TWO DECADES OF COORDINATED RESEARCH ON RICE BEAN IN
INDIA – AN OVERVIEW
R.P. Dua, B.S. Phogat and H.L. Raiger
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi – 110012
Underutilized Crops Of AICRP (UUC)I. FOOD CROPS
A. PSEUDOCEREALS
Grain Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.)
Buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.
Chenopodium (Chenopodium spp.)
Job’s tear (Coix lacryma-jobi)
B. FOOD LEGUMES/ PULSES
Rice bean (Vigna umbellata)
Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis)
Faba bean (Vicia faba)
Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)
C. OILSEEDS
Perilla (Perilla frutescens)
Paradise tree (Simarouba glauca)
D. VEGETABLES
Kankoda (Momordica dioica)
Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)
Salt bush (Atriplex spp.)
List of Underutilized Crops
II. FODDER CROPSAmaranths (Amaranthus spp.)Salt bush (Atriplex spp.)
III. ENERGY, HYDROCARBON AND INDUSTRIAL PLANTSJojoba (Simmondsia chinensis)Guayule (Parthenium argentatum)Jatropha (Jatropha curcas)Tumba (Citrullus colocynthis)Paradise Tree (Simarouba glauca)Perilla (Perilla frutescens)
List of Underutilized Crops
Testing centres in the hills and plains
Location (7): Ranichauri, Palampur, Sangla (V), Almora (V), Shimla, Shillong, Bhowali
Hills
Location (15): Ambikapur, Bangalore, Bhubaneshwar, Hisar, Faizabad, Ranchi, Rahuri, Mandor, Mettupalayam, Ludhiana, New Delhi, S.K. Nagar, Lucknow (V), Akola, Jodhpur
Plains
UNDERUTILIZED PULSE CROP- RICEBEAN
• A dual purpose crop for quality fodder and pulse
• Rice bean is preferred due to its wider adaptability, better nutritional value, resistance to yellow mosaic virus and store pests. It has rich genetic diversity.
• Predominantly grown under rainfed conditions as a mixed crop, under shifting cultivation or in kitchen gardens and backyards in the tribal regions of the North-eastern hills, hilly tracts of Eastern and Western Ghats in Peninsular India and the sub-temperate Western Himalayas.
• Earlier in Pulses Project, its research was prioritized under the All India Co-ordinated Research Project (AICRP now Network) on Underutilized Crops in 1991, during the VIII Five Year Plan.
• Focused research work was carried out on germplasm augmentation through collection and introduction, characterization and evaluation, multi -location evaluation of promising germplasm lines, development of varieties and standardization of cultivation practices for different agro-ecological regions.
INTRODUCTION
Resistant plants after hybridization of rice bean and black gram
RICE BEAN FREE FROM ALL DISEASES
Meliod beetle (Mylabris sp.)
Diversity among Ricebean seeds
Germplasm Introduction
No. of Accs. Sources
148 USA (82), Belgium (39), Indonesia (8), Brazil (5), Cali Colombia (5), Taiwan (4), Germany (2), Costa Rica (1), UK (1), Zaire (1)
Germplasm Collection
No. Accs. Sources
About 2000 Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam
Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand
Orissa, West Bengal
Jharkhand, Bihar
Uttar Pradesh, Punjab
Madhya Pradesh,
Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, western ghats
Germplasm Evaluation & Documentation
• Germplasm evaluation over 2000 accessions of rice bean has been carried out between 1976 and 2009 at NBPGR and its regional stations.
• A total of 316 accessions were identified to be promising for different traits. These comprised of 53 exotic and 263 indigenous accessions.
• Three catalogues were published for documenting the performance of the evaluated germplasm.
• Multilocation evaluation of 1122 accessions has been carried out at six locations during 1991 to 2009 under the aegis of AICRN on Underutilized Crops.
Germplasm Conservation
• A total of 1979 accessions of rice bean germplasmhave been stored in the National Gene Bank.
• A total of 983 accessions are being maintained at five active germplasm sites.
