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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
The Role of Librarians as The Role of Librarians as Information Providers Information Providers
in the Digital Erain the Digital Era
Dr. Colin Storey
Mrs. Shirley LeungMarch 15, 2004
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
IFLA and IFLA and the World of Librariesthe World of Libraries
• The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions
• Founded in 1927
• The leading international not-for-profit organization representing the interests of library and information services and their users.
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
IFLA and IFLA and the World of Librariesthe World of Libraries
• Has over 1,700 members in more than 150 countries around the world, including:
• The Hong Kong Library Association and major Hong Kong library systems.
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Role of Libraries (1)Role of Libraries (1)((2002 IFLA Glasgow meeting2002 IFLA Glasgow meeting ))
• Provide access to information, ideas and works of imagination in any medium.
• Serve as gateways to
knowledge, thought
and culture.
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Role of Libraries (2)Role of Libraries (2)• Contribute to the development and maintena
nce of intellectual freedom and help to safeguard democratic values and universal civil rights.
• Commit to offering access to relevant
resources and services without
restriction or any
form of censorship.
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Roles of Libraries (3)Roles of Libraries (3)
• Acquire, preserve and make available the widest variety of materials, reflecting the plurality and diversity of society.
• Select and provide library materials and services
with regard to professional considerations and not to political, moral and religious views.
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Roles of Libraries (4)Roles of Libraries (4)
• Make materials, facilities and services equally accessible to all users.
• Avoid discrimination forany reason, including race,national or ethnic origin, gender or sexual preference,age, disability, religion,or political beliefs.
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Roles of Libraries (5)Roles of Libraries (5)
• Protect each user's right to privacy and confidentiality with respect to information sought or received and resources consulted, borrowed, acquired or transmitted.
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Librarians as Information Providers Librarians as Information Providers in the Digital Erain the Digital Era
Rapid development of
communication technologies
Unprecedented opportunities for librarians to enhance their role as information providers, especially in narrowing the ‘digital divide’.
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Three factors influencing the role of Three factors influencing the role of librarians as information providerslibrarians as information providers
1. Contract law (licensing agreements) versus copyright law
2. The pricing of digital content by vendors
3. The preservation of digital information.
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
FACTOR 1FACTOR 1Contract Law Contract Law
(Licensing Agreements) (Licensing Agreements) versus versus
Copyright LawCopyright Law
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Three Common Forms of Three Common Forms of Licensing Agreements Licensing Agreements
• “standard-form” paper licenses
• “shrink-wrap” licenses
• “click-through” licenses
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Licensing Agreements Licensing Agreements
• Little opportunity to negotiate the terms of these licenses
• Bargaining power between libraries and publishers is uneven
• License agreements override copyright exceptions.
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Restrictions Imposed by Restrictions Imposed by License Agreements (1)License Agreements (1)
• Users printing , downloading or emailing copies of (parts of) the material;
• The number, location, and organizational affiliation of users;
• Libraries performing inter-library loan/document supply;
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Restrictions Imposed by Restrictions Imposed by License Agreements (2)License Agreements (2)
• Libraries copying the work for preservation purposes;
• The use of a work beyond a certain date;
• Libraries networking the work beyond library premises;
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Restrictions Imposed by LicensRestrictions Imposed by License Agreements (3)e Agreements (3)
• Lending or otherwise disposing of a digital work;
• The right to quote, analyze and even to index
a work.
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Role of Librarians as Information Role of Librarians as Information Providers Threatened by LicensingProviders Threatened by Licensing
• Who determines content of digital information?
• Who controls access to information?• Can not-for-profit public lending continue?• Can resource-sharing among libraries
go on?
• How do we preserve information?
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Licensing versus Copyright LawLicensing versus Copyright Law
• Copyright legislation should not give copyright holders the power to use technological or contractual measures to override the exceptions and limitations enshrined in copyright law.
• Licensing agreements should complement copyright legislation, not replace it.
