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TSUNAMI TSUNAMI GENERAL PARAMETERSGENERAL PARAMETERS

WHAT IS TSUNAMI?WHAT IS TSUNAMI?

•AA tsunamitsunami is a series of ocean is a series of ocean waves ofwaves of extremely long wave extremely long wave lengthlength andand long periodlong period generated in a body of water generated in a body of water byby an impulsive disturbancean impulsive disturbance that displaces the water.that displaces the water.

CAUSES OF TSUNAMICAUSES OF TSUNAMI

• Impulses are:Impulses are:

• Submarine EarthquakesSubmarine Earthquakes

• Undersea LandslidesUndersea Landslides

• VolcanoesVolcanoes

• Impacts of objects from outer Impacts of objects from outer space (such as meteorites, space (such as meteorites, asteroids, and comets)asteroids, and comets)

TSUNAMITSUNAMI• Tsunamis are Tsunamis are shallow-water wavesshallow-water waves. .

• Wind-generated wavesWind-generated waves : :

• Period : 5 to 20 seconds Period : 5 to 20 seconds

• Wavelength : 100 to 200 meters (300 Wavelength : 100 to 200 meters (300 to 600 ft). to 600 ft).

• A tsunamiA tsunami::

• Period: in the range of 10 minutes to Period: in the range of 10 minutes to 2 hrs 2 hrs

• Wavelength: in excess of 300 miles Wavelength: in excess of 300 miles (500 km). (500 km).

SHALLOW WATER WAVESSHALLOW WATER WAVES• A wave is characterized as a shallow-water A wave is characterized as a shallow-water

wave when the ratio between the water wave when the ratio between the water depth and its wavelength gets very small. depth and its wavelength gets very small.

• The speed of a shallow-water wave is equal The speed of a shallow-water wave is equal to the square root of the product of the to the square root of the product of the acceleration of gravity (32ft/sec/sec or acceleration of gravity (32ft/sec/sec or 980cm/sec/sec) and the depth of the water. 980cm/sec/sec) and the depth of the water.

• The rate at which a wave loses its energy is The rate at which a wave loses its energy is inversely related to its wavelength. inversely related to its wavelength.

• It is because of their long wavelengths that It is because of their long wavelengths that tsunamis behave as It is because of their tsunamis behave as It is because of their long wavelengths that tsunamis behave as long wavelengths that tsunamis behave as shallow-water waves. shallow-water waves.

TSUNAMITSUNAMI• Since a tsunami has a very large wave length, Since a tsunami has a very large wave length,

it will lose little energy as it propagates. it will lose little energy as it propagates. Hence in very deep water, a tsunami will Hence in very deep water, a tsunami will travel at high speeds and travel great travel at high speeds and travel great transoceanic distances with limited energy transoceanic distances with limited energy loss. loss.

• For example, when the ocean is 20,000 feet For example, when the ocean is 20,000 feet (6100 m) deep, unnoticed tsunami travel (6100 m) deep, unnoticed tsunami travel about 550 miles per hour (890 km/hr), the about 550 miles per hour (890 km/hr), the speed of a jet airplane. And they can move speed of a jet airplane. And they can move from one side of the Pacific Ocean to the from one side of the Pacific Ocean to the other side in less than one dayother side in less than one day

Tsunamis generation:

I. Initiation

II. Split

III. Amplification

IV. Run-up


I. Initiation


II. Split


III. Amplification


IV. Run-up

The The runup phenomenarunup phenomena is one of the is one of the important subject for coastal important subject for coastal development in coastal engineering. The development in coastal engineering. The hazard of long waves generated by hazard of long waves generated by earthquakes have in many cases earthquakes have in many cases causes causes deaths and extensive destructionsdeaths and extensive destructions near near the coastal regions. the coastal regions. On this basis many studies on long wave On this basis many studies on long wave runup phenomena have been presented runup phenomena have been presented numerically and analytically. numerically and analytically.

Different from wind generated waves, the length of Different from wind generated waves, the length of long waves are longer comparing to water depth. long waves are longer comparing to water depth.

Wind waves show orbital motion, on the other Wind waves show orbital motion, on the other hand long waves show translatory motion.hand long waves show translatory motion.

