Trends in Excess Morbidity and Mortality Associated with Air Pollution above ATS-Recommended Standards, 2008 to 2017Kevin R. Cromar1,2, Laura A. Gladson1, Gary Ewart3
1Marron Institute of Urban Management, New York University, New York, NY2New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY3American Thoracic Society, Washington, DC
Corresponding Author: Kevin Cromar, PhD60 5th Avenue, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10011Email: [email protected]
Author Contributions: Kevin Cromar oversaw and contributed significantly to all stages of the study. Laura Gladson was involved in data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation, and in drafting and revising the manuscript. Gary Ewart contributed to the study’s conceptual design and manuscript revisions.
Sources of Support: Financial support provided by the Marron Institute of Urban Management at New York University and the American Thoracic Society.
Running Head: Trends in Health Impacts from Air Pollution in the U.S.
Subject Category: “6.1 Air Pollution: Epidemiology”
Keywords: Ozone, Particulate Matter, Risk Assessment, Environmental Policy
Word Count: 3,914
This article has a data supplement, which is accessible from this issue's table of contents online at www.atsjournals.org.
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Abstract
Rationale: Air quality improvements are increasingly difficult to come by as modern pollution
control technologies and measures have been widely implemented in the United States. While
there has been dramatic improvements in air quality over the last several decades, it is
important to evaluate the changes in health impacts of air pollution for a more recent time
period in order to better understand the current trajectory of air quality improvements.
Objectives): To provide county-level estimates of annual air pollution-related health outcomes
across the U.S. and to evaluate these trends from 2008-2017, presented as part of the annual
ATS/Marron Institute “Health of the Air” report.
Methods: Daily air pollution values were obtained from the EPA Air Quality System for monitors
in the U.S. from 2008-2017. Concentration-response functions used in the ATS/Marron Institute
"Health of the Air" report were applied to the pollution increments corresponding to
differences between the rolling three-year design values (reported as the third year) and ATS-
recommended levels for annual PM2.5 (11 µg/m3), short-term PM2.5 (25 µg/m3), and O3 (60
ppb). Health impacts were estimated at the county level in locations with valid monitor data.
Results: Annual excess mortality in the United States, from air pollution levels greater than
recommended by the ATS, decreased from approximately 12,600 (95% CI: 5,470 - 21,040) in
2010 to 7,140 (95% CI: 2,290 - 14,040) in 2017. This improvement can be attributed almost
entirely to reductions in PM2.5-related mortality which decreased approximately 60% (reduced
from 8,330 to 3,260 annual deaths) while O3-related mortality remained largely unchanged,
other than year-to-year variability, over the same time period (from 4,270 to 3,880 annual
deaths).
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Conclusions: Improvements in health impacts attributable to ambient PM2.5 concentrations
have been observed across most regions of the United States over the last decade, although the
rate of these improvements has leveled off in recent years. Despite two revisions of the
National Ambient Air Quality Standards strengthening the standard for O3 in 2008 and 2015,
there has not yet been a substantial improvement in the health impacts attributable to O3
during this time period. In many U.S. cities, an increase in the exposed population over the last
decade has outpaced the improvements in ambient O3 concentrations resulting in a net
increase in O3-related health impacts over time.
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Government and scientific institutions commonly state that air quality has improved
dramatically in the U.S. since the passage of the Clean Air Act (1970) and its subsequent
amendments. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports that between 1970 and
1990, Clean Air Act implementations prevented approximately 184,000 particulate matter
(PM)-associated deaths, over ten million cases of PM- and ozone (O3)-associated respiratory
and cardiovascular disease, and over 200 million lost school or work days (1). Following 1990
revisions to the Clean Air Act, the EPA found that by 2010 another nearly 165,000 mortalities
were prevented from reductions in fine particles (PM2.5) and O3 concentrations across the U.S.
as well as millions of additional morbidities and impacted days (2). Published studies in the
scientific literature have also concluded that reduced concentrations of PM2.5 and O3 in the U.S.
since the passage of federal air quality standards have resulted in the prevention of associated
mortalities and morbidities as well as significant improvements in life expectancy over the last
several decades (3-5).
However, there has been much less evaluation of changes in ambient air pollution and
its associated health impacts that have occurred more recently, in particular over the last ten
years (6, 7). Many of the policy actions and regulations that have resulted in dramatic
reductions in ambient pollution concentrations since the 1970 passage of the Clean Air Act and
the 1990 revisions to the Act have already been fully implemented, making additional
improvements in air quality increasingly difficult to come by (8, 9). Additionally, O3, produced
from reactions of precursor pollutants in the presence of sunlight, is predicted to increase in
the U.S. due to rising global temperatures (10). While it is not inevitable that there will be a
slowdown in further improvement in ambient air quality, it is important to evaluate the
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changes in health impacts of air pollution for a more recent time period in order to better
understand the current trajectory of air quality improvements in the U.S.
The annual "Health of the Air" report is well positioned to evaluate the trends in air
pollution and health in recent years by providing county-level estimates of annual air pollution-
related health outcomes that have occurred from 2008-2017. The systematic approach that has
been developed in the "Health of the Air" report allows for an in-depth understanding of local
air quality impacts, allowing local policymakers and pollution managers to track progress over
time. This information can serve as a valuable resource to the public, as well as decision makers
at the federal and local level, in crafting policies and implementation strategies to best address
the public health impacts of ambient air pollution concentrations greater than levels
recommended by the American Thoracic Society (ATS).
Methods
Methods described in the most recent "Health of the Air" report were applied in this study to
calculate health estimates from air pollution levels above ATS recommendations (11, 12). The
approach mimics the one utilized by the U.S. EPA in its regulatory review processes to estimate
health impacts from PM2.5 and O3 in monitored counties across the nation. In addition to
predicting health impacts from air pollution exceeding ATS recommendations for the most
recently available data (design values for 2015-2017), this year’s report incorporates an analysis
examining air pollution trends from the past ten years. These methods are summarized below.
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Daily O3 and PM2.5 measurements were obtained from the EPA Air Quality System for
design value monitors for each year from 2008-2017. These values were used to create annual
baseline and control datasets using a 24-hour metric for PM2.5 and three separate metrics (1-
hour maximum, 8-hour maximum, and 24-hour mean) for O3. Baseline values were equivalent
to the rolling 3-year design values for each monitor. These design values correspond to the 3-
year average of the annual mean concentration for PM2.5; the 3-year average of the 24-hour
98th percentile value for PM2.5; and the 3-year average of the fourth highest daily 8-hour
maximum O3 concentration. Control values were based on ATS recommendations of 11 µg/m3
for annual PM2.5, 25 µg/m3 for 24-hour PM2.5, and 60 ppb for O3 (13, 14). These cutoffs are
lower than the existing National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of 12 µg/m3 for annual
PM2.5, 35 µg/m3 for 24-hour PM2.5, and 70 ppb for O3. The ATS-recommended levels used in this
analysis are in accordance with previous ATS publications, which find that existing NAAQS are
insufficient in protecting human health and emphasize the need for more health-protective
regulations (15, 16).
