URBAN METABOLISM
Seminar 1: Dec 11, 08
Research context
Urban Metabolism
US Energy flows 2003(Quadrillion Btu)
~40 percent of primary energy use
~60 percent of electricity
Urban Metabolism
source: Wagner, L. 1997., Fernandez, J. 2006.
Developed countries
70% total societal material throughput
20-30% municipal waste stream
The built environment consumes enormous material resources.
Urban Metabolism
“Use phase” dominates life cycle energy for many durables
Product System(functional unit)
Use Phase (%)
Mixed Use Commercial Building (75 years, 78,500ft2)
92%
Residential Home (50 years, 2450 ft2)
85%
Passenger Car (120,000 miles, 10 years)
85%
Household Refrigerator (20 ft3, 10 years)
94%
Desktop Computer(3 years, 3300 hrs)
34%
Office File Cabinet (one cabinet, 20 years)
0%
Source: Keoleian, G.A. and D.V. Spitzley. “Life Cycle Based Sustainability Metrics”, Chapter 2.3 in Sustainability Science and Engineering, Volume 1: Defining Principles, M. Abraham, Ed. Elsevier, 2006.
Figure 3. Life cycle energy consumption for SH and EEH
31
34
1,6691,509
4,725
14,493
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
SH EEH
GJ
demolition
use / maintenance
fabrication / construction
Initial construction/total life cycle energy 9% 26%
?
100%
Zero Energy Home
Scales of inquiry• materials and component (micro)• building and building system (meso)• community and city (macro)
Sampling of strategies• Computer aided integrated design (mat. selection)• Passive heating and cooling (insulation/thermal mass)• High performance exterior envelopes (aerogel/textiles)• Building rating system (LEED/USGBC)• Urban Metabolism for sustainable communities
Resource Efficiency in the Built Environment
Urban Metabolism
Aerogel Exterior Envelope System
Fernández, J. Materials for aesthetic, energy efficient and self‐diagnostic buildings. Science, V315,N5820, March 30, 2007: 1807‐1810.
ADVANCED FACADES
BTIIIWindows
Superwindows
Urban Metabolism
ADVANCED FACADES
BTIIIThermal Properties
Edge of glass and frame thermal analysis
Total rate of heat transfer through fenestration can be calculated knowing the separate heat transfer contributions of:
1. Center-glass2. Edge seal3. Frame
Critical to good performing frames is the edge seal (spacer)
Edge seals are made of the following materials:
• Aluminum• Steel• Metal spacer with thermal break• Fiberglass/plastic• Butyl• Foam
1 Double glazing
4 Window frame
6 Seal
7 Setting block fixing/seal
9 Bridge setting block
10 Thermal break
1
3
2
Urban Metabolism
Screen capture of:
Fernandez‐Ashby Material Selector for Architecture and the Built Environment
www.grantadesign.com
ADVANCED FACADES
BTIIIWindows
Technology
Wavelength selective coatings: Spectral-splitting
• Used to divide solar spectrum into different broadband regions.
Holographically coated glazings• Can be tuned to reflect any
waveband in the solar spectrum while allowing 75-80% transmittance in the visible and assists with photovoltaic applications
Urban Metabolism
The Passive House Institute: http://www.passiv.de/
Clybourn Avenue in Chicago, south of the Cabrini‐Green public housing project
Urban Metabolism
ADVANCED FACADES
CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS Layers
1. Outer leaf
2. Cavity solar shading
3. Inner leaf
DSFs
1
2
3
A
C
BD
E
Loads
A. Solar Radiation
B. Acoustic noise
C. Heat: People
D. Heat: Equipment
E. Heat: Lights
Urban Metabolism
Resource mapping: Material flow analysis (MFA) for architectural designUrban Metabolism
Sustainable Building Systems
Current Design Work: Low energy – passive solar design
Urban conditions
Urban Metabolism
Mathis Wackernagel
“To our knowledge, no government
operates comprehensive
[physical] accounts to assess
the extent to which human use of
nature fits within the biological
capacity of existing ecosystems..”