Varieties of Ricebean Identified and Released under AICRN on Underutilized Crops
S.No.
Name of
variety
Year of identification/ release
Developed by
Av. yield
(q/ha)
Salient features Areas for which
recommended
1. RBL-1 1987 PAU, Ludhiana
15.00 Normal duration, high seed yield
Punjab State
2. PRR-1 1995 GBPUA&T, Ranichauri
16.00 Normal duration, high seed yield
Hills of Uttarakhand
3. PRR-2 1997 GBPUA&T, Ranichauri
15.00 Normal duration, high seed yield
North-west hilly region
4. RBL-6 2000 PAU, Ludhiana
18.00 Normal duration, high seed yield
Plains region
5. RBL-35 2003 PAU, Ludhiana
15.00 Early maturing Plains region
6. RBL-50 2003 PAU, Ludhiana
15.50 Normal duration, high yield, green colour seed
Plains region
7. BRS-1 2003 NBPGR, Bhowali
17.00 Black seed colour, high seed yield
Hilly region
Agronomic practices standardized• In plains, sowing rice bean on 20th July and 5th August
recorded significantly higher yield than early or late sowing.
• Pre-emergent application of pendimetheline has given almost similar results as that of hand weeding in final yield.
• In hills, intercropping rice bean with maize in 2:1 ratio resulted in highest rice bean equivalent yield, LER and B:C ratio.
• In peninsular India, growing pigeonpea and rice bean in 1: 2 row ratio resulted in highest rice bean equivalent yield , land equivalent ratio (1.34) and benefit cost ratio (2.10).
Grain/Fodder Yield (q/ha) of Rice bean, Green gram, Black gram and Cowpea in Plains
S. No
Crops Ludh-iana
Hisar S.K. Nagar
Banga-lore
Bhuba-neswar
Mean
1. Rice bean (grain)
17.95* 8.41 0.18 5.44* 12.70* 8.94
2. Green gram (grain)
12.64 12.00 13.50 4.79 7.43 10.07
3. Black gram (grain)
8.48 10.11 8.70 3.82 9.76 8.17
4. Rice bean (fodder)
145.00 - 11.26 70.15 14.36 60.19
5. Cowpea (fodder)
490.00 - 14.00 101.50 18.80 156.08
Performance of rice bean in comparison to other pulse crops in higher hills
91.98102.4581.50Cow pea
132.75140.53124.96Rice bean
Fodder yield (q/ha)
9.2510.707.80Black gram
10.0311.648.41Green gram
12.1513.8010.5Rice bean
Grain yield (q/ha)
Mean20072005Crop
Gross return (Rs./ha) and cost benefit ratio of different crop rotations in hills.
2.1919346.0042375.5031969.0010406.50Rice bean –pea
3
1.6817846.0030 102.5019005.0011097.50Rice bean –mustard
2
1.4619206.5028090.0015240.0012850.00Rice bean –wheat
1
B : C ratio
Total cost of
cultivation
Pooled income
2nd
season crop
1st season crop (rice
bean)
TreatmentS. No
Yield of Rice bean in Farmers' Fields (Kharif 2003)Centre (No. of
farmers)Selected Varieties
Average Yield
(q/ga)
Farmer’s Preference
Palampur (8)(HimachalPradesh)
BRS-2 7.00 BRS-2 preferred due to high yield and seed colourbut some farmers also preferred BRS-1 due to high yield and its resemblance with mash colour
BRS-1 6.25
Chaukhamba 5.50
PRR 1 5.50
Naini 5.28
Local 3.75
Umiam (10)(Meghalaya)
RCRB 1-6 12.90 RCRB 1-6 due to high yield and early maturity & MNPL 2 because of bold seed, good in taste and medium height plant
MNPL 2 8.41
RBL 6 6.06
Imphal (5)(Manipur)
