extremelylow pressure in the evaporator.
The refrigerant water vapour goes to the absorberthrough the mist-eliminator. Concentrated LiBr-watersolution is sprayed over the absorber tube bundle. Therefrigerant vapour is absorbed by the strong solutionbeing sprayed and the heat of absorption is removed bycooling water passing through the absorber tube. Weaksolution from the absorber is sent by the solution to the
high temperature and low temperature generators torecover the refrigerant water vapour.3. HIGH TEMPERATURE GENERATOR. HIGH TEMPERATURE GENERATORThe weak solution is headed by the steam from thegenerator tubes. Due to the heat supplied in the hightemperature generator, the weak solution of lithium bromideand water gets concentrated and refrigerant water isseparated by evaporation.
The hot evaporated water vapour from hightemperature generator is used to heat the weak solutionthat has been pumped into the low temperaturegenerator to concentrate it.
The water vapour evaporated in the generator at ahigher temperature and pressure is condensed toliquid form in the condenser, where the heat ofcondensation is picked up by the cooling water froman absorber outlet circulating in the condenser tubes.The condensed refrigerant water is returned to theevaporator through an expansion device.6,7. HEAT EXCHANGERS,7. HEAT EXCHANGERSTo recover the heat energy from the strong solutionreturning to the absorber, two heat exchangers areused. The cold weak solution being pumped from theabsorber picks up excess heat from the strong solutionin the heat exchangers. This improves cycle efficiency.The adjoining diagram explains the operation of theParallel Flow Cycle.
LiBr - H 2O CYCLEiBr - H 2O CYCLE
HTGTG
LTG
ParaFlowParaFlow
AE
C
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EXCLUSIVE FEATURESXCLUSIVE FEATURESExclusive Features of Hitachi Parallel Flow Cycle
Scope of Supply
LowerFirst-StageGeneratorPressure
Lower SolutionFlow Rate
EnablingFloor installationof First-StageGenerator
LowerFirst-Stage
GeneratorTemperature
LessHeatingEnergyInput
CompactDesign &
SinglePackageUnit
Higher Corrosion Allowance
Increased Efficiency
Higher Operational Allowance
on fouling of condenser/
absorber tubes
Highly reliable since nosite welding is required
Items
Absorption chiller main unit
Cooling water connection piping
Foundation bolts
Vibration-isolator (rubber pads)
Refrigerant water
Steam inlet control valve
Steam inlet pressure gauge
Steam inlet shut-off valve
Drainage back pressure setting valve
Steam-safety valve
Other safety and control devices
LiBr solution
Factory performance tests
Customer witness tests
Shipping
Unloading etc.
Remarks
Factory supply
Piping between absorber and condenser
Optional item
First charge only
Pneumatic type (loose supply)
For details refer to Voltas
First charge only
Only one unit when multiple units are ordered
Optional
Shipped on truck or trailer (Optional)
Optional items
Scope of supply
0
0
x
x
0
0
x
x
x
x
0
0
0
x
x
x
1. Equipment
2. Testing
3. Transportation
Note: O indicates Scope of supply by Voltasx indicates Out of scope of supply by Voltas
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PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTIONLANNING AND CONSTRUCTIONSTEAM PIPING SCHEMATIC FOR SINGLE EFFECT MACHINETEAM PIPING SCHEMATIC FOR SINGLE EFFECT MACHINE
PIPING SCHEMATIC FOR TWO EFFECT MACHINEIPING SCHEMATIC FOR TWO EFFECT MACHINE(A) WATER SIDEA) WATER SIDE
(B) STEAM AND CONDENSATE SIDEB) STEAM AND CONDENSATE SIDE
Voltas scope of supplyoltas scope of supply
Voltas scope of supplyoltas scope of supplySeparateshipmentVoltas supply
SeparateshipmentVoltas supply
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DIMENSIONSIMENSIONSSingle Effectingle Effect Dimensions and weightsimensions and weights
Models HAU-
Length (L)
Width (W)
Height (H)
Tube replacement length
Rigging weight (t)
200NH-200NL-200N
16DH-16DL-16D
18DH-18DL-18D
19DH-19DL-19D
20DH-20DL-20D
3290
1750
2055
3200
5.0
4815
2180
2885
4300
11.0
7185
2180
2920
6600
13.0
7275
2560
3290
6600
17.4
8975
2560
3290
8300
22.1
All dimensions in mm
Double Effectouble Effect
Layout Dimensionsayout Dimensions
(B- side)B- side) (A- side)A- side)
Installation Layout Requirements
Model: HAU - W -
Length (L)
Width (W)
Height (H)
Rigging weight (t)
Model: HAU - W -Length (L)Width (W)Height (H)Rigging weight (t)
80S
2460
1495
1902
4.1
80S2460149519024.1
80S
4460
1705
2495
500
1495
500
80S446017052495500
1495500
120S
2870
1720
2126
5.5
120S2870172021265.5
120S
4870
1930
2720
500
1720
500
120S487019302720500
1720500
200 N25
3370
1800
2060
6.5
200 N253370180020606.5
310 H25
4600
2130
2515
11.6
310 H2546002130251511.6
300H 25
6600
2450
3840
855
2130
855
300H 25660024503840855
2130855
400 H25
4600
2130
2515
15.0
400 H2546002130251515.0
400H 25
6600
3300
3840
855
2130
855
400H 25660033003840855
2130855
500 H25
5600
2130
2580
16.0
500 H2556002130258016.0
500H 25
7600
4300
3840
855
2130
855
500H 25760043003840855
2130855
600 H25
6600
2130
2600
20.0
600 H2566002130260020.0
600H 25
8600
5300
3840
855
2130
855
600H 25860053003840855
2130855
700 H25
7500
2130
2670
25.5
700 H2575002130267025.5
700H 25
9500
6300
3840
855
2130
855
700H 25950063003840855
2130855
800 H25
8610
2330
2670
26.0
800 H2586102330267026.0
1000 H25
8670
2670
2830
30.0
1000 H2586702670283030.0
1000H25
10670
7300
4670
1000
2670
1000
1000H251067073004670100026701000
1250 H25
8670
3350
3300
42.0
1250 H2586703350330042.0
200N25
5570
2200
2800
500
1800
500
200N25557022002800500
1800500
800H 25
10610
7300
4330
1000
52330
1000
800H 2510610730043301000
523301000
1250H 25
10670
7300
5350
1000
3350
1000
1250H 251067073005350100033501000
All dimensions in mm
Model: HAU - W -
A
B
C
D
E
F
Model: HAU - W -ABCDEF
Overall Dimensions and Weight
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STANDARD SPECIFICATIONSTANDARD SPECIFICATIONSDouble Effect Steam Models : HAU - W - H, N, S.