It losses very little energy while it is propagating in It losses very little energy while it is propagating in deep water. The velocity is directly proportional to deep water. The velocity is directly proportional to the square root of the depththe square root of the depth times grvitational times grvitational accelerationacceleration..

C = C = √(g d)√(g d)

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

As the water depth As the water depth decreasesdecreases, the , the

speed of the long wave starts to speed of the long wave starts to

decreasedecrease. However the change of the . However the change of the

total energy remains constant. total energy remains constant.

Therefore Therefore while the speed is while the speed is

decreasing, the wave height grows decreasing, the wave height grows

enormouslyenormously. .

2.32.3.1.1 The Storegga The Storegga SSlidelide

The Storegga slideThe Storegga slide is is : :1. 1. one of the largest landslides in the world at one of the largest landslides in the world at

StoreggaStoregga2. 2. occurred occurred aaround 8100 years ago, 100 round 8100 years ago, 100

kilometres north west of the Møre coast.kilometres north west of the Møre coast.3.3. ended up at a depth of 300-2500 metres, ended up at a depth of 300-2500 metres,

created a 10-20 metecreated a 10-20 meterr high wave that reached high wave that reached the Norwegian coast.the Norwegian coast.

• The mass slid around 800 kilometres into The mass slid around 800 kilometres into the deep sea, and its back edge is around the deep sea, and its back edge is around 300 kilometres long. 300 kilometres long.


Figure 2.2. CHALLENGING: The Ormen Lange field is located close to the steep back edge of the Storegga slide, which 8100 years ago ended up at a depth of 300-2500 metres. http://www.ormenlange.com/en/about_ormen/key_features/storegga_slide/

http://www.ormenlange.com/en/about_ormen/key_features/storegga_slide/



Figure 2.2. CHALLENGING: The Ormen Lange field is located close to the steep back edge of the Storegga slide, which 8100 years ago ended up at a depth of 300-2500 metres. http://www.ormenlange.com/en/about_ormen/key_features/storegga_slide/

http://www.ormenlange.com/en/about_ormen/key_features/storegga_slide/

2.32.3.1.1 The Storegga The Storegga SSlidelide• There There were three slide eventswere three slide events

• Storegga 1Storegga 1 (30,000-35,000 years before present) (30,000-35,000 years before present)

1. It is i1. It is involved 69% of the total sediments moved by the nvolved 69% of the total sediments moved by the three slidesthree slides combined.combined.

2. 2. Jansen (1987) reported that this event probably affected Jansen (1987) reported that this event probably affected thethe whole area of the slide scar.whole area of the slide scar.

3.3. The slide surface is smoother than that of the second The slide surface is smoother than that of the second event, thisevent, this indicates that the slide was shallow and only indicates that the slide was shallow and only affected the upperaffected the upper sediments sediments

4. 4. The thickness for the slide deposit is estimated to be in the The thickness for the slide deposit is estimated to be in the order oforder of 130-200m. 130-200m.

2.32.3.1.1 The Storegga slideThe Storegga slide

• Storegga 2Storegga 2 (approximately 7,000 years before present) (approximately 7,000 years before present)

1.It 1.It occurred within the first slide scar cutting back 8occurred within the first slide scar cutting back 8km into the continental shelf.km into the continental shelf.

2.2.The second slide cut deeper into the seafloor than The second slide cut deeper into the seafloor than tthe first slide, this is reflected by the slide surfacehe first slide, this is reflected by the slide surfacemorphology, which is rough and blockymorphology, which is rough and blocky..

3. 3. The second slide had the longest run out of the three slides.The second slide had the longest run out of the three slides.Slide deposits have been found as far as the Aegir ridge someSlide deposits have been found as far as the Aegir ridge some800km from the slide headwall.800km from the slide headwall. This represents a water depthThis represents a water depthinterval of 3500m from the headwall to the end of the slide runinterval of 3500m from the headwall to the end of the slide run

out .out .

2.32.3.1.1 The Storegga slideThe Storegga slide

• Storegga 3(approximately 7,000 years before Storegga 3(approximately 7,000 years before present) present)

1.1.The third Storegga slide had its headwall atThe third Storegga slide had its headwall at1,000m water depth.1,000m water depth.