For each year from 2010-2017, baseline concentrations (corresponding to 3-year county
design values) and control concentrations (corresponding to ATS recommendations) were
paired by county and run through BenMAP-CE (version 1.4.14.1). Given that design values are
three-year rolling estimates, the reported year corresponds to the third year in each grouping
(i.e., pollution levels from 2008-2010 are reported in the results as 2010). Figures E1-E3 in the
supplement show design value trends for each pollutant over the last three “Health of the Air”
report years (2011-2013, 2013-2015, and 2015-2017). Concentration-response relationships
from epidemiological studies, based on EPA standard health functions, were used to calculate
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the health impacts of pollution levels above ATS recommendations for each county (see Table
E1 in the data supplement for a full list of studies used). These health impacts include mortality;
major morbidity (acute myocardial infarction, chronic bronchitis, cardiovascular and respiratory
hospital admissions, and asthma-related emergency department visits); and adversely impacted
days (restricted activity days, work loss days, and school loss days). Additionally, excess lung
cancer incidence from PM2.5 exceeding ATS recommendations was estimated outside of
BenMAP-CE using a pooled risk value derived from a separate meta-analysis (see Table E2 in the
data supplement) and based on 2011-2015 statistics available from the National Cancer
Institute (17).
All health estimates were aggregated to the county, city, state, and national levels and
compared across years in R software (version 3.5.1). Health estimates, searchable by city or zip
code, are available to the public using this report’s accompanying online tool
(HealthoftheAir.org).
Results
Table 1 summarizes the 2017 estimated national health impacts from PM2.5 and O3 in excess of
ATS-recommended levels. The combined health impacts of these pollutants in 2017 is
estimated to have resulted in approximately 7,140 excess mortalities (95% CI: 2,290 – 14,040),
15,680 major morbidities (95% CI: -19,940 – 55,070), and 14,404,000 adversely impacted days
(95% CI: 5,119,000 – 26,768,000). An additional 640 (95% CI: 330-950) excess cases of lung
cancer incidence were also attributed to PM2.5 in 2017.
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The air pollution-related mortality impacts in the U.S. in 2017 for PM2.5 was estimated at
3,260 excess deaths (95% CI: 2,210 – 4,310), which is similar in magnitude to the estimated
3,880 excess deaths (95% CI: 83 – 14,040) attributable to O3. The geographic distribution of
these estimated health impacts was more evenly spread across the United States for O3 as
compared to PM2.5. Of the 530 counties with valid PM2.5 design values, only 78 (15%) did not
meet ATS-recommended concentrations; in contrast, 599 (83%) of the 726 counties with valid
O3 design values did not meet ATS recommendations.
It is important to note that while there are over 3,000 counties in the U.S., estimates of
health impacts were only made in those areas with valid design values. Unmonitored counties
are typically more rural and have lower population densities than monitored counties. While
lower population counties are required to have air quality monitors if their design values
measure at least 85% of NAAQS, there are undoubtedly some counties exceeding
recommended levels that remain unmonitored (18). As a result, additional health impacts that
would otherwise be included are not estimated in this report due to the lack of air quality
monitors in all counties that exceed ATS-recommended levels.
While the national mortality estimates were generally comparable in magnitude
between the two pollutants in 2017, PM2.5 estimates were about two-thirds of O3 for morbidity
and one-fourth of O3 for impacted days. Major morbidity estimates were 5,600 (95% CI: 1,800 –
9,270) for PM2.5 and 10,080 (95% CI: -21,740 – 45,800) for O3; impacted days were 2,804,000
(95% CI: 2,303,000 – 3,302,000) for PM2.5 and 11,600,000 (95% CI: 2,816,000 – 23,467,000) for
O3.
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Tables 2 and 3 show the top 25 cities (more specifically, metropolitan statistical areas
and metropolitan districts) with the most to gain from meeting ATS-recommended air pollution
standards for PM2.5 and O3. The rankings for these cities are most heavily based on mortality
estimates, followed by lung cancer incidence, major morbidities, and finally impacted days
(weightings for each category are described in Tables 2 and 3). The top two cities for both
pollutants are Los Angeles (Long Beach-Glendale) and Riverside (San Bernardino-Ontario) in
California. Together, these two cities make up 89% of the estimated air pollution-related deaths
in California, and nearly a third of estimated excess deaths across the entire country. Health
estimates and design values in 2017 for every U.S. county with a validated air quality monitor
are shown in Table E4 in the data supplement.
Trends in national health impacts from 2008-2017 (reported by the third year of each
three-year rolling average) are shown in Figure 1. Trends in annual excess mortality in the U.S.
from air pollution levels above ATS-recommended standards show that there has been a
combined reduction from PM2.5 and O3 of approximately 12,600 excess deaths (95% CI: 5,470 -
21,040) in 2010 to 7,140 excess deaths (95% CI: 2,290 - 14,040) in 2017. Most of this
improvement is attributed to reductions in PM2.5-related mortality (with changes in O3-related
mortality being best described as year-to-year variability). Similar trends are reported in Table
E3 in the supplement showing annual mortality, major morbidity, adversely impacted days, and
lung cancer incidence from 2010-2017, in aggregate and broken down by each pollutant.
The difference in trends for PM2.5 and O3 is also observed when comparing cities with
the highest numbers of excess deaths in 2010 and 2017 as shown in Figures 2 and 3 for PM2.5
and O3, respectively. Figure 2 shows that total number of excess deaths in the top 10 ranked
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cities dropped substantially between these two years, with four cities (Chicago, IL; Houston, TX;
New York City, NY; and Cincinnati, OH) no longer appearing in the top 10 places most impacted
by PM2.5 by 2017. Instead, four new cities (Visalia, CA; Modesto, CA; Hanford, CA; and Seattle,
WA) rose in the ranks and are currently among the top 10. In contrast, the top 10 cities most
impacted by O3 remained largely similar between these two time points, with estimated deaths
remaining relatively unchanged or even slightly increased for many of the cities. Tables E5 and
E6 in the data supplement show ranks and deaths attributable to PM2.5 and O3, respectively, for
all cities with estimates from 2010-2017.
Lastly, Figure 4 compares the time trends between the two study pollutants at the state
level. Showing the two-year intervals in the percent of air pollution-related excess deaths
attributable to PM2.5 and O3 from 2011 to 2017, these maps reveal that PM2.5 went from
contributing to excess health impacts across much of the country to only comprising a majority
of excess air pollution-related health impacts in the western (particularly the northwestern)
parts of the U.S. Additionally, many parts of the country now meet ATS recommendations for
PM2.5. An examination of county-level data over the entire study period reveals that the
proportion of counties with valid design values failing to meet ATS recommendations for PM2.5
fell from 33% in 2010 to 15% in 2017, while the proportion of failing counties for O3 went from
93% in 2010 to 83% in 2017.
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Discussion
Recent trends examined in this year’s "Health of the Air" report indicate that the mortality
impacts of air pollution above ATS-recommended levels fell by nearly half in the last decade.
This improvement can be attributed almost entirely to reductions in PM2.5-related mortality
which decreased by approximately 60% (reduced from 8,330 to 3,260 annual deaths), while O3-
related mortality remained largely unchanged, other than year-to-year variability, over the
same time period (from 4,270 to 3,880 annual deaths) as shown in Figure 1. This phenomenon
is observed nationwide, particularly in those cities with the highest pollution health impacts
(see Figures 2 and 3). However, the rate of PM2.5 improvement appears to have leveled off
since 2014; future reports will be able to determine whether this is a temporary slow-down or if
it represents a true leveling off of pollution impacts in the U.S.
