16RSBE13:1 AQUACULTURE II. B.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Unit I 2 Marks
1. Define fisheries?
It is an occupation or industry of capturing and culturing fish and other aquatic organisms for
human welfare.
2. Name any two fishes?
Catla catla, L. bata and Labeorohita sp.
3. What is meant by nursery pond and rearing pond?
Nursery pond – used to culture hatchlings
Rearing pond – used to culture fry of carps
4. Define fresh water aquaculture system?
The rearing of aquatic organism in fresh water is called fresh water aquaculture system.
5. Define - Shell fish
It is a exoskeleton-bearing aquatic invertebrates used as food, including various species of
molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms.
6. What is meant by capturing
Fishes are captured by others for food
5 Marks
1. Write a about different types aquaculture system?
Freshwater aquaculture system - The rearing of aquatic organism in fresh water
Brackish water aquaculture system - The rearing of aquatic organism in brackish water
Mariculture aquaculture system - Rearing of aquatic organism in sea water
Metahaline aquaculture system - Rearing of aquatic organism in high salt containing water
2. Explain about the scope of aquaculture?
Provide aqua food that are rich in protein
Production of pearls in a large scale
Agar extraction from sea weeds
Fishery by products are used as a raw material in poultry and cattle feed
Ornamental fish production
3. Discuss about the history of aquaculture?
In India fish culture practice started from 321-300BC mentioned by Kautilays Arthshartra
King Someswara initiate the method of fattening the fishes
16RSBE13:1 AQUACULTURE II. B.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Dr. Sundar Lal Hora helps in the development of fish culture in Bengal
The Indian government established a number institutions for education and research in
aquaculture
Ex: ICAR, CIFRS, CIFE
4. Important features of cultivable fishes
It should have a fast growth rate.
It should be able to feed on natural and artificial foods.
It should be have resistant to diseases.
It should be a prolific breeder and easy to breed in ponds.
It should not be predaceous nature.
It should be able to survive under temporary bad water conditions.
10 Marks
1. Discuss about on general characteristic features of fish?
Fish is an animal category that encompasses many species of water dwellers
Few species that do not spend all that much time in the water.
There are several basic fish characteristics that are common to most fish, but only a few
features of fish, like the presence of gills, can be applied to all fish.
Fishes are the most diverse animal species among the vertebrates with 30,000 different types
Water habitant – live in water
Cold blooded animal – body temperature changes depends upon the environment
Types – Agnatha or jawless fish, Chondrichthyes and Ostrichthyes
Gills for breathing, Scales for skin protection and Fins for movement
2. Brief account on species selection criteria for aquaculture?
1. Desirable characteristics of aquaculture organisms
Fast growth, short food chain, efficient conversion of food, ready acceptance of
compounded feeds, good table quality, disease resistance, ease of breeding in captivity, early
maturation, high fecundity, tolerance to a wide range of environmental parameters, etc.
2. Commonly cultured organisms
Fishes, crustaceans and molluscs; other cultured organisms - seaweeds, frogs, crocodiles
and turtles.
3. Biological features of commonly cultured fishes, crustaceans and molluscs
Tolerance limits of salinity, temperature and oxygen tension; growth rates and yields in
different types of culture; breeding habits; feeding habits and geographic distribution.
4. Criteria for selection of species for culture
Geographic and climatic considerations; culture qualities of the organisms; consumer
acceptance and marketability; cost of production; domestic consumption versus export.
16RSBE13:1 AQUACULTURE II. B.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
5. Indigenous versus exotic species
Precautions to prevent adverse effects on local fauna and flora and the spread of
infections.
6. Selection of strains of cultivated species for favorable characters
Growth, food conversion, shape and body conformation, resistance to diseases, tolerance
of wide fluctuations in environmental factors and meat quality.
3. Write a detailed account on shell fish and its morphology?
Shellfish includes two highly diversified phyla i.e phylum arthropoda and phylum Mollusca
These two phyla are invertebrate
Economically important groups are lobster, shrimps, crabs, oyster, squid and cuttle fish
Head protected by a shell called carapace
Consist two pairs of compound eyes, mouth with strong jaws, a pair of large antenna and fins
Abdomen enclosed with segment of connected membrane
Contains four pairs of swimming legs
16RSBE13:1 AQUACULTURE II. B.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Unit II 2 Marks
1.Define – pond
Pond culture is a very popular aquaculture production method with many aquatic species
cultured in ponds.
