THE COLONIZATION
OF AMERICAUnit 2
BRITISH COLONIZATION
Unit 2, Notes 1(Along with Ch. 1, Lesson 4)
THE BRITISH: “WHY THEY CAME”
Religious Refuge Protestant Reformation led to the creation of the Anglican
Church (Church of England) Puritans: people desiring to purify the Church of England
by removing all Catholic elements Influenced by John Calvin Believed every congregation should run itself with elders and
ministers without answering to bishops or the state Puritan vs. Anglican conflict led to persecution and
religious turmoil…New World offered religious haven Economic Opportunity
Enclosure movement: process in which English landowners converted their estates into sheep farms by enclosing their lands and evicting their tenants American colonies offered an economic refuge for the poor,
landless tenant farmers Joint-stock companies: business venture designed to give
wealthy investors the opportunity to pool their money together in amounts large enough to fund big money making projects and find new markets Allowed investors to trade and colonize globally without
government financing
GEOGRAPHY OF THE BRITISH COLONIES Geographic Regions
Eastern (Atlantic) seaboard of North America
West Indies Early Settlements/Villages
Roanoke (1585): Lost colony
Jamestown (1607): first permanent English colony of North America; first capital of Virginia Colony
Plymouth (1620): success led to the creation of Massachusetts Bay Colony
GEOGRAPHY OF THE BRITISH COLONIES, CONTINUED… Boston,
Philadelphia, New York, CharlestonValuable
trading/sea ports Maryland, Virginia,
and the CarolinasValuable farming
plantations Cash Crops: Tobacco,
cotton, indigo, rice, wheat, corn
BRITISH COLONIZATION BEGINS:“THE LOST COLONY”
Sir Walter Raleigh received a royal charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting him permission to create a colony in North America (1578)
Raleigh chose island of Roanoke off the coast of North Carolina as the site
Raleigh named land Virginia in honor of Elizabeth
First attempt to colonize in 1585 failed after colonists return home (harsh winter)
Second attempt in 1587 sends 117 men, women, and children to colonize Roanoke
Governor John White left colony and headed back to England for more supplies
White returned in 1590 and discovered that all inhabitants had disappeared
Empty homes, no bodies, and only the letters “CRO” were carved on a post as a possible clue
JAMESTOWN: THE FOUNDING Chartered (sponsored) by the
Virginia Company Susan Constant, Godspeed,
and the Discovery sailed 144 to Virginia but only 105 reached the Chesapeake Bay
Founded the settlement of Jamestown on the banks of the James River in 1607
Captain John Smith took leadership roles, encouraged people to work, and made contact with the local natives; policy… “you don’t work, you don’t eat!”
According to Smith, Chief Powhatan had ordered his execution but the Indian princess Pocahontas begged for his life to be spared
Pocahontas and John Smith were not romantically involved
JAMESTOWN: THE SUFFERING COLONY
Suffered from food shortages; wealthy “gentlemen” were pitiful farmers; only 38 people remained by January of 1608
Virginia Company offered free land to new settlers
About 2,000 settlers reached Jamestown over the next decade but only 400 lived
Winter of 1609-1610 became known as the “starving time”
Settlers forced to farm for the colony but also given private land to grow their own food
Indentured servants: people from Europe who agreed to become working servants for 7 years in exchange for a free passage across the Atlantic
Colonist John Rolfe experimented with crops and learned to cultivate profitable tobacco
Tobacco became very popular in Europe Rolfe’s tobacco saved Jamestown and he
went on to marry Pocahontas Pocahontas died in England of
pneumonia or small pox after visiting the Old World with her husband Rolfe
COLONIAL GOVERNMENT In order to attract more settlers, Virginia Company
allowed the colony to elect its own members House of Burgesses: Virginia assembly of
government representatives (burgesses); first democratic body in North America
Headrights: settlers buying shares in the Virginia company or who paid for their passage received 50 acres of land and additional land for every person they transported to Virginia
In the year 1619, 90 women and 20 African slaves arrived at the colony
4,500 settlers arrived in Virginia by 1622 Local Native Americans feared the growth and
launched an uprising, killing 350 settlers and burning several homes
King James I then revoked the charter and made Virginia a royal colony under the leadership of a crown appointed governor
CW/HW UNIT 2, NOTES 2 – PAGE 64
3) Use a graphic organizer similar to the one below to list three ways the Virginia Company tried to attract settlers to the Jamestown colony(#5 pg. 64)
Ways to Attract Settlers1) Granting the colony the right to elect its own general assembly to propose laws