While the magnitude of mortality impacts for air pollution levels greater than ATS
recommendations are quantitatively similar for PM2.5 and O3 for years 2015-2017, the
morbidity and impacted days are much greater in magnitude for O3. This is due to PM2.5 having
a much higher ratio of mortality to morbidity risk than O3 on a per unit basis (19-22).
Figure 4 displays these trends at the state level, showing how the contribution of PM2.5
and O3 across the country went from being essentially geographically equal in 2011 to heavily
weighted towards O3 by 2017. The most recent estimates show excess PM2.5 mortality impacts
confined primarily to the Northwest, parts of the Rocky Mountain West, and California. Most of
the rest of the country is meeting ATS-recommended levels, and therefore measurable excess
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PM2.5-associated mortality has been reduced to zero. Those few places outside of the West still
seeing impacts from PM2.5 each attribute less than 50% of these outcomes to this pollutant.
From the summary in Figure 1 it appears that PM2.5 reductions were far less drastic in
California than across the nation as a whole. However, Figure 2 reveals that in those California
cities with the highest health impacts from PM2.5 (Los Angeles, Riverside, and Bakersfield),
mortality decreased substantially in the last decade. The lack of larger improvements in PM2.5
impacts in California may be explained by a combination of cities throughout the state that saw
marked improvements in air quality with others that saw an increase in air pollution related
health events over time. Consequentially, the vast majority of health impacts from particle
pollution exceeding ATS recommendations are now concentrated in the state of California. In
2010, mortalities from PM2.5 in California represented a full 43% of national PM2.5 impacts. This
grew to 78% in 2017 as PM2.5 impacts fell throughout the rest of the country. In contrast,
mortality impacts attributable O3 levels above ATS standards in California have stayed at
around 30% of national O3 impacts over the past decade. Meanwhile, O3 is now the primary
pollutant attributed to air pollution-related mortality impacts everywhere in the U.S., excluding
the most western states.
While the frequency and severity of wildland fires have been observed to increase in
recent years (23, 24), the emissions from these events are not responsible for the trends
observed in this study. The design values used in this study exclude exceptional events with
regulatory significance, including elevated pollution from wildland fires. Therefore while the
health impacts from wildland fires are an important public health issue that merits further
attention, they are not included in the health impacts estimated in this study.
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The national health impacts attributable to O3 in this report have remained stubbornly
high in the last ten years despite two revisions of the NAAQS strengthening the standard for O3
in 2008 and 2015 (25, 26). Given the large number of locations that currently do not meet the
federal standard for O3, much less the more stringent recommendation from the ATS, it is clear
that local management of ambient O3 will be a pressing issue over the next several years. In
some locations the percentage increase in exposed populations has even grown faster than the
improvements in ambient O3 concentrations, leading to a net increase in air pollution-related
health impacts. While the total contribution of population growth on health estimates remains
small (see Figure E4 in the data supplement) it does represent the need for continued
improvements in air quality to even maintain the same level of health impacts.
A variety of federal and state policies have led to the improvement of air quality in
recent U.S. history. Establishment of NAAQS under the 1970 Clean Air Act amendments was the
turning point for air quality abatement measures in the U.S., establishing the framework of air
quality regulations still in use today. The 1970 amendments mandated the creation of State
Implementation Plans in order to meet federal pollutant standards, jumpstarting new research
in air quality and experimentation in a number of pollution reduction programs. These
regulations were revised and improved over the decades with advances in air quality science
and technology alongside consistent monitoring and assessment of programs. Another
breakthrough came with the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments, which encouraged the use of
market-based measures to meet NAAQS. The resulting multistate cap-and-trade programs used
to meet federal standards may be the greatest contributors to pollution reductions in U.S.
history (9). This included the Acid Rain Program (ARP), which set a cap on SO2 emissions from
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electrical generating units in the U.S. and permitted the buying and selling of emission
allowances. Resulting health benefits in the first two decades of ARP implementation have been
estimated at $50 billion (27).
More recently, reductions in air pollution have come from a number of technology
conversions. One significant conversion has been the transition from coal-fired power to
natural gas energy production. With recent improvements in technology, natural gas now
outpaces coal in energy efficiency, lowering its cost and resulting in natural gas being the
primary electricity source in the U.S. (28, 29). These improvements in energy efficiency have led
to the retirement of a number of high-polluting power plants across the U.S. in the last decade.
Nearly all of these now-closed plants were powered by fossil fuels; specifically, from 2008 to
2017 national coal capacity decreased by 17%, in addition to the shutdown of a significant
number of older natural gas plants (30). These closures have also been a result of requirements
laid out by the EPA’s Mercury and Air Toxics Standards, with power plant retirements projected
to increase through 2020 (31).
Other technology conversions have occurred among mobile sources. The
implementation of Tier II standards in 2000, regulating tailpipe emissions in all passenger
vehicles and limiting fuel sulfur content, have led to dramatic improvements in air quality and
emission technology. Updates to these standards in the 2017 Tier III requirements are
anticipated to provide even greater reductions of a number of air pollutants while preventing
thousands of excess health impacts (32). Additionally, cleaner diesel fuel and trucks rules were
announced in 2000 (33) and implemented over the next decade; these include a 2004 rule
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regulating heavy diesel equipment (34), a 2008 rule for diesel locomotives and marine vessels
(35), and the development of an international program to cleanup oceangoing vessels (36).
All these programs initially led to further reductions in particle pollution, supported by
data from ground monitors and satellite instruments. Long-term trends of particle pollution in
the U.S. show dramatic reductions since the 1980s (37, 38); other studies have shown dramatic
reductions in PM2.5 among major U.S. cities since the early 21st century (39, 40). These
reductions have proved most dramatic in key industrial regions in both the eastern and western
U.S., and include decreases in a number of PM2.5 precursors such as NO2 and SO2 (41-43).
Findings from the present study support these results, with PM2.5 reductions occurring from
2010-2014. However, these improvements leveled off in most recent years as federal rules
became more fully implemented and pollution concentrations targets were met.
Additional improvements in both PM2.5 and O3 emissions may be jeopardized by
changing regulatory priorities at the EPA. Under the Trump Administration, the EPA has
proposed to rollback or weaken several EPA policies that have a direct and indirect impact on
PM2.5 emissions (44). Of great significance is the recent repeal of the Clean Power Plan, which
would have implemented federal requirements on the best system of emission reductions of
carbon pollution from the energy generating sector. These measures are being replaced by the
Affordable Clean Energy Rule, which will significantly relax energy sector requirements (45).
Data from the EPA itself predicts that this repeal will result in hundreds of deaths and
thousands of morbidities that would have been prevented under the Clean Power Plan (46).
Additional efforts are being made by the current administration to freeze the Corporate
Average Fuel Economy standards and replace them with a Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient
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vehicular rule, weakening existing fuel efficiency standards (47, 48). Other moves to deregulate
air quality abatement include a delayed implementation of the 2015 ozone standard (49), a
potential revision of the Mercury Air Toxics rule (50), and several bills passed by Congress that
would weaken EPA’s authority to regulate air pollution, including O3 and PM2.5 (51, 52). With
such government actions in direct opposition to the efforts of existing air quality regulations, it
is not a given that past trends towards improving air quality will inevitably continue in the
future.
