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Environmental Studies
An Introduction
For Technologists and Engineers
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The Earth From Space
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Man on the Earth
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The EARTH’S Overall Energy Balance
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At the top o the atmosphere
Incoming energy Outgoing energy
Units Source Units Source
+100Short wave radiation from the sun.
-23Short wave radiation reflected back tospace by clouds.
-7Short wave radiation reflected to spaceby the earths surface.
-!"#on$ wave radiation from theatmosphere into space.
-"#on$ wave radiation from clouds intospace.
-%12+&'
#on$ wave radiation from the earthssurface into space. & is the heat$enerated by the radioactive decay inthe core( escapin$ into space.
+100 -(100+X)
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The atmosphere itself
Incoming energy Outgoing energyUnits Source Units Source
+1" )bsorbed short waveradiation by $asses in theatmosphere.
-"#on$ wave radiation emitted tospace by clouds.
+! )bsorbed short waveradiation by clouds. -%!"+&'
#on$ wave radiation emitted tospace by $asses in atmosphere.
+10!+& )bsorbed lon$ waveradiation from earthssurface. & is heat fromcore.
-"*#on$ wave radiation emitted toearths surface by $asses inatmosphere.
+,onvection %risin$ air
warms the atmosphere'.
+2!eat released into theatmosphere by water,ondensation
+15+X -(15+X)
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At the earth's surfaceIncoming energy Outgoing energy
!nits Source !nits Source
"#$A%sor%ed short &averadiation rom the sun'
()**+")a,-../ong &ave radiation emitted %ythe surace'
"01A%sor%ed long &averadiation rom gasses
in atmosphere'
()2")%,-..Removal o heat %y convection
)rising &arm air.'
"-
3onductive Heat romthe Earth’s 3ore')Source radioactive
decay.
()4#")c,-..
Heat re5uired %y the processes oevaporation and su%limation andthereore removed rom the
surace'
"*#2"-
(*#2"-
7 8ote a " % " c 9 -
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A Section through the :lanet
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The Outer 3rust
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Sections o the Atmosphere
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The EnvironmentIts Organic and Inorganic
3omponents
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The EnvironmentIt’s Biotic and A%iotic 3omponentsBiotic 3omponents A%iotic 3omponents
The :roducers EnergyRadiation rom the sun
The 3onsumers The /and and ;ater Bodies
Their :hysical and 3hemicalE
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Some o the inorganic components
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Energy Flow Through the Ecosystem
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A Typical )Energy. Food3hain
>rass ((? grasshopper ((? mouse ((?sna@e ((? ha&@
Food 3hains are idealisations and rathertoo simple to represent the actual o& oenergy )as Food. in an Ecosystem
A Food ;e% is a %etter representation o&hat actually is happening
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A Food ;e%
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/EE/S I8 THE FOO= ;EB)Trophic /evels.
3onsumer Trophic level Food source
Her%ivores primary plants
3arnivores secondary animalsor higher
Omnivores secondary plants C animals
or higher=etritivores detritus
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The 3ycles
Energy is not the only thing o&ingthrough an Ecosystem'
/ie :rocesses have other needs
Space Ship Earth is a closed system)nothing comes in or goes out eDceptenergy.
Thereore the %est &ay to considerthe o& o the other needs is toconsider them as sets o
33/ES
%et&een the a%iotic and %iotic arts
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Another ie& o the ;ater3ycle
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Carbon Cycle
Th Nit C l
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The Nitrogen Cycle
h h h l
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The Phosphorous Cycle
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THA8 O!
THE E8=