Wackernagel, M. et al. 2002.
Tracking the ecological overshoot
of the human economy. PNAS.
Vol.99, No.14:9266-9271.
Urban Metabolism
United Nations Population Division
3 billion6 billion
Urban Metabolism
1.8 gha/person
per capita global biocapacity
US % of global capacity
US: 540%
Port: 240%
Portugal
Urban Metabolism
DMI versus GDP, EU
Adapted from Bringezu and Schütz, 2000, Total Material Requirement of the European Union, European Environment Agency, Technical report No 55.
EUROSTAT
Renewable
Nonrenewable
85%
15%95%
5%
Urban Metabolism
History: Energy Information Administration (EIA), International Energy Annual 2003 (May-July 2005)web site www.eia.doe.gov/iea/. Projections: EIA, System for the Analysis of Global Energy Markets (2006).
2003: Energy Information Administration (EIA), International Energy Annual 2003 (May-July 2005), web site www.eia.doe.gov/iea/. 2010-2030: EIA, System for the Analysis of Global Energy Markets (2006).
Energy Information Administration / International Energy Outlook 2006
Energy Information Administration / International Energy Outlook 2006
Energy Information Administration / International Energy Outlook 2006
Global Climate Change and Urbanization
1900
15% urban
2000
~50% urban
Urban Metabolism
source: Low, M. (2005) MFA of concrete in the US. MSBT thesis, MIT: pg. 16 adapted from:Van Oss, Hendrik G. and Padovani, Amy C.
CHINA
5-8% of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions.
“Our survey of the literature (80 studies) indicates that there is a global potential to reduce approximately 29% of the projected baseline emissions by 2020 cost‐effectively in the residential and commercial sectors, the highest among all sectors studied in this report.”
(other sectors: industry, agriculture, forestry, transportation…)
Imperial Roman road network
Lisboa
Lisbon 1513
Projects and methodologies
Urban Metabolism
Urban Metabolism
City as organism
Urban metabolism can be framed as follows:
• As the sum of the metabolism of all living organisms within the urban zone (people and other species). This metabolism includes all consumption.
• As the volume and attributes of all physical flows that serve to support all activities within the urban zone (materials, products, energy fuels, food, etc.)
Urban metabolism is the study of the flows of resources in the urban technological environment, and of the influences of economic, political, regulatory, and social factors on the flow, use, and transformation of those resources (adapted from Graedel 1999)
Graedel, T. (1999) Industrial Ecology and the Ecocity. The Bridge, vol.29, no.4: pp.10‐14
Material Flows and Modeling
Methods
1. MFA: Non‐dynamic (macroscopic)
INPUT/OUTPUT physical accounting
2. SD: Dynamic (macroscopic and mesoscopic)
Systems modeling
3. Agent‐based (microscopic)
households and transport decisions
source: Mathews et al. (2000) The Weight of Nations: material outflows from industrial economies. World Resources Institute, Washington DC: pg. 14
CITIES
National Physical Accounts
milhares de toneladas
Lisbon Material Flows Matrix
System Dynamics Model for Green Housing
Donella Meadows
“The necessity of taking the industrial
world to its next stage of evolution is
not a disaster – it is an amazing opportunity. How to seize the
opportunity, how to bring into being a
world that is not only sustainable,
functional, and equitable but also
deeply desirable is a question of
leadership and ethics and vision and
courage, properties not of computers
models but of the human heart and
soul.”
Limits to Growth – The 30-year update.