2) Introducing the systems of headrights
3) Providing opportunities for marriage
THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIESUnit 2, Notes 2
MASSACHUSETTS Separatists: group of
Puritans that broke away from the Anglican Church
Pilgrims: separatists that fled religious persecution in England and traveled to Holland
Pilgrims and other separatist congregations decided to leave Europe and seek a religious utopia in America
In 1620, 102 Pilgrims/Separatists set sail aboard the Mayflower and landed at Plymouth Rock (Massachusetts Bay) after a 2 month voyage
ORDER, SURVIVAL, AND THANKS
William Bradford and other leaders drafted the Mayflower Compact: first self-government plan ever put into effect in the American colonies
Plague and cold winter took the lives of many settlers and only 50 remained
Squanto (Native American) taught the Pilgrims how to set corn and the best way to fish; he also negotiated a peace between them and the local Wampanoag tribe
Thanksgiving: Pilgrim survivors and the Wampanoag joined a three day festival the following autumn (1621) to celebrate the harvest and give thanks to God for their good fortune
“A CITY ON A HILL”
John Winthrop: Puritan that owned stock in the Massachusetts Bay Company: company of Puritan stockholders that received a royal charter to colonize in New England; first governor of the New England colony
Winthrop led 900 settlers to New England in 1630 hoping to find religious refuge
Winthrop predicted the colony would be a “city on a hill” for all the world to look up to and model their civilizations after
Great Migration: large immigration of 20,000 British settlers to New England between 1620 and 1646
NEW ENGLAND TOWN LIFE
Life centered around the town and social events of which church was the main focal point
New towns were granted to new church congregations
Local government decisions were decided at town meetings in which all townspeople were allowed to express their opinion
Selectmen: men chosen to manage the town’s affairs
Significance: set the stage for early democratic government and the American Revolution
A PURITANICAL SOCIETY Church congregations dominated community life Puritans had to live close to the meetinghouse (Puritan
church) because church attendance was required Theocracy: government based on religious principles General Court: assembly of freemen (those owning shares in
the MB Company) made the laws and selected the colony’s governor
Laws included: Church attendance required Only Church members can vote No gambling No adultery No dancing No blasphemy No drunkenness
Punishment: prison, flogging, and/or public humiliation Salem Witch Trials: panic-stricken witch hunts that occurred
in 1692 and 1693 resulting in the public execution of 19 people, 5 related deaths, and 200 arrests Unjust murder/persecution of the innocent because of the
paranoia of the fearful
IQ’S Have you ever been told that you could
not do something by someone, and then that person does what they told you not to do?
Examples? How did that make you feel?
RELIGIOUS DISSENT:ROGER WILLIAMS
Heretics: people whose religious beliefs differ from those accepted by the majority
Roger Williams: minister in Salem that condemned Puritans for not breaking from the Anglican Church and claimed that Plymouth rightly belonged to the Native Americans and not the King of England
Williams was banished from the colony for being a heretic
Williams bought land from local Indians and established the town of Providence: a religious haven where different beliefs were tolerated
RELIGIOUS DISSENT:ANNE HUTCHINSON
Anne Hutchinson was a very devout and charismatic Puritan that held meetings in her home to discuss sermons
Claimed to receive revelation from God as to which ministers were saved and which were not
Banished for being a heretic Founded the town of Portsmouth Providence, Portsmouth, and other local
communities for religious dissenters united to create colony of Rhode Island
Rhode Island: blueprint for religious tolerance and the separation of church and state
OTHER NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
ConnecticutFounded by the Reverend Thomas Hooker in 1636Wanted a colony that supported universal suffrage
(right to vote) not limited to the criteria of church membership
Adopted a constitution called the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: first written constitution of the American colonies
Significance: laid the Revolutionary principle that “authority is laid in the consent of the governed”
New Hampshire and MaineTerritory shared by Sir Fernando Gorges and
Captain John MasonMason took southern territory and named it New
Hampshire, Gorges took northern territory and named it Maine
New Hampshire became a royal colony but Maine was purchased by Massachusetts from Gorges’ heirs and remained part of Mass. until 1820
CLASS WORK 9/14/15 P. 33 Answer questions 1, 2, and 6 –
question and answer.