2. Types of pond
Nursery pond, rearing pond and grow out pond
3. Define Liming
Addition of quick lime to fish pond is called liming. Fish need optimum pH (6.5 to 9) for
its growth.
4. Define Weed
The weeds can be defined as unwanted and undesirable plants that are adopted to grow
and to maintain good fish population in the fish-pond.
5 Marks
1. Short note on types of pond?
Nursery pond
Used for culture hatchlings are transferred from hatching hapta after 2 to 7 days
Hatchlings are grow into fry in nursery pond
Large ponds suitable for nursery pond system
Should contain warm water
Rearing pond
Used to culture fry which are transferred from nursery ponds
Rearing ponds are larger than nursery pond
Should contain warm water and fill with plankton
Add growth promoting nutrient like vitamin, yeast, etc.
Growing ponds
This is a large perennial pond, more than 2 m deep and is used for the growth of fish
to marketable size.
The size of the pond depends upon the fish species to be cultured.
These are used for stocking fish ready for the market.
These ponds are arranged in two or more parallel rows, with 1.25 m space separating
them.
2. Write a short note liming of ponds?
Addition of quick lime to fish pond is called liming. Fish need optimum pH (6.5 to 9)
for its growth.
If the soil is alkaline in nature, the pH reduced by adding gypsum
Lime is added after ploughing. After 15 days of liming water is filled into the pond
Lime added to the pond at the rate of 200kg/h.
16RSBE13:1 AQUACULTURE II. B.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
It neutralizes the pH that enhance the growth of phytoplankton and increase the bicarbonate
content in the water.
3. Fresh water cultivable fishes
In India, mostly major carps are used to cultivable fish
Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala, Labeo calbasu and L. bata
Catla catla – It is an Indian major and indigenous carp. It has a deep body with large head,
lower lip is larger than upper lip. It can bread artificially by hypopysation and cultured by
monoculture, polyculture and integrated culture system.
Labeo rohita - It is an Indian major bony fish. It has spindle shaped body and dorsal side is
bluish or grey in color. Mouth is sub terminal. It attains 1kg in one year.
4. Control of algal blooms
Floating plants, such as lilies and lotus, provide shade and reduce direct sunlight in
the pond to control the growth of algae.
Add submerged plants that release oxygen to the water, such as anacharis, hornwort and
parrot's feather.
Using a high-quality fish food will also help discourage the growth of algae, as the food will
be fully digested, leaving fewer nutrients to pass through the fish.
UV clarifiers are ineffective against string algae, pond keepers either use a garden hose to
blast it off rocks and waterfalls, or remove it by hand
10 Marks
1. Water quality management
Quality of water determines the physical, chemical and biological factors
Physical – Visibility and Temperature
Chemical – Oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH and biological oxygen demand
Biological – Plankton
Nutrients – Potassium and Phosphorus
2. Weed control Dredging and Deepening
Removing pond bottom sediments and building steep pond bank slopes (3:1 slope) are
effective ways to control rooted aquatic plant in shallow ponds. Dredging reduces aquatic
plant problems directly by removing the plants, bottom sediment, and associated nutrients.
Water Level Management
Lowering the water level of a pond can be an easy way to control nuisance aquatic plants.
Pond drawdown, particularly during the winter months, exposes weeds to harsh conditions
including freezing, dessication (drying out), strong wind action, and bottom sediment
compaction.
16RSBE13:1 AQUACULTURE II. B.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Harvesting
Physical removal of waterweeds from ponds is a good control technique. Harvesting of
aquatic plants consists of three essential steps. These are (1) cutting or uprooting the weeds,
(2) collecting the cut weeds, and (3) removing the weeds from the pond.
Pond bottom liming
Covering the bottom sediments of small ponds with either plastic sheeting, a
layer of mineral soils (sand, gravel, clay) or both of these materials is an effective
waterweed control technique. Perforated black plastic sheeting covered with a blanket of
sand or gravel provides a relatively cheap alternative to dredging.
3. Pre stocking management The ponds need to be prepared such that the pond environment provides optimum
condition for growth of the fish.
The pond environment should be free from predators, aquatic weeds, weed fish; it should
have optimum water quality parameters and sufficient natural food should be available in
semi- intensive culture systems.