2.2.The slide itself was confined to the shallowerThe slide itself was confined to the shallowerareas of the first and second slide scars .Theareas of the first and second slide scars .Theslide can be traced down to depths of 1500slide can be traced down to depths of 15001600m with possible extensions down to the1600m with possible extensions down to theGloria valley.Gloria valley.

2.3.22.3.2 The Santorini /(Thera) Eruption The Santorini /(Thera) Eruption and Tsunami Minoan Age in Aegean and Tsunami Minoan Age in Aegean Sea.Sea.

• One of the main centers of explosive One of the main centers of explosive eruptions is located on Thera eruptions is located on Thera (Santorini), and the eruption of the (Santorini), and the eruption of the Thera volcano in late Minoan time Thera volcano in late Minoan time (1600–1300 B.C.) is considered to (1600–1300 B.C.) is considered to have been the most significant have been the most significant Aegean explosive volcanism during Aegean explosive volcanism during the late Holocene.the late Holocene.

2.3.22.3.2 The Santorini /(Thera) Eruption and The Santorini /(Thera) Eruption and Tsunami Minoan Age in Aegean Sea.Tsunami Minoan Age in Aegean Sea.

• The last eruptive phase of Thera resulted in The last eruptive phase of Thera resulted in an an enormous submarine caldera, which is believed to enormous submarine caldera, which is believed to have produced tsunamis on a large scale.have produced tsunamis on a large scale.Some Some evidences were found evidences were found however, the cause of the however, the cause of the tsunami and its effects on the area have not been tsunami and its effects on the area have not been well understood. well understood.

• On the Aegean Sea coast of western Turkey (Didim On the Aegean Sea coast of western Turkey (Didim and Fethand Fethiiye) and Crete (Gouves), ye) and Crete (Gouves), the the tracestraces were were found of tsunami deposits related to the Thera found of tsunami deposits related to the Thera eruption. The sedimentological consequences and eruption. The sedimentological consequences and the hydraulics of a Therathe hydraulics of a Thera caused tsunami indicate caused tsunami indicate that the eruption of Thera volcano was earlier than that the eruption of Thera volcano was earlier than the previous estimates and the tsunami did not the previous estimates and the tsunami did not have disruptive influence on Minoan civilization. have disruptive influence on Minoan civilization. (Minoura et. al., 2000)(Minoura et. al., 2000)

2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9

3 5

3 6

3 7A m o rg o s

A sty p a la ea

C rete W

Irak lio n C rete E

R h o d o s W

F eth iy e .

D a la m an . D a ly a n

D a tca K n id o s

B o d ru m C a p e

D id im

K u sa d a si

d x = 350 m . d t = 1 .2 sec . tim e= m in .

-1 5 .0-1 3 .0-11 .0-9 .0-7 .0-5 .0-3 .0-0 .20 .00 .23 .05 .07 .09 .011 .013 .015 .0

sea e lev a tion s m

MI NOAN TSUNAMI

001

2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9

3 5

3 6

3 7

3 8

3 9

4 0

4 1

Middle East Technical University, Civil Engineering Dept., Ocean Engineering Research Center, Ankara TURKEY

Santorini

Int. Symp. on Tsunami Disaster Mitigation in Future, Kobe, Japan, Jan. Int. Symp. on Tsunami Disaster Mitigation in Future, Kobe, Japan, Jan. 20052005

Figure 2.3: Map of Aegean Sea and adjacent region showing areas and sites mentioned in text. Felsic volcanic products of Minoan eruption are found on Aegean Sea coasts and in eastern Mediterranean deep-sea cores. Tsunamigenic sediment layers were discovered in Didim and Fethye (western Turkey) and Gouves (Crete) (Minoura et. al., 2000)

2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9

3 5

3 6

3 7A m o rg o s

A sty p a la ea

C rete W

Irak lio n C rete E

R h o d o s W

F eth iy e .