The present report is one of a number of studies assessing the health impacts of air
pollution in recent years. While these types of health impact assessments are continuously
performed for regions of the U.S. (53-56), a considerable number of these studies examine the
increasing health impacts from air pollution in China (57-61) as well as a number of other global
cities and regions (62-67). These studies assess a range of air quality scenarios based on
national and international air quality standards, source-specific impacts, and various
researcher-determined levels. Like the present study, these often rely on ground-based monitor
measurements, though as satellite data is becoming increasingly refined more and more studies
are relying on these measurements to estimate health impacts. Others utilize chemical
transport models based on atmospheric chemistry to make air pollution estimates used in
health assessments. A number of recent studies have also taken advantage of the EPA’s
BenMAP software and provided concentration-response functions to make local air pollution-
associated health impact estimates (53, 54, 67). However, the “Health of the Air” report is
uniquely useful in its county-specific diagnoses provided for all monitored locations across the
continental U.S. Since this report is updated each year, local environmental managers and
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policymakers can use “Health of the Air” data to more accurately track local air quality
improvements and make decisions based on uniform, up-to-date estimates.
Finally, it is important to emphasize that the annual “Health of the Air” report only
presents health impacts from pollution levels above ATS-recommended levels. These numbers
do not reflect the health impacts that have been observed at levels below current ATS
recommendations. For instance, significant mortality impacts have been observed from PM2.5
and O3 concentrations well below the existing national standards (68-70), and long-term O3
mortality effects have been observed (71) but are not yet incorporated into legal standards or
the present report. As such, even those counties meeting current ATS recommendations can
expect to see further health benefits as they continue to make targeted efforts to improve local
air quality.
Conclusion
Improvements in health impacts attributable to ambient PM2.5 concentrations have been
observed across most regions of the United States over the last decade, while O3 impacts have
remained relatively unchanged. Even maintaining current pollution levels will ultimately result
in increasing numbers of mortalities and other health impacts as populations grow over time.
As state and city leaders determine which policy decisions are best suited for reducing air
pollution and keeping up with population growth, they can utilize “Health of the Air” data to
target areas and design policies to best address those pollutants causing the greatest health
impacts among their locales.
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Table 1. 2017 National Annual Excess Health Impacts
Health Endpoint PM2.5 (95% CI) O3 (95% CI) Total (95% CI)Mortality 3,260 (2,210 - 4,310) 3,880 (83 - 9,730) 7,140 (2,290 - 14,040)Lung Cancer Incidence 640 (330 - 950) — 640 (330 - 950)Major Morbidity 5,600 (1,800 - 9,270) 10,080 (-21,740 - 45,800) 15,680 (-19,940 - 55,070)Impacted Days 2,804,000 (2,303,000 - 3,302,000) 11,600,000 (2,816,000 - 23,467,000) 14,404,000 (5,119,000 - 26,768,000)
Note. Confidence intervals are notably wider for O3 due to a larger standard error in the underlying concentration response function.
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Table 2. Top 25 cities with the most to gain by attaining the ATS recommendations for PM2.5 in 2017
PM2.5 Rank City Excess
DeathsLung Cancer
IncidenceExcess
MorbiditiesAdversely
Impacted Days1 Los Angeles (Long Beach-Glendale), CA 877 153 1,700 853,9662 Riverside (San Bernardino-Ontario), CA 698 125 1,211 612,7013 Bakersfield, CA 252 46 470 228,1154 Pittsburgh, PA 184 52 259 103,9675 Fresno, CA 177 34 248 154,7366 Visalia (Porterville), CA 109 17 194 95,4757 Modesto, CA 84 17 150 68,4148 Cleveland (Elyria), OH 71 19 90 39,3849 Hanford (Corcoran), CA 70 11 62 74,614
10 Seattle (Bellevue-Everett), WA 66 16 109 67,61511 Eugene, OR 66 14 74 41,55912 Stockton (Lodi), CA 61 13 112 50,98313 Oakland (Hayward-Berkeley), CA 59 12 105 56,26214 Salt Lake City, UT 46 7 74 51,46215 Detroit (Dearborn-Livonia), MI* 41 13 - -16 Medford, OR 42 10 46 21,793
17 Sacramento (Roseville-Arden-Arcade), CA 27 6 43 21,935
18 Merced, CA 24 5 42 24,17719 Phoenix (Mesa-Scottsdale), AZ 23 5 41 19,33620 San Jose (Sunnyvale-Santa Clara), CA 22 5 33 18,41221 Grants Pass, OR 19 6 17 7,43122 Boise City, ID 19 5 33 17,03723 Madera, CA 17 4 149 14,88424 Yakima, WA 14 3 23 10,81225 Missoula, MT 13 3 19 11,034
* Morbidity and impacted days data unavailable in 2017.
Note. Rank values were determined from a sum value calculated using a 50,000 to 30,000 to 100 to 1 ratio of deaths, lung cancer incidence, morbidities, and impacted days, respectively.
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Table 3. Top 25 cities with the most to gain by attaining the ATS recommendations for O3 in 2017
O3 Rank City Excess
DeathsExcess
MorbiditiesAdversely
Impacted Days1 Los Angeles (Long Beach-Glendale), CA 445 1,400 1,789,9262 Riverside (San Bernardino-Ontario), CA 242 587 865,6703 New York (Jersey City-White Plains), NY-NJ 188 678 551,5544 Phoenix (Mesa-Scottsdale), AZ 128 289 376,2905 Chicago (Naperville-Arlington Heights), IL 122 388 370,2806 Houston (The Woodlands-Sugar Land), TX 118 367 475,6997 San Diego (Carlsbad), CA 112 250 375,1798 Sacramento (Roseville-Arden-Arcade), CA 80 157 223,0329 Anaheim (Santa Ana-Irvine), CA 77 165 256,444
10 Dallas (Plano-Irving), TX 76 234 290,07411 Las Vegas (Henderson-Paradise), NV 63 128 154,42512 Atlanta (Sandy Springs-Roswell), GA 52 161 201,98513 Fort Worth (Arlington), TX 50 133 156,04614 Fresno, CA 48 116 162,65815 Warren (Troy-Farmington Hills), MI 48 115 104,95416 Pittsburgh, PA 48 105 80,08617 St. Louis, MO-IL 46 110 104,92918 Denver (Aurora-Lakewood), CO 45 84 150,80819 Cleveland (Elyria), OH 45 93 82,67020 Philadelphia, PA 43 119 126,13921 Montgomery County (Bucks County-Chester County), PA 42 122 107,86422 Bakersfield, CA 42 110 137,87723 Oakland (Hayward-Berkeley), CA 36 101 128,87224 Baltimore (Columbia-Towson), MD 35 124 86,69625 Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN 35 80 89,329
Note. Rank values were determined from a sum value calculated using a 50,000 to 100 to 1 ratio of deaths, morbidities, and impacted days, respectively.
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Figure Legends:
Figure 1. Trends in excess mortality attributable to air pollution greater than ATS
recommendations. ATS currently makes recommendations for ambient air quality: 12 µg/m3 for
annual PM2.5; 35 µg/m3 for short-term PM2.5; and 60 ppb for O3. Values are shown for the entire
United States as well as California. Each data point corresponds to pollution concentrations
from the three-year rolling design values.
Figure 2. Excess mortality from the top 10 cities with the most to gain by attaining the ATS
recommendations for PM2.5, 2010 vs. 2017. Y-axis values follow a binary logarithmic scale. Cities
in 2017 marked (*) were not among the top 10 for 2010 and have mortality counts that are
higher in 2017 than previous years.
