TERTIARY SECTOR.
SPACES & ACTIVITIES.Unit 7
IES CAMILO JOSÉ CELA
Teacher: Rocío Bautista
TERTIARY SECTOR
Activities involved in delivering services to meet people’s or
companies’ needs.
Immaterial activities don’t produce material goods.
Low level of mechanization (undertaken by humans, not
machines!!)
Very heterogeneous.
Transports
Communications
Tourism
Trade
Health care
Education
SERVICES CLASSIFICATIONWhat differences the services provided by these schools?
SERVICES CLASSIFICATIONWhat makes these tertiary employees different?
SERVICES CLASSIFICATION
TY
PES O
F S
ERV
ICES
According to who delivers them
PUBLIC: provided by the State (government) using money collected from taxes.
Aim: guarantee social welfare.
PRIVATE: provided by private companies using money paid by those who demand the service.ç
Aim: earn economic profit.
According to degree of
specialization
LOW-SKILLED SERVICES: requires few qualification.
SKILLED SERVICES: requires professional training.
HIGHLY SKILLED SERVICES (QUATERNARY SECTOR): requires advanced level of professional training.
SERVICES IN THE WORLD TODAY
In which regions is the tertiary sector most important?
Why?
SERVICES IN THE WORLD TODAY
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
• High contribution to GDP & employment (>60%).
• Establishment of the “Welfare state” majority of people have access to basic services (health care & education).
• Increasing living standard higher demand of varied services.
UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES
• Low contribution to GDP & employment.
• Most people no access to basic services (health care & education).
• Low standard of living (poverty) scarce demand of services.
Activities
Define “Tertiary sector”
P. 154-155: 1 / 2 / 6
TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT:
MEANS & INFRASTRUCTURE
TRANSPORT = Activity that moves people & merchandise
between places.
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS
MEANS OF TRANSPORTS
(medios de transporte)
INFRASTRUCTURES
(infraestructuras)
LAND
TRANSPORTCars, buses, lorries, trains… Roads, motorways, railways…
SEA
TRANSPORTBoats Ports
AIR
TRANSPORTAeroplanes Airports
DO YOU THINK TRANSPORT IS A STRATEGIC SECTOR FOR COUNTRIES?
WHY?
DOES TRANSPORT INFLUENCE ECONOMY?
TRANSPORT: A STRATEGIC
SECTOR
Transports’ importance
ECONOMICALLY:
Encourages trade, tourism,
industry…
SOCIALLY:
Enables leisureactivities, personal &
cultural contact…
POLITICALLY:
Defence & integration of territories…
GLOBAL TRANSPORT NETWORKS
Transport networks are made up of NODES (points of
departure/arrival) & PATHWAYS (lines that connect the nodes).
The more nodes & pathways a transport network has, the
more dense it is.
Are the different regions
in the world equally
interconnected?
Are there any isolated regions?
GLOBAL TRANSPORT NETWORKS
LINKED
SPACES
• DEVELOPED COUNTRIES (USA, Europe, Japan):
• Numerous & well-built transport networks. boost economic development.
• Good links to strategic global shipping routes (e.g: Panama & Suez Canals).
• Latest improvements:
• New fuels (biofuels)
• Increased capacity of passengers/loads.
• Infrastructure improvements (safety, time-saving)
• Intermodal transport
• High-tech systems to monitor transport in real-time.
POORLY LINKED SPACES
•LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES (Africa, Latin-America, E.E. Asia) & UNDERPOPULATED REGIONS (Siberia, Arctic, Central Asia Australia’s arid regions, Amazon basin):
•Few & badly-built, sparse, transport networks. hinder economic development (hard to access, isolated regions).
Strategic global shipping
routes
Panama
Canal
Intermodal
transport
Activities
1) Fill in the following chart:
2) A “transport network” is a structure that enables the movement of
passengers & merchandise. Name & explain the 2 elements that make
up a transport network.
3) Define “Intermodal transport”.
4) Describe the transport networks in underdeveloped countries. How do
they affect their economic development?
5) In the World map:
a) Locate the 5 major canals & straits that are key in global shipping routes.
b) How would you transport crude oil from the Persian Gulf to Spain?
c) Indicate 2 options to bring merchandise from China to Barcelona.