The steps involved in pre-stocking and post-stocking management are similar in the
nursery, rearing and grow-out ponds.
An additional step in the pre-stocking management in nursery ponds is the eradication of
aquatic insects which predate on spawn and fry.
The pre-stocking pond management of drainable ponds is as follows.
Draining and drying
Ploughing
Liming
Filling with water and
Fertilization
16RSBE13:1 AQUACULTURE II. B.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Unit III 2 Marks
1. Define – aquaculture
Aquaculture is the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of fish, shellfish in all types of water
environments.
2. Monoculture
Culturing of a single species in a pond is called monoculture. Otherwise called as mono species
culture.
3. Poly culture
Culture of more than one or three species in a single pond is called as poly culture.
4. Monosex culture
Culturing of only one sex either male or female fishes in a pond is called monosex culture.
5. Pen culture
Pen culture is an enclosure system in water made nylon netting for culture a fin fish and shell
fish.
6. Cage culture
Culture of fishes in meshed boxes placed in water body is called cage culture.
7. Raft culture
Raft are rectangular wooden frames, they are made to float by empty diesel drums.
5 Marks
1. Different system of aquaculture system
Monosex culture
Culturing of only one sex either male or female of a fish in a pond
Polysex culture
Both male and female are presented in one pond may leads to energy loss during
breeding
Culture of many species of carps in a pond is called polyculture
Combinations of three to six major Indian carps were cultivate
Composite fish culture
It is a system in which five or six different species of fishes are grown together in a single
fishpond.
Fishes with different food habitats are chosen so that they do not compete for food among
themselves.
For example, catla feed on the surface of water, rohu are middle zone
feeders, mrigal and common carp are bottom feeders, and grass carp feed on weeds. .
16RSBE13:1 AQUACULTURE II. B.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
2. Extensive and semi extensive culture system
Extensive culture system
Culturing of fishes in large areas with low stocking density and natural feeding is called
extensive culture
Naturally available foods are consumed by the fish, no need to give extra supplement for their
growth
Minimum number of labor is needed
Rate of yield is also low
Semi extensive culture
Culture of fishes in large areas with natural and supplementary feeding is called as semi
extensive culture
Based on the principle of feed not fish
Pond is inoculated with live feed and fertilized with manures
Natural feed – algae, phytoplankton and zooplankton; supplementary feed – rice bran, plant
waste, animal waste, etc.
3. Pen, raft and cage culture system
Pen culture It enclosure in water made up of nylon netting foe the culture of fin and shell fish
Practiced in coastal areas of kovalam, mandapam, etc.
The pen may be cylindrical or rectangular in shape, they have single or double layered
enclosure
Barriers constructed on one side or two side that was made of concrete, sand or clay
Cage culture Culture of fishes in meshed boxes which was placed in water
It is practiced in areas where there is sufficient water movement like rivers, seas
It was in square or rectangular shape and size of the cage around 20 to 60m3
Based on installation cage is classified into four groups – fixed, floating, submerged and
movable cages
4. Difference between monosex and mixed sex culture system
Monosex culture system
Culturing of only one sex either male or female of a fish in a pond
Practiced for maintaining breeding male and female fish
Cultivation, disease control and treatment is easy
Specific characteristic features of fish easy to examine
Mixed sex culture
Both male and female are presented in one pond may leads to energy loss during
breeding
Culture of many species of carps in a pond is called polyculture
Combinations of three to six major Indian carps were cultivate
Productivity is high and less risk
16RSBE13:1 AQUACULTURE II. B.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
10 Marks
1. Integrated fish farming
Culture of fish along with agriculture or animal husbandry or salt industry is called
integrated fish farming
Fish cum poultry – rearing of fish along with poultry, major Indian carps are cultivated
Fish cum dairy culture - rearing of fish along with dairy farm, major Indian carps are
cultivated
Fish Cum pig - rearing of fish along with pig, major Indian carps are cultivated
Paddy cum fish culture - rearing of fish along with paddy. Done by three ways –
Synchronous, alternate and relay paddy cum fish culture
In most cases, mixed culture system were followed
2. Culture of prawns and Molluscs
Mariculture is the rearing of aquatic organism under controlled or semi controlled
condition in coastal and offshore water
Mollusc farming is a type of mariculture done by racks, raft culture system
Major carps – Oyster, mussels, scallops, prawns
Site selection is highly important in this system of culturing method
Water depth, water movement and turbidity should be monitored continuously
Process of cultivation - Species description, oyster selection, implantation, production
and yield
16RSBE13:1 AQUACULTURE II. B.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Unit IV
2 Marks
1. Define – fish feed
The feeds, in the form of granules or pellets, provide the nutrition in a stable and concentrated
form, enabling the fish to feed efficiently and grow to their full potential.