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
IFLA’s Position on IFLA’s Position on Licensing versus Copyright Licensing versus Copyright in the Digital Environmentin the Digital Environment
“Digital is NOT different!”
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Digital is Digital is NOTNOT Different Different..
“In national copyright legislation, exceptions to copyright and related rights, allowed in the Berne Convention and endorsed by the WIPO treaties, should be revised if necessary to ensure that permitted uses apply equally to information in electronic form and to information in print, and for copying over and above these provisions there should be administratively simple payment or licensing schemes.”
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Conditions of UseConditions of Use
“For works in digital format, without incurring a further payment or seeking permission, all legitimate users of a library should be able to:
• browse publicly available copyright material; • read, listen to, or view lawfully acquired publicly mark
eted copyright material privately, on site or remotely• copy, or have copied for them by library and informati
on staff a reasonable proportion of a digital work in copyright for personal, educational or research use.”
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
On Information Resource SharingOn Information Resource Sharing
“Providing access to a digital format of a protected work to a user for a legitimate purpose such as research or study should be a permitted act under copyright law.”
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
On LendingOn Lending
“The lending of published materials [e.g. CD-ROMs] by libraries should not be restricted by legislation.
Contractual provisions should not override reasonable lending of electronic resources by library and information staff. “
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
On Preservation and ConservationOn Preservation and Conservation
“Legislation should give libraries and archives permission to convert copyright protected materials into digital format for preservation and conservation related purposes, and libraries should be allowed to provide access to such materials both onsite and off-site.”
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
On the Licensing EnvironmentOn the Licensing Environment
“National copyright legislation should render invalid any terms of a license that restrict or override exceptions or limitations embodied in copyright law where the license is established unilaterally by the rights owners without the opportunity for negotiation of the terms of the license by the user.
At a minimum the license should permit users to read, download, and print materials for their own personal purposes, without restrictions.”
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Standard Licensing AgreementsStandard Licensing Agreements
• Digital Library Federation (strategic partners include the Library of Congress, the British Library, California Digital Library, and over 30 prominent US university libraries), the Council on Library and Information Resources, and the Yale University Library Liblicense Standard Licensing Agreement
• Joint University Librarians Advisory Committee (JULAC) Standard License
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
FACTOR 2FACTOR 2 Pricing of Digital Content Pricing of Digital Content
by Vendorsby Vendors
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Skewed Ratios in Monograph & Skewed Ratios in Monograph & Journal Purchasing (1)Journal Purchasing (1)
1986-1999
Price Increase
Monographs 65 %
Serials 207 %
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Skewed Ratios in Monograph & Skewed Ratios in Monograph & Journal Purchasing (2)Journal Purchasing (2)
• On average, research libraries dropped the number of serials subscriptions 6% from 1986 to 1999, while the number of new monographs purchased dropped 26%.
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Skewed Ratios in Monograph & Skewed Ratios in Monograph & Journal Purchasing (3)Journal Purchasing (3)
Though the number of new journal titles and books published continues to grow, librarians can afford to supply researchers with less and less information from an ever-expanding published content.
Information
Relative Library Holdings
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Scholarly Communication NexusScholarly Communication Nexus
Scholar writes article,
for free
Publisher Scholars read own or
receives article refereed article in their library, which their
Scholarly University has paid for
Publisher sends Communication
article for editing Nexus Library buys article
& referring in print and/or
e-version
Another scholar edits Publisher publishes
or referees, for free journal article, for sale,
and copyrights it.
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SPARC (1)SPARC (1)
• Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition
• Established in 1998, with nearly 300 institutions in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia.
• Create and develop competitive alternatives to current high-priced commercial journals and digital aggregations, and stimulate expansion of the non-profit sector's share of overall scholarly publishing activity.
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
SPARC (2)SPARC (2)
• Support publisher partnerships: price and service competition; fair pricing; ethical use of scholarly resources; intellectual property management policies tha
t emphasize broad and easy distribution and re-use of material.
