ESSENTIALS
Unit
6 Antibodies
ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
Monoclonal Antibodies
�Prepared for clinical testing or diagnostic
services
�Produced from a single cell line
�Examples of uses
�Diagnosis of pregnancy�Diagnosis of pregnancy
�Treatment for exposure to hepatitis and rabies
Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) (Igs)
�Soluble proteins secreted by B cells
(plasma cells)
�Carried in blood plasma
�Capable of binding specifically to an
antigenantigen
Antibody Structure
�Four amino acid chains
linked by disulfide
bonds
�Heavy chains- 2
identical amino acid identical amino acid
chains
�Light chains- 2 identical
chains
�Specific antigen-binding
sites are present
Antibody Classes
�Each class has slightly different roles
�Five major immunoglobulin classes
� IgM- can fix complement
� IgA- found mainly in mucus
� IgD- important in activation of B cell� IgD- important in activation of B cell
� IgG- can cross the placental barrier
� IgE- involved in allergies
Antibody Function
�Inactivate antigens by:
�Complement fixation
�Neutralization
�Agglutination
�Precipitation�Precipitation
ANTIBODY FUNCTION ANIMATIONPRESS
TO PLAY
Antibody Function
Cellular Immune Response
�Cell-Mediated
�Antigens presented by macrophages to an immunocompetent T cell (antigen presentation)
�T cells must recognize nonself and self (double recognition)
�After antigen binding clones form
Cellular Immune Response
T Cell Clones
�Cytotoxic T cells�Specialize in killing infected cells
� Insert a toxic chemical (perforin)
CYTOTOXIC T CELLS ANIMATIONPRESS
TO PLAY
�Helper T cells�Recruit other cells to fight the invaders
� Interact directly with B cells
HELPER T CELLS ANIMATIONPRESS
TO PLAY
T Cell Clones
�Suppressor T cells
�Release chemicals to suppress the activity of T and B cells
�Stop the immune response to prevent uncontrolled activity
�A few members of each clone are memory
cells
Summary of the Immune Response
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