Single Effect High Temp. And Low Temp. Hot Water Models : HAU - H/ L-N, D
Model
Chilling capacity (Nominal)
Steam pressure (saturated)Temperature
Flow rate
Piping Size
Temperature
Flow rate
Piping Size
Flow rate
Steam piping sizeDrain piping size
Chilledwater
Coolingwater
Elect. Reqt:(415 V,50Hz,30)
Steam
Units
RT
2
Kg/cm g0C
m3/h
in
0C
m3/h
in
KW
kg/h
inin
80S
80
49
3
83
4
1.3
344
2
120S
120
73
4
125
5
2.1
516
2
200N25
200
121
5
208
6
4.7
860
2
310H25
310
012 CIn
187
6
032 C In
322
8
5.8
1333
3
400H25
400
242
6
416
8
6.9
1720
3
500H25
500
8.0
302
8
520
10
7.6
2150
4
600H25
600
363
8
624
12
9.6
2580
5
700H25
700
07 C Out
423
10
037.4 C Out
728
12
9.6
3010
51
800H25
800
484
10
832
12
15
3440
61
1000H25
1000
605
12
1040
14
15
4300
61
1250H25
1250
755
12
1300
16
16.6
5375
61
-
-
HAU - W: 2Stage Steam
Model
Chilling capacity (Nominal)
Temperature
Flow rate
Temperature
Flow rate
Flow rate
H. W. Temp
Chi l ledwater
Coolingwater
Elect. Reqt:(415 V,50Hz,30)
Hotwater
Units
RT
0C
m3/h
0C
m3/h
kW
t/h
0C
200N
200
121
170
3.6
36
16D
400
012 C In
242
032 C In
340
7.6
72
0140 C In
18D
630
381
536
7.6
114
19D
800
07 C Out
484
037.4 C Out
680
9.6
144
0115C Out
20D
1000
605
850
11.0
180
200N
100
61
191
3.6
89
16D
180
014 C In
109
031 C In
344
7.6
161
085 C In
18D
283
172
541
7.6
252
19D
360
09 C Out
218
036 C Out
688
9.6
321
080 C Out
20D
450
273
860
11.0
401
--
-
-
-
-
HAU - L: 1Stage Low Temp. Hot WaterHAU - H: 1Stage High Temp. Hot Water
Single Effect Steam Models : HAU - D, N
Model
Chilling capacity (Nominal)
Chilling capacity (saturated)
Temperature
Flow rate
Piping size
Temperature
Flow rate
Piping size
Flow rate
Steam piping size
Drain piping size
Steam
Units
RT2
Kg/cm g0C
m3/h
in0C
m3/h
in
kW
kg/h
in
in
200N
200
121
5
170
6
3.6
1700
4
1
16D
400
012 C In
242
80
32 C In
340
8
7.6
3400
6
2
18D
630
381
10
536
10
7.6
5355
8
2
19D
800
07 C Out
484
120
41 C out
680
12
9.6
6800
10
3
20D
1000
605
12
850
14
11.0
8500
12
4
-
-
HAU : 1Stage SteamNotes:
1. Steam pressure and steam flowrates mentioned above are for DrySaturated steam.
2. Fouling factor for CHW, CW and HWconsidering as 0.0001 metric units.
3. Above are the nominal chillingcapacities based on duty conditionsgiven in the table. For capacities,steam consumption, etc, at dutyconditions other than above, contactyour nearest Voltas office or referquotations.
4. Specifications and data are subjectto change without notice.
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Air Conditioning & Refrigeration Business GroupVoltas House B, T. B. Kadam Marg, Chinchpokli, Mumbai 400 033.
Tel.: 4617777. Fax: 3771970.
(Product development is a continuous process in Voltas, hence specifications and technical data are subject to alterations without notice.)