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Topic 6
The primarysector
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Agricultural space Farming
Fishing
Forestry
Mining Quarrying
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PHYSICAL FACTORS IN
AGRICULTURE1.- Climate:Rainfall: most need between 900mm and 1200mm peryear.Temperature - crops need the temperature to be above10C to be able to grow
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GREENHOUSE
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GREENHOUSES IN ALMERIA
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PHYSICAL FACTORS IN
AGRICULTURE
2.- Relief-
Sunny and shady sides of mountains.Exposure to the windIncline of slopes.Altitude
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TERRACED
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PHYSICAL FACTORS IN
AGRICULTURE
3.- Soil
Thickness: deep soil is more appropriate for thecultivation of most crops because roots have more spaceto expand.
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Nutrients: the more appropriate nutrients
the soil has, the better it is for agriculture.
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Vegetation Vegetation provides the soil with humus,
so the more vegetation an area shas, themore fertile the soil will be
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POPULATION GROWTH
ECONOMIC ANDTECHNOLOGICAL
CONDITIONS
LAND OWNERSHIP
FARM SIZE
AGRICULTURALPOLICY
CUSTOMS
HUMAN FACTORS IN
AGRICULTURE
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POPULATION GROWTH Need to produce more food.
A decrease in population means land isabandoned.
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ECONOMIC AND
TECHNOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
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LAND OWNERSHIP Individual ownership or
several people Municipality
Cooperative
Company
To lease it or work it as
sharecropper Day labourers
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FARM SIZE Smallholdings
or large estates
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AGRICULTURAL POLICY Measures and actions taken by national
government and international institutionsthat affect crops and farming
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CUSTOMS It affects the
composition ofagriculturalspace.
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Structure of agricultural space Cultivated space
Inhabited space
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Cultivated space
Plots or field that can be classified
Size
Small: Less than 1 Ha
Medium: Btw 1 Ha and 10 Ha
Large: More than 10 Ha
Shape
Regular
Irregular
Boundaries
Bocage
Oppenfield
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THE SHAPE
REGULAR
IRREGULAR
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THE SIZE
LARGE ESTATE
SMALLHOLDING
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THE LIMITS
OPENFIELD
BOCAGE
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Inhabited space
This is the area where people live. It
consists of individual farms, villages andsmall towns.
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THE CROP SYSTEM
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THE USE OF WATER
DRY FARMING
IRRIGATED
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THE VARIETY OF CROPS
MONOCULTURE
VARIED CROP FARMING
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THE DESTINY OF PRODUCTIONSUBSISTENCE
COMMERCIAL
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THE RURAL SETTLEMENT
NUCLEATED
DISPERSED
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2.2 Agricultural landscapes
SUBSISTENCEFARMING
Slash and burntagriculture (Shiftingcultivation) where smallareas of forest arecleared and the land iscultivated for a few yearsuntil it loses its fertility;then a move is made to anew location. Its anomadic system offarming.
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-
pQng2qZbqQ
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Intensive subsistence farming such as
the cultivation of rice in southern andeastern Asia.
COMMERCIAL
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COMMERCIAL
AGRICULTURE
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Types Advanced agriculture of Europe
Mediterranean agriculture Extensive NEW WORLD agriculture.
Plantations
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Advanced agriculture of Europe
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Mediterranean agriculture Rain-fed and irrigated
E t i NEW WORLD
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Extensive NEW WORLD
agriculture. Large farms employ few workers and use
a lot of machinery (mostly cereals)
Pl t ti
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Plantations
Large estates with monocultures of cocoa,
tea, coffee, bananas and pineapples.
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Commercial or subsistence?
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Commercial or subsistence?
Li t k f i
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Livestock farming This type of farming obtains different products
from animals.
Types:
Cattle (cows, oxen, bulls)
Sheep, goars, rabbits, horses, mules and poultry.
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Types of livestock farming Capital investment and
labour Extensive livestock
farming.
Capital investment is lowand productivity low.
Graze on large pastures
in open air.
Intensive livestock farming
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Intensive livestock farming
Capital investment+labour+productivity high. Cattle are farmed
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Food and feeding methods Grazing livestock
Confined livestock Semi-confined livestock
Grazing livestock
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Grazing livestock
Animals feed on grass
Confined livestock
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Confined livestock
Animals eat feed
Semi-confined livestock
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Semi-confined livestock
In summer, grass.
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Mobility of livestock Nomadic herding
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Transhumance (seasonal migration of
livestock)
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Sedentary livestock farming
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Forest exploitation Utilisation of forest products:timber, cork,
resin Silviculture has to be managed so that,
forests are cultivated to obtain products
from them.
Forest
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Forest
exploitation Its the utilisation
of forestproducts: timber,cork, resin, etc.
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Principal uses Manufacture of furniture, planks, telegraph
poles.
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Fishing and the use of the sea Techniques.
Longline fishing Trawling
Lift-netting
Longline fishing
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Longline fishing
Trawling
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Trawling
Lift netting
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Lift-netting
Coastal fishing
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Coastal fishing
Sardines, squid, anchovies, clams,
prawns
Offshore fishing and deep-sea
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fishing Cod=bacalao
Swordfish=pez espada Tuna=atn
Hake=merluza
Swordfish
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Swordfish
Tuna=atn
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Tuna=atn
Hake=merluza
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Hake=merluza
Use of the sea
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Use of the sea
Seaweed
Algae (for food)
Minerals
Salt.
Drinking water. Source of energy
Transport
Industries, ports and tourist facilities in coastalareas.
Aquaculture (acuicultura)
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Aquaculture (acuicultura)
Development of aquaculture to avoid the
depleiton of fishing grounds.
Fish farm
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Fish farm
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Gilthead (dorada)
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Gilthead (dorada)
Sea bass (lubina)
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Sea bass (lubina)
Turbot (rodaballo)
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Turbot (rodaballo)
Trout
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Changes in rural areas
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C a ges u a a eas
Demographic
changes. Foreign workers
(ageing population)
Changes in agricultural landscapes
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g g p
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Development of new activities
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Other activities besides agriculture and
livestock farming. Industry
Tourism
Changes in construction
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Single-family houses
Second homes.
Environmental consequences
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Soil erosion
Pesticides Fertilisers
Depleiton of water resources
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Overexploitation of forests
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Forest fires
O fi hi D l it f fi h t k
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Overfishing: Depleiton of fish stocks
Damage marine environments.
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Ecological agriculture
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Natural fertilisers and seeds
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Natural methods to combat pests.
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Improved irrigation systems.
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Prevention and extinction of forest fires
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Reforestation with native species
Invasive species
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Regulation of fishing
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Control the size of species caught.
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Reduction of catches
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Prohibition of trawling
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Development of aquaculture.