D a tca K n id o s

B o d ru m C a p e

D id im

K u sa d a si


-1 5 .0-1 3 .0-11 .0-9 .0-7 .0-5 .0-3 .0-0 .20 .00 .23 .05 .07 .09 .011 .013 .015 .0


MI NOAN TSUNAMI

001


2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9

3 5

3 6

3 7A m o rg os

A styp a laea

C rete W

Ira k lion C rete E

R h od o s W

F e th iy e .

D a lam a n . D a lya n

D a tca K n id os

B o d ru m C ap e

D id im

K u sad a s i

d x = 7 0 0 m . d t = 2 .4 sec . t im e= m in .

-1 5 .0-1 3 .0-11 .0-9 .0-7 .0-5 .0-3 .0-0 .20 .00 .23 .05 .07 .09 .011 .01 3 .01 5 .0

sea elev a tio n s m

MI NOAN TSUNAMI

0 2 02 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9

3 5

3 6

3 7A m o rg o s

A sty p a la ea

C rete W

Irak lio n C rete E

R h o d o s W

F eth iy e .


D a tca K n id o s

B o d ru m C a p e

D id im

K u sa d a si


-1 5 .0-1 3 .0-11 .0-9 .0-7 .0-5 .0-3 .0-0 .20 .00 .23 .05 .07 .09 .011 .013 .015 .0


MI NOAN TSUNAMI

001

2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9

3 5

3 6

3 7A m o rg o s

A sty p a la ea

C re te W

Ir a k lio n C re te E

R h o d o s W

F eth iy e .

D a la m a n . D a ly a n

D a tc a K n id o s

B o d r u m C a p e

D id im

K u sa d a s i

d x = 70 0 m . d t = 2 .4 sec . t im e= m in .

-15 .0-13 .0-11 .0-9 .0-7 .0-5 .0-3 .0-0 .20 .00 .23 .05 .07 .09 .011 .01 3 .01 5 .0

sea e leva tion s m

MI NOAN TSUNAMI

1 2 02 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9

3 5

3 6

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A sty p a la ea

C re te W

Ira k lio n C re te E

R h o d o s W

F e th iy e .

D a la m a n .

D a ly a n

D a tca K n id o s

B o d ru m C a p e

D id im

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-1 5 .0-1 3 .0-11 .0-9 .0-7 .0-5 .0-3 .0-0 .20 .00 .23 .05 .07 .09 .011 .013 .015 .0


MI NOAN TSUNAMI

060



Prof. Costas Synolakis, Civil Eng. Sallim Pamukcu, USC,USA

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmet C Yalciner, METU-Turkey


Prof. Costas Synolakis, Civil Eng. Sallim Pamukcu, USC,USA

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmet C Yalciner, METU-Turkey

2.4.1 PACIFIC OCEAN 2.4.1 PACIFIC OCEAN EARTQUKAES and TSUNAMISEARTQUKAES and TSUNAMISii)) April 1, 1946 Aleutian Earthquake and April 1, 1946 Aleutian Earthquake and

Tsunami:Tsunami:MagnitudeMagnitude: 7.8.: 7.8.Wave HeightWave Height: 3.5 m: 3.5 mAffected PlacesAffected Places: Near Unimak Island in Alaska's: Near Unimak Island in Alaska'sAleutian Island Chain, Hawaiian( waves reached fiveAleutian Island Chain, Hawaiian( waves reached fivehours later)hours later)Death TollDeath Toll: 165: 165Loss of Property is $26 (in 1946 dollars).Loss of Property is $26 (in 1946 dollars).

• In 1948, and as a result of this tsunami, the U.S.In 1948, and as a result of this tsunami, the U.S.established a million PacificTsunami Warning Center inestablished a million PacificTsunami Warning Center inHawaii.Hawaii.

2.4.1 PACIFIC OCEAN 2.4.1 PACIFIC OCEAN EARTHQUKAES and TSUNAMISEARTHQUKAES and TSUNAMIS

iiii)May 2 , 1960 Chilean Earthquake and)May 2 , 1960 Chilean Earthquake and TsunamiTsunamiMagnitudeMagnitude: 9.5 (The largest earthquake of the: 9.5 (The largest earthquake of the20th century)20th century)Affected PlacesAffected Places:The coast of south central Chile:The coast of south central ChileDeath TollDeath Toll: 2,300 people in Chile. (There was: 2,300 people in Chile. (There wastremendous loss of life and property in thetremendous loss of life and property in theHawaiian Islands, in Japan and elsewhere in theHawaiian Islands, in Japan and elsewhere in thePacific. ) 61 people in Hilo, Hawaii,Pacific. ) 61 people in Hilo, Hawaii,Loss of Property is more than $500 million (1960Loss of Property is more than $500 million (1960dollars). dollars).