Figure 3. Excess mortality from the top 10 cities with the most to gain by attaining the ATS
recommendations for O3, 2010 vs. 2017. Y-axis values follow a binary logarithmic scale.
Figure 4. Percent of air pollution-related excess deaths attributable to PM2.5 and O3, 2011-2017.
The percentages are mutually exclusive and sum to a total of 100% for each state. States
showing 0% contribution for a pollutant indicates that it is already meeting ATS-recommended
levels. Some states did not have validated design values for certain years which is indicated by
the gray color on the maps.
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Figure 1. Trends in excess mortality attributable to air pollution greater than ATS recommendations. ATS currently makes recommendations for ambient air quality: 12 µg/m3 for annual PM2.5; 35 µg/m3 for short-term PM2.5; and 60 ppb for O3. Values are shown for the entire United States as well as California. Each data point corresponds to pollution concentrations from the three-year rolling design values.
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Figure 2. Excess mortality from the top 10 cities with the most to gain by attaining the ATS recommendations for PM2.5, 2010 vs. 2017. Y-axis values follow a binary logarithmic scale. Cities in 2017 marked (*) were not among the top 10 for 2010 and have mortality counts that are higher in 2017 than previous years.
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Figure 3. Excess mortality from the top 10 cities with the most to gain by attaining the ATS recommendations for O3, 2010 vs. 2017. Y-axis values follow a binary logarithmic scale.
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PM2.5 O3
2011
2013
2015
2017
Percent of Air Pollution-Associated Excess Deaths Attributable to Pollutant
Figure 4. Percent of air pollution-related excess deaths attributable to PM2.5 and O3, 2011-2017. The percentages are mutually exclusive and sum to a total of 100% for each state. States showing 0% contribution for a pollutant indicates that it is already meeting ATS-recommended levels. Some states did not have validated design values for certain years which is indicated by the gray color on the maps.
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DATA SUPPLEMENT
Trends in excess morbidity and mortality associated with air pollution above ATS-recommended standards,
2008 to 2017
Kevin R. Cromar, Laura A. Gladson, Gary Ewart
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TABLE E1: EPA standard health functions used in this study by pollutant and metric.
Pollutant Metric Category Health endpoint Ages Study Reference
PM2.5 Mortality Mortality, Chronic Exposure 30-99 (E1)
PM2.5 Morbidity Chronic Bronchitis 27-99 (E2)
PM2.5 Morbidity ED Visit, Asthma 0-17 (E3)
PM2.5 Morbidity Hospital Admission, Asthma 0-17 (E4)
PM2.5 Morbidity Hospital Admission, Chronic Lung Disease
18-64 (E5)
PM2.5 Morbidity Hospital Admission, All Respiratory
65-99 (E6)
PM2.5 Morbidity Acute Myocardial Infarction 0-99 (E6)
PM2.5 Morbidity Hospital Admission, CVD (less Myocardial Infarction)
18-64 (E7)
PM2.5
PM2.5
Morbidity
Morbidity
Hospital Admission, CVD (less Myocardial Infarction)Lung Cancer Incidence
65-99 (E8)
See Table E3
PM2.5 Impacted Days Restricted Activity Days 18-64 (E9)
PM2.5 Impacted Days Work Loss Days 18-64 (E10)
O3 24-hour Mortality Mortality, Acute Exposure 0-99 (E11)
O3
O3
8-hour max
8-hour max
Mortality
Mortality
Mortality, Chronic Exposure
Mortality, Chronic Exposure
30-99
0-99
(E12)
(E13)
O3 1-hour max Mortality Mortality, Chronic Exposure 30-99 (E12)
O3 24-hour Morbidity Hospital Admission, All Respiratory 65-99 (E14)†
O3 8-hour max Morbidity Hospital Admission, All Respiratory 65-99 (E14)†
O3 8-hour max Morbidity Hospital Admission, Chronic Lung Disease
65-99 (E15)
O3 8-hour max Morbidity Hospital Admission, Chronic Lung Disease (less Asthma)
65-99 (E16)
O3 8-hour max Morbidity ED Visit, Asthma 0-99 (E17)†
O3 8-hour max Morbidity ED Visit, Asthma 0-99 (E18)
O3 8-hour max Impacted Days Restricted Activity Days 18-64 (E9)
O3 1-hour max Impacted Days Restricted Activity Days 18-64 (E9)
O3 8-hour max Impacted Days School Loss Days 5-17 (E19)
O3 1-hour max Impacted Days School Loss Days 5-17 (E20)
†Indicates that two health functions were used from the same published study.
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TABLE E2: Lung cancer incidence pooled risk used in this study.
Relative and pooled risk values were derived from a meta-analysis of studies examining the relationship of PM2.5 exposure and lung cancer incidence. Relative risk values are reported for a 10 µg/m3 change in PM2.5 exposure. Because an additional study was included this year, risk values below differ from those used in a previous “Health of the Air” report (E21).
Study Reference Region Relative Risk (95% CI) for lung cancer incidence
Pooled Risk (95% CI) for lung cancer incidence
(E22) North America 1.29 (0.95 – 1.76)
(E23) North America 1.06 (0.91 – 1.25)
(E24) North America 1.43 (1.11 – 1.84)
(E25) North America 1.43 (1.10 – 1.65)
(E26) Europe 1.39 (0.91 – 2.13)
(E27) Europe 1.37 (0.86 – 2.17)
1.25 (1.12 – 1.40)
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TABLE E3: National annual excess health impacts from air pollutants in the US, 2010-2017.