(2004)
•MPP/UM: Urban Metabolism and Sustainable Buildings
ReMAPLisbonResource Efficient Management and Alternative Planning for Lisbon (ReMAP Lisbon: Urban Metabolism of Lisbon)
Result: MFA+SD tool for Lisbon + USIs (Lisbon)
• Methodology: MFA+SD: coupled analytical model of resource flows and ‘social metabolism’
• Detailed resource flows + additions to stock + dissipation: top‐down (aggregated) and bottom‐up (households)
• Dynamic ‘scenario‐building’ tool for future material and social Lisbon
• Conducted within EEA DPSIR framework (Green Capital Award: 2012)
• Involving key data providers/stakeholders in Lisbon (EPAL)
• Resulting in urban sustainability indicators (MIPS & THAurban)
RePADResource Efficient Planning and Airport Design (RePAD: Urban Metabolism of New Lisbon Airport)
Result: Alternative Reff airport planning scenarios
• Methodology: MFA+SD analysis of Airport/City concept
• Detailed resource flows + additions to stock + dissipation (current airport versus future potential for resource reduction)
• Dynamic ‘scenario‐building’ tool for future airport design and planning
• Involving key data providers/stakeholders (Airport authority)
• Resulting in green (resource efficient) airport indicators + alternative planning of main components of airport
UMRaDUrban Metabolism Model Research and Development (UMRaD)Result: MFA+SD coupled model framework
• Methodology: MFA+SD: coupled analytical models or resource flows and ‘social metabolism’
• Unified mathematical relationships (C. Kennedy)
• Social measures ‐ ‘capacity’ HDI1, TET/THA2
• Urban sustainability indicators linked to national and global indicators
• Involving key urban metabolism studies (past and current)
• Resulting in proposal for international convention on UrbMet framework
1: J. Steinberger, IFF Vienna (ConAccount 2008)
2: Giampietro et al.(ConAccount 2008)
RCGCResource Consumption of Global Cities (RCGC) Result: Global urban resource burden ‘tool’
• Methodology: MFA derived from national flows + recent studies in global resource flows
• SERI: www.materialflows.net
• Interactive tool linking urban growth with resource flows
• Involving key data providers/stakeholders (EPAL)
• Resulting in a series of interactive maps (graphics) illustrating the linkages between urban growth and resource flows
• Google Earth or other
• Interactive: specific city inquiries
Wolf, M. Sustaining growth is the century’s big challenge. Financial Times (www.ft.com) June 10, 2008.
ReMAP: Modeling phase using Anylogic
Key questions
1. What governs resource intensity of urban areas?• Households (based on typological distinctions)• Districts (based on resource consumption density)• Metro Area (based on resource flows and indicators)
2. What strategies are most effective in decreasing resource intensity (increasing resource efficiency)?• Efficient buildings• Efficient transport• Renewable energy (local prod and storage)• Closed material loops (water included)• Urban form (density/center‐city living & working)
17‐12‐2008
ReMAP: Modeling phase using Anylogic
Key questions and modeling platforms
1. What governs resource intensity of urban areas?• Household consumption based on typological distinctions
• Agent based (AB)• District resource consumption density
• System dynamics (SD, stock and flow)• Metro Area resource flows and indicators
• INPUT/OUTPUT (MFA) including passive I/Os (H2O, air, other?)
Modeling teams• AB: L. Rosado, A. Gonçalves, Artessa N.S.S., JEF• SD: J. Abreu, David Q., D. Wiesman, JEF• MFA: A. Marques, S. Niza, Paulo Ferrão, JEF
17‐12‐2008
aggregated agents
aggregated districts
ReMAP: Modeling phase using Anylogic
Key questions2. What strategies are most effective in decreasing resource
intensity (increasing resource efficiency)?• Efficient buildings
• Better envelopes etc.• Efficient transport
• Energy storage/shared vehicles• Renewable energy (local prod and storage)
• Micro‐storage/micro‐grid• Closed material loops (water included)
• Recycling/H2O reclamation• Urban form (density/center‐city living & working)
• Reclaiming center/city, increase density etc.
17‐12‐2008
ReMAP: Household Consumption
H1
H2
H3
H4
ReMAP: District Consumption Intensity
Buildings
Industry
Transport
∑BA,W,E,M = ρA (B) + ρW (B) + ρ E (B) + ρ M (B)
Metropolitan Area
ReMAP: Metro Area Resource Flows