MNPL 1 13.09 MNPL 1 – Due to higher yield, good taste and bold seed
MNPL 2 12.79
PRR 1 9.61
RBL 1 8.72
Note: Figures in parenthesis indicate the number of farmers Contd…
Yield of Rice bean in Farmers' Fields (Kharif 2003)Centre (No. of
farmers)Selected Varieties
Average Yield
(q/ga)
Farmer’s Preference
Nagrasu (3) Rudraprayag(Uttrakhand)
RBL 1 14.20 RBL 1 and RBL 6, due to higher yieldRBL 6 11.90
Naini 10.20
PRR 1 8.50
Local 7.20
Raitoli (3) Rudraprayag(Uttrakhand)
RBL 1 12.50 RBL 1 and RBL 6, due to higher yieldRBL 6 11.50
Naini 8.40
PRR 1 8.10
Local 6.80
Bhattgaon (3) Rudraprayag(Uttrakhand)
RBL 1 12.00 RBL 1 and RBL 6, due to higher yieldRBL 6 11.50
Naini 8.50
PRR 1 7.90
Local 6.80
Note: Figures in parenthesis indicate the number of farmers Contd…
Yield of Rice bean in Farmers' Fields (Kharif 2003)Centre (No. of
farmers)Selected Varieties
Average Yield
(q/ga)
Farmer’s Preference
Ambikapur (2)(Chhatisgarh)
BRS 1 8.77 BRS 2 and BRS 2 due to higher yieldBRS 2 9.09
Naini 6.10
PRR 2 6.39
Jagdalpur (3)(Chhatisgarh)
RBL 1 6.37 RBL 6 and BRS 1, due to higher yieldRBL 6 8.44
BRS 1 6.94
BRS 2 5.27
Chintapalle (4)(Andhra Pradesh)
MNPL 1 9.13 MNPL 2 and MNPL 3, due to higher yieldMNPL 2 15.37
MNPL 3 13.01
Semiliguda (3)(Orissa)
MNPL 1 10.99 PRR 2 and MNPL 1, due to higher yieldNaini 10.30
PRR 1 9.53
PRR 2 12.50
Note: Figures in parenthesis indicate the number of farmers
Weighted mean seed yield (q/ha) of rice bean varieties tested for four years in North–Western hills
III11.28(18)
15.75(4)
12.55(6)
8.44(3)
7.88(5)
RBL-13
I12.46(18)
15.21(4)
13.59(6)
10.17(3)
10.54(5)
PRR-22
II11.91(18)
13.91(4)
13.53(6)
8.43(3)
10.45(5)
PRR-11
RankMean
Weighted
2008200720062005VarietyS. No.
Figures in parentheses indicate the number of locations
Weighted maturity days of rice bean varieties tested for four years in North–Western hills
II132.94(22)
141.64(5)
134.66(6)
122.46(5)
132.72(6)
RBL-13
I126.51(22)
137.44(5)
125.46(6)
116.65(5)
126.67(6)
PRR-22
I126.52(22)
135.91(5)
126.05(6)
118.80(5)
125.61(6)
PRR-11RankMean
Weighted2008200720062005VarietyS.
No
Figures in parentheses indicate the number of locations
RICE BEAN NORMAL MATURING GENOTYPE
AN EARLY MATURING GENOTYPE IN RICE BEAN
Value addition in Rice bean
The supplementation of rice bean flour (20 & 40 %) with wheat increased quality of biscuits in respect of protein, fat, ash and crude fibre. The texture and acceptability of sweet balls prepared by supplementation of rice bean flour (40%) with Bengal gram were at par with the un-supplemented ones.
Value Added Products in Rice bean in combination with other Underutilized Crops (Amaranth & Buckwheat)
Pasta Spaghetti
Noodles Curls
Nuggets Pappad
FUTURE THRUSTS
• Development of early maturing and determinate varieties.
• Minimising anti-nutritional factors like tripsin and cymotripsin inhibitors.
• Studies on factors for Flatulence and off-flavor
• Value addition
• Molecular characterization in respect of YMV and storage pest resistance
• Resistance to Phoma exgua and flower beetle