Mortality
Year PM2.5 (95% CI) O3 (95% CI) Total (95% CI)2010 8,330 (5,640 - 10,990) 4,270 (93 - 10,050) 12,600 (5,740 - 21,040)2011 6,040 (4,090 - 7,970) 3,240 (34 - 9,640) 9,280 (4,120 - 17,600)2012 5,390 (3,650 - 7,110) 5,150 (109 - 12,700) 10,540 (3,760 - 19,820)2013 4,150 (2,810 - 5,480) 4,940 (103 - 12,100) 9,080 (2,910 - 17,570)2014 2,770 (1,880 - 3,650) 4,260 (87 - 10,350) 7,030 (1,960 - 14,000)2015 3,710 (2,510 - 4,890) 3,380 (71 - 8,340) 7,0909 (2,590 - 13,230)2016 2,590 (1,760 - 3,420) 3,590 (76 - 8,880) 6,180 (1,830 - 12,290)2017 3,260 (2,210 - 4,310) 3,880 (83 - 9,730) 7,140 (2,290 - 14,040)
Major Morbidity
Year PM2.5 (95% CI) O3 (95% CI) Total (95% CI)2010 15,050 (4,850 - 24,890) 11,850 (-27,190 - 51,260) 26,900 (-22,340 - 76,150)2011 11,040 (3,610 - 18,220) 10,540 (-26,510 - 49,750) 21,580 (-22,900 - 67,970)2012 7,990 (2,330 - 13,460) 13,940 (-31,500 - 61,320) 21,930 (-29,170 - 74,780)2013 8,010 (2,710 - 13,120) 13,070 (-29,280 - 57,800) 21,080 (-26,570 - 70,920)2014 4,060 (1,190 - 6,820) 11,020 (-24,180 - 49,090) 15,080 (-22,990 - 55,910)2015 6,560 (2,140 - 10,820) 8,800 (-19,300 - 39,610) 15,360 (-17,160 - 50,430)2016 4,270 (1,360 - 7,070) 9,350 (-20,350 - 42,300) 13,620 (-18,990 - 49,370)2017 5,600 (1,800 - 9,270) 10,080 (-21,740 - 45,800) 15,680 (-19,940 - 55,070)
Adversely Impacted Days
Year PM2.5 (95% CI) O3 (95% CI) Total (95% CI)2010 6,916,000 (5,678,000 - 8,143,000) 14,514,000 (3,441,000 - 29,262,000) 21,431,000 (9,120,000 - 37,405,000)2011 5,367,000 (4,407,000 - 6,320,000) 14,004,000 (3,339,000 - 28,025,000) 19,371,000 (7,746,000 - 34,346,000)2012 3,267,000 (2,681,000 - 3,847,000) 17,897,000 (3,267,000 - 32,183,000) 21,163,000 (5,948,000 - 36,030,000)2013 4,224,000 (3,483,000 - 4,959,000) 16,950,000 (3,203,000 - 30,210,000) 21,174,000 (6,686,000 - 35,169,000)2014 1,661,000 (1,365,000 - 1,954,000) 14,956,000 (3,009,000 - 25,682,000) 16,617,000 (4,374,000 - 27,636,000)2015 3,246,000 (2,667,000 - 3,821,000) 11,563,000 (2,182,000 - 20,839,000) 14,809,000 (4,849,000 - 24,659,000)2016 2,078,000 (1,707,000 - 2,447,000) 12,054,000 (2,298,000 - 21,677,000) 14,132,000 (4,005,000 - 24,124,000)2017 2,804,000 (2,303,000 - 3,302,000) 11,600,000 (2,816,000 - 23,467,000) 14,404,000 (5,119,000 - 26,768,000)
Lung Cancer Incidence
Year PM2.5 (95% CI)2010 2,170 (1,120 - 3,187)2011 1,520 (780 - 2,240)2012 1,340 (690 - 1,970)2013 950 (490 - 1,390)2014 610 (320 - 900)2015 790 (410 - 1,160)2016 550 (280 - 800)2017 640 (330 - 950)
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TABLE E4: Health impacts and design values, by pollutant, for counties with at least one valid design value.
The 2017 design values for O3 (ppm) represent the 4th highest daily 8-hour maximum value averaged over three years from 2015-2017. The 2017 annual (or long-term) design value for PM2.5 (µg/m3) represents the annual concentration averaged over the same three years, while the daily (or short-term) PM2.5 design value represents the daily 98th percentile averaged over this same time. Counties with design values listed as "NA" indicate that valid monitoring data was not available for this three year period. The design value listed for each state represents that maximum design value among all listed counties for that state, while the health estimates listed for each state represent the sums of all listed counties.
Counties with valid monitoring concentrations below the current ATS recommendations have a "—" symbol listed under the health impacts. While further improvements in air quality in these counties is expected to result in additional public health benefits, this analysis only estimates health impacts associated with meeting ATS-recommended concentrations. Health estimates for counties without valid monitoring data is listed as "NA."
O3 PM2.5
State [County]2017
Design Value
Annual Mortality
Annual Morbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
2017 Design Value
AnnualMortality
AnnualLung
Cancer Incidence
AnnualMorbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
Annual 24-hour
Alabama 0.068 22 57 47,685 11.0 22 — — — —
Baldwin 0.063 1 4 2,318 7.7 17 — — — —
Clay NA NA NA NA 7.8 18 — — — —
Colbert 0.058 — — — 7.9 16 — — — —
DeKalb 0.062 0 1 632 8.3 16 — — — —
Etowah 0.061 0 1 542 8.7 17 — — — —
Houston 0.058 — — — 7.7 15 — — — —
Jefferson 0.068 11 28 23,774 11.0 22 — — — —
Madison 0.064 3 8 6,654 7.7 16 — — — —
Mobile 0.063 3 6 4,899 8.1 17 — — — —
Montgomery 0.061 0 1 1,029 8.8 20 — — — —
Morgan 0.063 1 2 1,595 7.9 15 — — — —
Russell 0.062 0 1 497 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Shelby 0.066 2 6 5,747 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Talladega NA NA NA NA 9.1 18 — — — —
Tuscaloosa 0.060 — — — 8.1 16 — — — —
Arizona 0.076 168 348 447,770 9.6 32 24 5 42 20,022
Cochise 0.065 2 3 2,977 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Coconino 0.066 1 2 4,500 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Gila 0.073 3 4 2,802 NA NA NA NA NA NA
La Paz 0.068 1 1 571 3.0 9 — — — —
Maricopa 0.076 117 264 350,380 9.6 27 23 5 39 18,736
Navajo 0.063 1 1 1,609 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Pima 0.069 22 32 42,245 6.1 15 — — — —
Pinal 0.074 11 24 25,911 8.6 32 1 0 1 600
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O3 PM2.5
State [County]2017
Design Value
Annual Mortality
Annual Morbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
2017 Design Value
AnnualMortality
AnnualLung
Cancer Incidence
AnnualMorbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
Annual 24-hour
Santa Cruz NA NA NA NA 9.2 28 1 0 1 686
Yavapai 0.067 6 7 6,274 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Yuma 0.072 5 9 10,502 7.5 19 — — — —
Arkansas 0.066 4 8 7,605 9.8 21 — — — —
Arkansas NA NA NA NA 8.3 18 — — — —
Ashley NA NA NA NA 8.2 16 — — — —
Clark 0.057 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Crittenden 0.066 1 1 1,396 8.3 16 — — — —
Garland NA NA NA NA 8.5 17 — — — —
Jackson NA NA NA NA 8.2 19 — — — —
Newton 0.057 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Polk 0.062 0 0 214 8.2 18 — — — —
Pulaski 0.063 3 7 5,996 9.8 21 — — — —
Union NA NA NA NA 8.9 18 — — — —
Washington 0.060 — — — 7.9 17 — — — —
California 0.112 1,266 3,336 4,473,107 22.2 72 2,539 463 4,616 2,321,961
Alameda 0.075 27 74 93,490 10.6 28 43 9 79 42,821
Amador 0.072 1 2 1,970 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Butte 0.076 10 27 16,922 8.6 28 3 1 4 1,652
Calaveras 0.078 2 3 3,519 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Colusa 0.063 0 0 355 7.6 24 — — — —