2.4.1 PACIFIC OCEAN 2.4.1 PACIFIC OCEAN EARTHQUKAES and TSUNAMISEARTHQUKAES and TSUNAMIS

iii)iii)October 4, 1994, Russia- Kuril Islands October 4, 1994, Russia- Kuril Islands

Shikotan Earthquake and TsunamiShikotan Earthquake and Tsunami

Magnitude:Magnitude: 8.1 8.1

Wave HeightWave Height: 10 m: 10 m

Affected PlacesAffected Places: The islands of the Pacific: The islands of the Pacific

nation of Vanuatunation of Vanuatu

Death TollDeath Toll: 11 people: 11 people

Loss of Property Loss of Property is extremely extensiveis extremely extensive

2.4.1PACIFIC OCEAN 2.4.1PACIFIC OCEAN EARTHQUKAES and TSUNAMISEARTHQUKAES and TSUNAMIS

iv)June 23, 2001 Peru-Southern Earthquake iv)June 23, 2001 Peru-Southern Earthquake and Tsunamiand Tsunami

MagnitudeMagnitude: 8.4: 8.4Wave HeightWave Height: 3-4.5 m : 3-4.5 m Affected PlacesAffected Places: North of town of Ocona in: North of town of Ocona inSouthern Peru Southern Peru Death TollDeath Toll: 96 people: 96 people

Loss of Property iLoss of Property is extremely extensives extremely extensive

2.4.22.4.2 INDIAN OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN EARTHQUAKES ANEARTHQUAKES ANDD TSUNAMIS TSUNAMIS

i) i) December 12, 1992 Indonesia – FloresDecember 12, 1992 Indonesia – FloresIsland Earthquake and TsunamiIsland Earthquake and TsunamiMagnitudeMagnitude: 7.7: 7.7Wave HeightWave Height: 26.2 m (Riang-Kroka); 2-5.2 m : 26.2 m (Riang-Kroka); 2-5.2 m

(Flores Island); (Flores Island); Affected PlacesAffected Places: The islands of the Pacific: The islands of the Pacificnation of Vanuatunation of VanuatuDeath TollDeath Toll: 690 people: 690 peopleLoss of Property Loss of Property is extremely extensiveis extremely extensive

2.4.22.4.2 INDIAN OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN EARTHQUAKES ANEARTHQUAKES ANDD TSUNAMIS TSUNAMIS

ii)December 26 , 2004 Indian Ocean Eartquake ii)December 26 , 2004 Indian Ocean Eartquake and Tsunamiand Tsunami

MagnitudeMagnitude: 9 to 9.3: 9 to 9.3Wave HeightWave Height: 6 m : 6 m Affected PlacesAffected Places: from Indonesia in the east, to: from Indonesia in the east, toThe coast of Africa, some 7,000km (4,000The coast of Africa, some 7,000km (4,000miles) awaymiles) awayDead TollDead Toll: : 310,000 people310,000 peopleLoss of Property Loss of Property is extremely extensiveis extremely extensive

2.4.32.4.3 THE CARIBBEAN TSUNAMISTHE CARIBBEAN TSUNAMIS

The Carribean sea is The Carribean sea is 1. 1. one of the biggest marginal seas in the planet one of the biggest marginal seas in the planet 2. 2. located in lattitudes 7located in lattitudes 7ooN and 23N and 23oo N,N,longitudes -88 longitudes -88 oo E and -60 E and -60 oo E. E. 3. 3. bordered on the N and Ebordered on the N and E by the Wby the W IndiesIndiesarchipelago,on archipelago,on tthe She S by Sby S America mainland,America mainland,and on the W by the American isthmus. and on the W by the American isthmus. 3. 3. linked tolinked to the Gulf of Mexicothe Gulf of Mexico by theby the YucatánYucatánChannel; toChannel; to the Atlantic by many straits, ofthe Atlantic by many straits, ofwhichwhich thethe Windward Channel and MonaWindward Channel and MonaPassage are thePassage are the most important;and tomost important;and to thethePacific Ocean by thePacific Ocean by the Panama CanalPanama Canal..