THE MIDDLE AND SOUTHERN
COLONIESUnit 2, Notes 3
MIDDLE COLONIES New York and New Jersey
Began as New NetherlandFew settlers (1,500 people) so Dutch
encouraged people from all countries to settle
In 1664, the British seized New Netherland from the Dutch with four warships and renamed it New York
Some of the land taken was separated and given to royal advisers; this land was called New Jersey
MIDDLE COLONIES Pennsylvania and Delaware
British crown owed much money to the Penn family
William Penn petitioned King Charles II (1680) for a grant of land between New York and Maryland to settle the debt
Pennsylvania became the new colony named after Penn’s father Admiral William Penn
William Penn was a Quaker: Christian denomination believing that Christians are guided by an “inner light” and had little need for churches, ministers, or even the Bible; rejected authority of the government to tax or force people to serve in the military; advocated pacifism (opposition to war or violence)
MIDDLE COLONIES CONT. Treaty of Shackamaxon: treaty
signed by Penn and the Lenni Lenape Indian tribe that ceded territory to the colonists and established a long lasting peace between them and the Indians
Built Pennsylvania capital Philadelphia (“City of Brotherly Love”) on the land ceded
Pennsylvania became center of religious refuge or “Holy Experiment” for minority religious groups such as the Quakers
Penn later bought three additional counties that would unite to form the colony of Delaware
SOUTHERN COLONIES Maryland
Founded by Lord Baltimore (George Calvert) as a proprietary colony: colony owned by a proprietor or owner and could be managed and sold as the owner wished
Baltimore was a Catholic so Maryland became a religious haven for Catholics
North CarolinaCarolinas derived from Latin word for
King Charles IIColony grew slowly and primarily
consisted of tobacco farmsLater exported tar and turpentine
SOUTHERN COLONIES CONT. South Carolina
First settlement named Charles Town (Charleston) after King Charles II
Attempted to grow sugar cane but failed Deerskin became chief export
Georgia Founded by James Oglethorpe for the
purpose of starting a colony strictly for the imprisoned poor of England that couldn’t pay off their debts
Provided a buffer zone between British colonies and Spanish colonies in Florida
Named Georgia after King George II Became a prison colony to harbor the
overflow criminal population from the British prisons
SEEDS OF REBELLION
• By 1775, England’s colonies had a population of 2.5 million
• England’s success proved to be its own undoing
• Inadvertently, the English gov’t had permitted• New patterns of land ownership• New types of worship• New kinds of government within the colonies
They became used to self-government and gradually came to think of it as their right
NOTEBOOK CHECK1) CW/HW – Unit 1, Notes 4 – Pg. 57…#5 (2) 2) CW/HW – Guided Reading 2.2 - #2 3) CW/HW – Guided Reading 2.3 - #14 4) CW/HW – Guided Reading 2.4 – III C5) CW/HW – Guided Reading 3.1 - #146) CW/HW – Unit 2, Notes 2 – Pg. 64…#3 (1)7) CW/HW – Unit 2, Notes 3 – Pg. 71…#4 (2)8) BR #4 – 8/17/10 – Answer9) BR #10 – 8/27/10 – Question and Answer10) BR #17 – 9/13/10 – Answer11) BR #18 – 9/14/10 – Question12) BR #24 – 9/23/10 – Question and Answer
NOTEBOOK CHECK ANSWERS1) For slaves and/or gold or other wealth, or to spread Christianity
2) John Calvin
3) The first written constitution of the American colonies.
4) William Penn; “holy experiment”
5) between 10 and 12 million
6) The colony was able to trade tobacco with England, ensuring the colony’s value
7) Hooker thought that everyone should be allowed to vote, not just church members
8) from Europe to the Americas
9) Europeans’ interest in exploring beyond their boundaries was a direct result of the – Crusades
10) they created a highly structured society based on class.
11) Why did the Spanish found the town of St. Augustine?
12) As an incentive for settlers to come to America, the Virginia Company offered – Headrights
IQ’S1. Should a nation concern itself or get
involved with another nation’s business? Why or why not?
2. Why do you think nations like America gets involved with problems, events, or situations in other countries?
3. How is America linked to other nations like Iraq, Taiwan, and Mexico?