2. Fish additives
Additives are used in fish feed to preserve the nutritional characteristics of a diet or feed
ingredients prior to feeding (e.g. antioxidant and mold inhibitors).
3. Types of feed
Live feed, artificial feed and supplementary feed
5 Marks
1. Fish feed and its importance
The feeds, in the form of granules or pellets, provide the nutrition in a stable and concentrated
form, enabling the fish to feed efficiently and grow to their full potential.
They are combined with other ingredients such as vegetable proteins, cereal grains, vitamins and
minerals and formed into feed pellets.
Fish need to be provided enough nutritious food in order to attain big sizes in a short period of
time under culture conditions.
There are two main types of fish feeds. A) Natural food B) Artificial feeds
Natural Food Natural food can be stimulated to develop in a pond through pond fertilization
Artificial feeds Artificial feeds are those feeds prepared' and given to fish. The nutrients in these
feeds should be well balanced to meet the nutritional needs of the cultured fish species
3. Production of fish feed
The feed must be in balanced diet and give optimum growth rate.
Contain all essential nutrients such as amino acids and fatty acid
Plant and animal origin ingredients are used and must be in good quality
Typical adult feed should contain more protein but fewer carbohydrates. In case of fingerlings it
contains fat.
4. Feed types, selection of ingredients and additives
Live, artificial and supplementary feed
Ingredient Quantity in kg
Taploca flour 9
Rice bran 27
Fish meal 23
Groundnut oil cake 14
Silkworm pupae 26
Vitamins and minerals 1
16RSBE13:1 AQUACULTURE II. B.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
10 Marks
1. Manufacture of aquaculture feeds
The manufacture of aquaculture feeds presents special challenges to the traditional feed
milling concepts due to the aquatic medium in which the feed has to be delivered and
ingested, and to the small size and variety of the animals being cultivated.
The feeds, in the form of granules or pellets, provide the nutrition in a stable and
concentrated form, enabling the fish to feed efficiently and grow to their full potential.
Ingredient Quantity in kg
Taploca flour 9
Rice bran 27
Fish meal 23
Groundnut oil cake 14
Silkworm pupae 26
Vitamins and minerals 1
2. Feed techniques – Manual and Mechanical
Feeding levels depend to a large extent on the system of culture, nature of the feed,
temperature conditions and feeding behaviour of the species
Manual
The most common method of feed dispensing is hand-feeding.
Though it is labour intensive, it has the advantage that the farmer can observe
his stock regularly, especially if feeding takes place at the surface.
In pond farms, feeding is usually done in a specific place, which can be
marked out by poles to enable regular checking for left-over feed.
There is an accumulation of left-over feed; provision of fresh feed is stopped
until the old feed is used up.
Some farmers prefer to dispense feed at the harvesting sump, as the feeding
fish will stir up the deposited silt and keep the sump clean.
Mechanical
Several mechanical aids for hand feeding are available, such as hand-
operated blowers and ‘disc throwers’.
A boat can be used for hand feeding in large ponds and other enclosures.
Blower tanks facilitate the dispensation of prepared feeds, as well as
feedstuffs such as cereals.
The impeller in the tank blows the feed through a slanted pipe to a distance
of about 10 m into the pond or enclosure.
When mounted on a truck or towed by a tractor, the blower can be propelled
by the motor of the vehicle.
The actual quantity of feed applied can be measured with the help of an
auger, which transfers the feed to the blower.
16RSBE13:1 AQUACULTURE II. B.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Unit V
2 Marks
1. Define – pathogen
A pathogen or infectious agent is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to fish. The term
is most often used for agents that disrupt the normal physiology.