2.4.32.4.3 MEDITERRANEAN TSUNAMISMEDITERRANEAN TSUNAMIS

The Mediterranean sea is The Mediterranean sea is 1.1.one of the biggest marginal seas in the planet one of the biggest marginal seas in the planet 2.2.located in lattitudes 30 located in lattitudes 30 oo N and 47 N and 47 ooN, and N, and longitudes -5 longitudes -5 ooE and 43 E and 43 ooW. W. 3.3.bordered on the N and W by Europe, on thebordered on the N and W by Europe, on thesouth bysouth by Africa, on the East by Asia. SiciliyAfrica, on the East by Asia. SiciliyDividesDivides the sea to easternthe sea to eastern and western basins.and western basins.There is aThere is a single connection with thesingle connection with the ocean:ocean:the strait ofthe strait of Gibraltar. The other connectionGibraltar. The other connectionwithwith the Red sea isthe Red sea is Suez Canal. Suez Canal.

NoNo Verified Verified DateDate((Yr mo dahr)Yr mo dahr) Lat. LongLat. Long Effect AreaEffect Area

11 NoNo 1498 08 02 or 31498 08 02 or 3 9,9N 62,3W9,9N 62,3W VenezuelaVenezuela

22 YesYes 1530 09 01 (14:30 1530 09 01 (14:30 UT)UT)

10,7N 64,1 W10,7N 64,1 W VenezuelaVenezuela

33 NoNo 1539 11 24 (23:00 1539 11 24 (23:00 LT)LT)

15,0 N 86,5 W15,0 N 86,5 W Northern Northern HondurasHonduras

44 NoNo 1541 12 25 1541 12 25 10,8 N 64,2 W10,8 N 64,2 W VenezuelaVenezuela

55 NoNo 15431543 10,7 N 64,1 W10,7 N 64,1 W VenezuelaVenezuela

66 NoNo 1688 03 011688 03 01 17,6 N 76,5 W17,6 N 76,5 W JamaicaJamaica

77 YesYes 1690 04 161690 04 16 17,5N 61,5 W17,5N 61,5 W Leeward Is.Leeward Is.

88 YesYes 1692 06 07( 11:43 1692 06 07( 11:43 LT )LT )

17,8 N 76,7 W17,8 N 76,7 W JamaicaJamaica

Table 2.2: The tsunami events occured in the Caribbean sea Table 2.2: The tsunami events occured in the Caribbean sea with their probable epicenters and affected areas (Lander et. with their probable epicenters and affected areas (Lander et.

al. 2002)al. 2002)

Table 2.3Table 2.3: The list of tsunamis that occured in the vicinity of Anatolia since : The list of tsunamis that occured in the vicinity of Anatolia since 1630 B.C. (Doumas, 1980a,b, Hardy and Renfrew 1990a,b,c, Altınok et. al., 1630 B.C. (Doumas, 1980a,b, Hardy and Renfrew 1990a,b,c, Altınok et. al., 2001, Papadopulos,2001)2001, Papadopulos,2001)

NoNo VerifiedVerified DateDate Coastal RegionCoastal Region

11 YYeses 16311631 B.C.Santorini SouthAegeanB.C.Santorini SouthAegean

22 YYeses 13001300 Dardanelles CoastsDardanelles Coasts

33 YYeses 330330 North East of LemnosNorth East of Lemnos IslandIsland

44 YYeses 2222 Rhodes, Cyprus, CorinthRhodes, Cyprus, Corinth

55 YesYes 2626 Paphos, CyprusPaphos, Cyprus

66 YesYes 2626 Paphos, CyprusPaphos, Cyprus

77 YesYes 46 A.D.46 A.D. North east of Crete, Santorini IslandNorth east of Crete, Santorini Island

88 YesYes 53/62/6653/62/66 Cnossos-Crete, LebenCnossos-Crete, Leben