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS
MEANS OF
TRANSPORTS
(medios de transporte)
INFRASTRUCTURES
(infraestructuras)
LAND TRANSPORT
SEA TRANSPORT
AIR TRANSPORT
Which transport system do you think is the best…???
a) Land Transport
b) Sea Transport
c) Air transport
TOURISM
TOURISM
TOURISM = temporary movement of people (24h – 1 year)
from their place of residence to another place. Generally it
has leisure purposes.
How has tourism evolved in the last half century?
What reasons might explain this evolution?
CAUSES OF TOURISM GROWTH
Right to paid holidays it increased the
amount of spare time.
Progress in transports it enabled people to travel from one place to
another at affordable prices.
Economic growth after World War II (1939 – 45) it
increased the purchasing power of the European & American
middle-class.
Since the 1950’s tourism has grown massively in developed
countries, and has become a mass phenomenon.
1950 25 million tourists (25.000.000)
2014 1133 million tourists (1.133.000.000)
2030 1,8 billion (forecast) (1.800.000.000.000)
TOURISM
TYPES OF TOURISM
Rural tourism
Cultural tourism
Business tourism
Religioustourism
Mountain tourism
Watersidetourism
TOURIST AREASWhat makes these countries attractive for tourists?
TOURIST AREASWhich are the least attractive regions
for tourism? Why?
TOURIST AREAS
Tourists choses their destinations according to different factors…
Natural attractions (beautiful landscapes, beaches, pleasant climates…)
Cultural & leisure attractions (monuments, museums, gastronomy,
amusement parks…)
Affordable prices
Good (& cheap!) transports & infrastructures
Political stability & safety
CONSEQUENCES OF TOURISM
CONSEQUENCES OF TOURISM
ECONOMIC
SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
DEMOGRAPHIC
Benefits for the economy…
• Key source of income for many countries (9% of the world’s GDP /
1,5 trillion dollars)
• Employment (1/11 jobs)
Tourism creates many jobs in different sectors, since it stimulates other economic activities (construction, agriculture, transport, trade…)
However, the type of employment that tourism creates isn’t the best in some cases…
Compare the graphs:
what relation can you see between the seasonality of tourism & the unemployment rate in Spain?
Compare these maps…
What happens to the population in the most touristic regions? Do they suffer the problem of having an ageing population?
Tourism contributes to cultural exchanges & the spread of knowledge of different customs.
To what extent do you think this is positive? Can it have negative consequences?
The rise of population in certain months (seasonal rise) can saturate the services provided & overexploit some resources like water (ej: more tourism in the least rainy months), increase pollution & waste.
Sometimes touristic infrastructures alters the landscape too much…
http://www.rtve.es/
noticias/20140730/ts
ja-dice-licencia-del-
hotel-algarrobico-
legal/984642.shtml
NEW TOURISM POLICIES
Current tourism policies tend to promote SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
Activities
1) Individually or in groups (up to 3 people): design a trip to Spain for
international tourist & explain it in detail in a brochure. It can be done with
the computer or by hand, but it must be in eye-catching… so include
pictures & colours!! Your aim is to persuade people to book your trip!!:
It should include activities related to at least 4 types of tourism (waterside,
cultural, rural, religious…). Explain them in detail, and include pictures!!
Include the transport systems used for reaching the different places.
Activities
1) P. 161 ex. 5 / P. 163 ex. 1 & 2
2) Comment the following graph:
a) DESCRIPTION: describe what
the graph shows. Define
technical concepts (e.g.:
“tourism”).
b) ANALYSIS:
DESCRIBE THE GENERAL
TRENDS & FORECAST of
tourism.
CAUSES
CONSEQUENCES
FUTURE OF TOURISM
TRADE (COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES)
TRADE
TRADE = sale & purchase of products/services between
producers & consumers in exchange for payment.
What elements are needed in a transaction?
ELEMENTS INVOLVED IN
TRADE
MERCHANDISE
goods & servicesthat are traded
PAYMENT
money
MARKET
place where thesale is
undertaken.
SUPPLY & DEMAND
sellers & customers
DEVELOPMENT
OF TRADE
Preindustrial trade
Until Mid-18th Century
Industrial trade
Mid-18th Century – 1980’s
Current trade
Since 1980’s
DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE:
Trade in the past
Trade in medieval times was limited due to the manufacturing processes. Production was unique… but also scarce & expensive. Transport difficulties & population’s limited purchasing power also hindered trade.
DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE:
Trade in the past
The Discovery of America increased foreign trade.
DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE:
Trade in the past
Transports’ advancements during the Industrial Revolution led to an increase in trade too.
DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE:
Contemporary trade
Trade has undergone a huge expansion since the 1980’s
DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE:
Contemporary trade
Production has diversified… Tons of products to choose!!
DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE:
Contemporary trade
New forms of sale- Self-service- Large retail shops
DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE:
Contemporary tradeDemand (buyers):- Increased purchasing power- Better informed (brands, quality, prices…)- Influenced by advertisings- Shopping = leisure activity
GDP per capita
DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE:
Contemporary trade
New technologies- Card payment terminals- Barcodes- Vending machines- Internet
ACTIVITY
TRADE IN THE PAST
CONTEMPORARY TRADESince 1980’s
PRE-INDUSTRIAL
ERAUntil Mid-18th Century
INDUSTRIAL
ERAMid-18th Century – 1980’s
Trade increased due to:
• Increase in
production.
• Higher purchasing
power.
• Development of
transports.
Copy & complete the chart.
TYPES OF TRADETy
pes
of
trade
Domestictrade
Wholesale
Retail
Foreigntrade
Traditional
businesses
Large retail
stores
DOMESTIC TRADE
Traditional businesses
(shops)
Large retail stores
Supermarkets / Superstores /
Department stores / Shopping centres /
Shopping parks
In the urban centre In the periphery (outskirts)
In crisis. Can’t compete against
large retail stores.
Read p.167 - Which of the pictures is a…a) Supermarketsb) Superstorec) Department stored) Shopping centree) Shopping parks
ACTIVITY
• P. 166 1
• P. 167 3
• What type of trade can we find in the urban centre? What problems
does it have? What measures are taken to solve those problems?
• How do large retail stores located in the periphery add value to those
areas?
• Devise an outline about the different types of retail establishments.
FOREIGN TRADE
FOREIGN TRADE = trade undertaken between countries.
EXPORTS: sale of
goods abroad.
IMPORTS: purchase
of goods abroad.
FOREIGN TRADE
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS: difference between exports & imports.
Trade surplus if there are more exports.
Trade deficit if there are more imports
EXPORTS
˗
IMPORTS
ACTIVITY
Calculate the balance of payments for Spain in 2008 2011 and 2013.
Do we have a trade deficit or surplus?
ACTIVITY
ECONOMIC POLICIES ABOUT
FOREIGN TRADE
PROTECTIONISM (proteccionismo)Economic policy that limits trade with
foreign countries using methods such as
tariffs on imported goods. Aims to protect
national businesses.
FREE TRADE (librecambismo)Economic policy that reduces as much as
possible the barriers to trade (no tariffs on
imported goods).
VS
WTO
INTERACTIVE MAP: https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/org6_map_e.htm
The World Trade Organization (WTO)
deals with the global rules of trade
between nations. Its main function is
to ensure that trade flows as
smoothly, predictably and freely as
possible.
TRADING BLOCKS
Free trade is also fostered by
agreements between countries.
FOREIGN TRADE AREAS
Is global trade equally distributed?Which regions have a larger participation in it?
a) Where are technological products (machinery, electronics…) exported from???
b) What type of products are exported from the leastcommercial areas (Russia, Latin America –exceptBrazil-, Oceania, Sub-Saharan Africa)???
EXPORT IMPORT
EU & USAManufactured goods &
technology
• From emerging countries:
Cheap manufactured &
technological goods.
• From the rest: raw materials
& energy
EMERGING CONTRIES(China, India, Brazil)
Cheap manufactured &
technological goods.
• From EU & USA:
manufactured goods &
technology
• From the rest: raw materials
& energy
Rest(Russia, Latin America,
Oceania, Sub-Saharan
Africa)
Raw materials & energy Manufactured goods
ACTIVITY
Define imports & exports.
Who controls the majority of the world’s exports?
Answer TRUE or FALSE and correct the mistakes:
The WTO & trading blocks such as the NAFTA & the EU Single
market try to promote protectionism.
The EU & USA export manufactured goods & technology to the
rest of the world.
The EU & USA lack of enough raw materials & energy, so they
have to import them from emerging countries.
Emerging countries (China, India, Brazil) export cheap
manufactured & technological goods to the EU & USA.
Isolated & underdeveloped regions such as Latin America,
Oceania & Sub-Saharan Africa export manufactured goods in
exchange of raw materials & energy products.