Contra Costa 0.068 9 27 35,382 9.3 30 16 3 26 13,441
El Dorado 0.083 10 12 20,322 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Fresno 0.092 48 116 162,658 14.0 54 177 34 248 154,736
Glenn 0.063 0 0 378 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Humboldt 0.043 — — — 6.8 21 — — — —
Imperial 0.077 4 16 14,796 12.0 31 10 2 27 9,306
Inyo 0.061 0 0 86 7.2 29 0 0 0 225
Kern 0.090 42 110 137,877 17.3 59 252 46 470 228,115
Kings 0.084 5 3 18,605 22.2 72 70 11 62 74,614
Lake 0.057 — — — 4.3 19 — — — —
Los Angeles 0.101 445 1,400 1,789,926 12.6 39 877 153 1,700 853,966
Madera 0.084 6 41 17,864 12.8 42 17 4 149 14,884
Marin 0.058 — — — 8.2 27 4 1 5 2,738
Mariposa 0.075 1 0 1,097 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Mendocino 0.052 — — — 8.1 24 — — — —
Merced 0.081 8 19 29,077 12.7 39 24 5 42 24,177
Monterey 0.059 — — — 6.1 28 1 0 2 1,064
Napa 0.063 1 1 1,715 10.9 35 7 1 8 4,426
Page 37 of 86
O3 PM2.5
State [County]2017
Design Value
Annual Mortality
Annual Morbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
2017 Design Value
AnnualMortality
AnnualLung
Cancer Incidence
AnnualMorbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
Annual 24-hour
Nevada 0.086 7 14 11,435 4.7 18 — — — —
Orange 0.078 77 165 256,444 7.5 15 — — — —
Placer 0.084 12 17 33,929 7.4 19 — — — —
Plumas NA NA NA NA 15.1 50 8 2 10 3,616
Riverside 0.101 146 322 447,042 13.6 39 312 60 464 258,748
Sacramento 0.082 55 124 158,706 9.6 34 27 6 43 21,935
San Benito 0.068 1 1 2,434 4.6 14 — — — —
San Bernardino 0.112 96 265 418,628 14.7 37 386 65 748 353,953
San Diego 0.084 112 250 375,179 8.9 22 — — — —
San Francisco 0.047 — — — 8.3 26 9 2 13 8,226
San Joaquin 0.077 21 58 58,305 12.2 39 61 13 112 50,983
San Luis Obispo 0.072 8 11 15,971 9.6 24 — — — —
San Mateo 0.056 — — — 7.7 23 — — — —
Santa Barbara 0.065 3 5 8,589 8.2 24 — — — —
Santa Clara 0.069 20 42 82,067 9.4 28 22 5 33 18,412
Santa Cruz 0.056 — — — 5.7 17 — — — —
Shasta 0.076 9 17 13,091 6.8 21 — — — —
Siskiyou NA NA NA NA 7.8 34 4 1 3 1,604
Solano 0.067 6 13 14,453 9.5 30 10 2 15 8,154
Sonoma 0.058 — — — 6.5 21 — — — —
Stanislaus 0.084 21 67 64,562 13.2 45 84 17 150 68,414
Sutter 0.071 2 2 6,065 9.0 28 1 0 1 864
Tehama 0.079 4 6 5,875 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Tulare 0.089 23 56 70,256 15.7 54 109 17 194 95,475
Tuolumne 0.080 2 3 4,067 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Ventura 0.077 21 44 69,898 9.7 43 6 1 9 5,411
Yolo 0.069 3 4 10,074 7.5 25 — — — —
Colorado 0.079 70 134 226,556 8.5 26 3 1 6 3,262
Adams 0.067 3 7 15,330 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Arapahoe 0.067 8 15 23,771 5.9 18 — — — —
Boulder NA NA NA NA 6.7 23 — — — —
Denver 0.069 6 11 25,845 8.5 23 — — — —
Douglas 0.077 6 17 32,148 5.4 19 — — — —
El Paso 0.068 9 17 27,895 5.7 17 — — — —
Garfield 0.062 0 0 589 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Gunnison 0.065 0 0 392 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Jefferson 0.079 23 34 53,715 NA NA NA NA NA NA
La Plata 0.069 1 2 2,577 4.9 9 — — — —
Larimer 0.075 8 17 25,421 7.1 21 — — — —
Mesa 0.064 2 2 3,159 6.1 19 — — — —
Montezuma 0.066 1 1 758 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Page 38 of 86
O3 PM2.5
State [County]2017
Design Value
Annual Mortality
Annual Morbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
2017 Design Value
AnnualMortality
AnnualLung
Cancer Incidence
AnnualMorbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
Annual 24-hour
Pueblo NA NA NA NA 5.2 16 — — — —
Rio Blanco 0.063 0 0 103 7.8 14 — — — —
Weld 0.070 4 10 14,854 8.3 26 3 1 6 3,262
Connecticut 0.083 96 269 242,585 8.6 22 — — — —
Fairfield 0.083 32 98 86,654 8.6 22 — — — —
Hartford 0.072 18 50 42,390 8.2 20 — — — —
Litchfield 0.072 5 12 8,714 4.6 13 — — — —
Middlesex 0.079 5 14 11,286 NA NA NA NA NA NA
New Haven 0.082 22 64 66,730 7.0 20 — — — —
New London 0.076 8 19 15,689 5.5 15 — — — —
Tolland 0.071 3 8 6,913 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Windham 0.070 2 5 4,211 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Delaware 0.074 15 36 39,190 7.4 17 — — — —
Kent 0.066 2 5 4,677 NA NA NA NA NA NA
New Castle 0.074 8 22 28,484 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Sussex 0.067 4 9 6,028 7.4 17 — — — —
D.C. 0.071 9 29 33,650 9.2 21 — — — —
Florida 0.067 65 174 143,655 8.0 18 — — — —
Alachua 0.059 — — — 6.1 14 — — — —
Baker 0.060 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Bay 0.060 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Brevard 0.060 — — — 5.7 14 — — — —
Broward 0.062 5 15 12,953 6.6 16 — — — —
Collier 0.059 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Columbia 0.060 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Escambia 0.063 2 5 3,774 7.4 15 — — — —
Flagler 0.059 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Highlands 0.060 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hillsborough 0.067 14 37 35,675 8.0 17 — — — —
Holmes 0.058 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Lake 0.063 2 5 3,177 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Lee 0.060 — — — 6.1 13 — — — —
Leon 0.061 0 1 1,040 7.4 17 — — — —
Liberty 0.056 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Manatee 0.063 2 4 3,444 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Marion 0.061 1 2 1,052 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Martin 0.061 0 0 292 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Page 39 of 86
O3 PM2.5
State [County]2017
Design Value
Annual Mortality
Annual Morbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
2017 Design Value
AnnualMortality
AnnualLung
Cancer Incidence
AnnualMorbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
Annual 24-hour
Miami-Dade 0.063 10 29 24,775 7.5 16 — — — —
Okaloosa 0.060 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orange 0.064 5 19 17,888 7.1 16 — — — —
Osceola 0.064 1 7 5,090 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Palm Beach 0.061 2 6 4,017 6.0 13 — — — —
Pasco 0.061 1 3 2,040 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Pinellas 0.062 4 9 6,316 7.1 18 — — — —
Polk 0.066 7 21 11,634 6.5 14 — — — —
St. Lucie 0.061 1 2 1,129 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Santa Rosa 0.061 0 1 877 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Sarasota 0.063 3 4 3,244 6.4 14 — — — —
Seminole 0.063 2 4 5,238 5.9 14 — — — —
Volusia 0.059 — — — 6.1 13 — — — —
Wakulla 0.059 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Georgia 0.075 56 168 210,161 10.5 29 1 0 1 377
Bibb 0.065 2 3 3,128 9.6 20 — — — —