2. Name any two viral diseases in fish
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia, Infectious pancreatic necrosis, Spring viremia of carp
3. Name any two fish bacterial diseases Furunculosis, Columnaris, Dropsy, Vibriosis, Tuberculosis
4. Name any two fish fungal diseases
Saprolegniasis, branchiomycosis, Ichthyophonus, Aspergillomycosis
5. Define vaccine
A substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity. Prepared from
the causative agent of a disease, its products
6. What is meant by Chemotherapeutic agent
Chemotherapeutic agents are used to directly or indirectly inhibit the proliferation of rapidly
growing cells, typically in the context of malignancy
5 Marks
1. Write about disease caused by virus
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia
Caused by Rhabdoviridae sp.
Transmission – through water or contaminated water with urine, overian fluids, etc.
Pathogenesis – Associated with salmonids leads to viremia which damage organs
Symptoms – Hemorrhages in internal organs, skin and muscle, bulging eyes, bloated
abdomen
Diagnosis – Swim abnormally, gross and histopathology test
Treatment – contaminated fish immediately remove from the pond, use disinfectant
2. Write about disease caused by bacteria
Columnaris
Caused by F. columnaris and C. columnaris
Symptom – White spots on mouth, edges of scales and fins; fins are disintegrate,
lesions on skin
Treatment – Add antibiotic (chloramphenicol) into water
16RSBE13:1 AQUACULTURE II. B.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Infectious dropsy
Caused by P. punctate
Symptoms - Swelling occurs due to accumulation of fluid in the tissue, scales stand out,
eyes bulge, spine may become curved
Treatment – Complete destruction of fish, drain out the water, drying and disinfecting the
pond, antibiotic such as streptomycin, chloromycetin are used
3. Write about disease caused by fungi
Saprolegniasis
Caused by Saprolegnia diclina and Achlya hoferi
Transmission – Direct contact between diseased fish or fish eggs. Indirectly through
water supply, transport, etc
Symptoms – Appearance of cotton like white to grey growth on skin, gills, fins and
eyes. In severe case, most of the body covered with fungal growth
Diagnosis – Direct smear of fungal growth
Treatment – Avoid damage of skin during transportation of fish, proper feeding,
avoid over-crowding in pond
4. Method of disease control
Controlling trans boundary movement – avoid trans boundary movement of fry, fingerlings
Utilize existing international codes of practice – maintain proper guidelines for aquaculture
farming
Recording breeding and disease history – to control disease spread
Farms should ensure fish are sold free from disease - should use eggs or seed that are
certified as specific pathogen free
10 Marks
1. Disease control management
Maintain optimum water quality, proper liming and fertilization
Avoid trans boundary movement of fry, fingerlings
Maintain proper guidelines for aquaculture farming
Recording breeding and disease history to control disease spread
Farms should ensure fish are sold free from disease
Dry the weeds, snails after removal from one pond to another
2. Chemotherapeutic agent and vaccines used to control disease
Chemotherapeutic agent was widely used to treat diseases of fish, specifically shrimp and aquarium fishes.
The most commonly treated diseases are luminous vibriosis,
Include chloramphenicol, formalin, malachite green, potassium permanganate, copper sulfate.
To maintain their osmotic pressure, aquatic animals have to balance their water and ion contents.
16RSBE13:1 AQUACULTURE II. B.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
To treat internal viruses, bacteria and parasites
In case of oral administration of the drug is comparable to nutrients.
4. Probiotic usage in disease control management
Probiotics are described as a microbial food supplement
The use of probiotics in aquaculture to improve pond environment and control Vibrio populations
has been one of the most common strategies used by farmers.
Some probiotics, as well as some plant extracts (e.g. cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon) have
quorum quenching properties, which refers to the breaking of this communication.
Ultimately, this means that although the pathogen may still be present, it has lower virulence and
may be easier to control via other mechanisms or pathways.
The presence of probiotic-produced inhibitory substances is thought to aid the barrier function
against opportunistic pathogens.
Probiotics in aquaculture are an established management tool for improving gut health and environmental quality. There are many different probiotics for aquaculture products. Major categories in commercial formulations include Bacillus spp., lactic acid bacteria (LAB), yeast, and nitrifying/ denitrifying bacteria.
Theoretically, a probiotic bacteria needs just a single mode of action of aquaculture systems, it is argued that formulations using multiple species, or better, multiple genera, may provide complementary modes of action, and therefore conferring multiple benefits to the animal, producer and ultimately the sector as a whole. This should be a key consideration when choosing aquaculture probiotics suppliers.