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Budapest Open Access InitiativeBudapest Open Access Initiative
• Released in 2002.
• Aims to accelerate progress in the international effort to make research articles in all academic fields freely available on the Internet.
• Over 100 organizations and 2,000 individuals support BOAI in promoting open access to peer-reviewed journal literature.
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
OOpen Archives Initiativepen Archives Initiative (OAI) (OAI)
• Started in 1999 with the support of the DLF, CLIR, SPARC, ARL, and the Research Library of the Los Alamos National Laboratory
• Investigates how e-print repositories in various locations can most easily share metadata about their holdings.
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Open Archives Initiative (2)Open Archives Initiative (2)• Data provider
adopts a simple harvesting protocol; provides extracts of its metadata in a common,
minimal-level format in response to harvest requests;
records information about its collection in a shared registry.
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Open Archives Initiative (3)Open Archives Initiative (3)
• Service provider uses this registry to locate participating data pro
viders; uses the harvest protocol to collect metadata fro
m data providers; builds intellectually useful services, such as catal
ogues and portals to materials distributed across multiple e-print sites.
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Open Archives Initiative (4)Open Archives Initiative (4)
• Around 26 tools supporting OAI have been developed by various institutions and all of them are made available free of charge, including DSpace.
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DSpaceDSpace
• Developed jointly by MIT Libraries and Hewlett-Packard;
• Freely available to research institutions worldwide as an open source system that can be customized and extended;
• A digital institutional repository designed to capture, store, index, preserve, and redistribute the intellectual output of a university’s research faculty in digital formats.
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The Chinese University of Hong Kong The Chinese University of Hong Kong SIRSIR
• An intranet-based Scholarly Information Repository (SIR)
• Begins with e-prints of articles and course outlines produced by CUHK scholars.
• Use OAI technology
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
FACTOR 3FACTOR 3Preservation of Digital InformPreservation of Digital Inform
ationation
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Minimum Criteria for Archival Minimum Criteria for Archival Repository of Digital Scholarly Repository of Digital Scholarly
JournalsJournals (1) (1)
In October 1999, CLIR, the DLF, and Coalition for Networked Information (CNI) convened groups of publishers and librarians:
• Responsibility for archiving the content of electronic journals?
• Minimum criteria for an e-journal archival repository?
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Minimum Criteria for Archival Minimum Criteria for Archival Repository of Digital Scholarly Repository of Digital Scholarly
Journals (2)Journals (2)
• Negotiate and accept appropriate deposits from scholarly publishers;
• Obtain sufficient control of deposited information to ensure long-term preservation;
• Policies and procedures which ensure that information is preserved against all reasonable contingencies.
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Preservation of Digital Information Preservation of Digital Information by Librarians as Content Providersby Librarians as Content Providers
• Libraries play an increasingly important role as digital information producers.
• University libraries provide web-based full-text access to:
• Theses and dissertations, faculty-generated teaching materials, preprints, open-access journals, and other intellectual resources produced on campus.
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Preservation of Digital Information Preservation of Digital Information by Librarians as Content Providersby Librarians as Content Providers
• National libraries are also major information producers:
• Turning the Pages developed by the British Library
• American Memory developed by the Library of Congress
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks
• Librarians’ core values are still being embraced:
• the acquisition, recording, storage and preservation of information;
• free and common access to that information by identifiable user groups and communities.
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Symbiotic RelationshipSymbiotic Relationship
• Librarians have always respected intellectual property rights.
• Librarians have consistently acknowledged that if authors and composers of material in their libraries did not profit from their work, these same originators would cease their artistic and scholarly pursuits. There would then be nothing for librarians to acquire and lend.
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香港中文大學 大學圖書館系統
Yin-yang ConceptYin-yang Concept
• Information Commons versus
Pay-for-view
• Freedom of information versus
Intellectual property