Chatham 0.057 — — — 8.2 20 — — — —
Chattooga 0.061 0 0 110 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Clarke 0.064 1 2 2,392 8.2 16 — — — —
Clayton NA NA NA NA 9.6 18 — — — —
Cobb 0.067 7 20 24,602 9.0 18 — — — —
Columbia 0.059 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Coweta 0.063 1 2 1,923 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Dawson 0.065 0 0 445 NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeKalb 0.071 8 29 35,664 9.0 19 — — — —
Dougherty NA NA NA NA 9.0 22 — — — —
Douglas 0.069 2 5 5,865 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Fulton 0.075 18 55 68,162 10.5 23 — — — —
Glynn 0.056 — — — 7.5 22 — — — —
Gwinnett 0.071 10 37 49,955 8.7 20 — — — —
Hall NA NA NA NA 8.0 19 — — — —
Henry 0.071 4 9 11,160 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Houston NA NA NA NA 8.3 18 — — — —
Lowndes NA NA NA NA 7.8 18 — — — —
Murray 0.065 1 1 846 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Muscogee 0.061 0 1 854 9.5 29 1 0 1 377
Pike 0.067 0 1 575 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Richmond 0.061 0 1 845 9.3 23 — — — —
Rockdale 0.069 1 3 3,635 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Sumter 0.060 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Walker NA NA NA NA 9.0 18 — — — —
Page 40 of 86
O3 PM2.5
State [County]2017
Design Value
Annual Mortality
Annual Morbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
2017 Design Value
AnnualMortality
AnnualLung
Cancer Incidence
AnnualMorbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
Annual 24-hour
Washington NA NA NA NA 8.3 23 — — — —
Idaho 0.070 7 15 21,071 12.6 47 26 7 41 20,643
Ada 0.070 7 15 21,071 7.6 31 12 3 20 11,076
Bannock NA NA NA NA 7.7 27 1 0 2 994
Benewah NA NA NA NA 10.5 39 1 0 1 502
Butte 0.060 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Canyon NA NA NA NA 9.4 34 7 2 12 5,961
Franklin NA NA NA NA 7.0 30 0 0 0 81
Lemhi NA NA NA NA 12.6 47 2 0 2 802
Shoshone NA NA NA NA 12.4 41 3 1 3 1,225
Illinois 0.073 169 523 492,417 10.5 25 — — — —
Adams 0.063 1 1 866 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Champaign 0.066 2 5 5,567 7.9 17 — — — —
Clark 0.065 0 0 346 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Cook 0.073 97 309 295,066 10.5 25 — — — —
DuPage 0.070 16 50 45,616 8.3 20 — — — —
Effingham 0.066 1 1 929 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hamilton 0.065 0 0 193 8.2 18 — — — —
Jo Daviess 0.064 0 1 368 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Kane 0.069 7 24 22,890 8.3 19 — — — —
Lake 0.073 13 41 39,903 NA NA NA NA NA NA
McHenry 0.069 5 13 12,798 NA NA NA NA NA NA
McLean 0.064 1 4 3,483 8.0 18 — — — —
Macon 0.066 2 4 2,903 8.4 17 — — — —
Macoupin 0.065 1 1 948 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Madison 0.070 7 15 12,737 9.7 22 — — — —
Peoria 0.065 2 5 4,256 8.2 17 — — — —
Randolph 0.066 1 1 878 8.5 18 — — — —
Rock Island 0.063 1 3 1,944 8.1 20 — — — —
Saint Clair 0.068 4 11 10,213 9.8 19 — — — —
Sangamon 0.067 3 8 6,220 8.2 20 — — — —
Will 0.065 5 17 16,799 7.9 19 — — — —
Winnebago 0.066 4 9 7,493 8.3 18 — — — —
Indiana 0.071 65 86 141,679 10.5 25 — — — —
Allen 0.064 3 4 7,006 8.9 22 — — — —
Bartholomew 0.067 1 3 2,603 8.3 18 — — — —
Boone 0.066 1 1 1,776 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Carroll 0.063 0 0 258 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Page 41 of 86
O3 PM2.5
State [County]2017
Design Value
Annual Mortality
Annual Morbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
2017 Design Value
AnnualMortality
AnnualLung
Cancer Incidence
AnnualMorbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
Annual 24-hour
Clark 0.071 3 5 5,766 9.6 22 — — — —
Delaware 0.062 1 1 922 8.1 17 — — — —
Dubois NA NA NA NA 8.9 20 — — — —
Elkhart 0.064 2 3 3,662 9.1 25 — — — —
Floyd 0.071 2 3 3,501 8.5 19 — — — —
Greene 0.067 1 1 1,025 8.1 18 — — — —
Hamilton 0.067 3 4 10,222 8.3 19 — — — —
Hendricks 0.063 1 1 2,174 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Henry NA NA NA NA 7.5 16 — — — —
Howard NA NA NA NA 9.5 21 — — — —
Huntington 0.060 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Jackson 0.065 1 1 983 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Johnson 0.062 1 1 1,157 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Knox 0.066 1 1 1,026 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Lake 0.068 8 10 17,148 9.3 23 — — — —
LaPorte 0.067 2 3 3,239 8.1 20 — — — —
Madison 0.062 1 1 1,069 8.2 19 — — — —
Marion 0.070 18 18 42,365 10.5 22 — — — —
Monroe NA NA NA NA 7.9 17 — — — —
Morgan 0.062 0 1 659 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Perry 0.067 0 1 626 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Porter 0.069 3 4 6,677 8.3 20 — — — —
Posey 0.067 0 1 779 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Shelby 0.064 0 1 791 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Spencer NA NA NA NA 8.7 19 — — — —
St. Joseph 0.070 5 7 11,716 8.7 22 — — — —
Tippecanoe NA NA NA NA 8.2 19 — — — —
Vanderburgh 0.069 4 7 7,581 9.3 19 — — — —
Vigo 0.067 2 2 3,291 9.0 20 — — — —
Wabash 0.068 1 1 1,067 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Warrick 0.069 1 2 2,590 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Whitley NA NA NA NA 8.1 20 — — — —
Iowa 0.062 1 3 3,117 8.7 23 — — — —
Black Hawk NA NA NA NA 7.9 20 — — — —
Bremer 0.060 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Clinton 0.062 0 0 307 8.6 21 — — — —
Harrison 0.062 0 0 118 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Johnson NA NA NA NA 7.7 19 — — — —
Lee NA NA NA NA 8.4 19 — — — —
Linn 0.061 0 0 663 8.1 20 — — — —
Montgomery 0.060 — — — 6.5 16 — — — —
Page 42 of 86
O3 PM2.5
State [County]2017
Design Value
Annual Mortality
Annual Morbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
2017 Design Value
AnnualMortality
AnnualLung
Cancer Incidence
AnnualMorbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
Annual 24-hour
Muscatine NA NA NA NA 8.3 21 — — — —
Palo Alto 0.061 0 0 47 6.8 16 — — — —
Polk 0.059 — — — 7.4 18 — — — —
Pottawattamie NA NA NA NA 7.7 18 — — — —
Scott 0.062 1 2 1,981 8.7 23 — — — —
Van Buren 0.059 — — — 6.9 18 — — — —
Kansas 0.064 5 11 11,411 8.8 21 — — — —
Johnson 0.059 — — — 7.3 17 — — — —
Leavenworth 0.060 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Neosho 0.061 0 0 95 7.8 18 — — — —
Sedgwick 0.063 3 7 7,369 7.9 21 — — — —
Shawnee 0.062 1 2 1,560 7.7 19 — — — —
Sumner 0.064 0 0 402 7.0 17 — — — —
Trego 0.061 0 0 8 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Wyandotte 0.062 1 2 1,977 8.8 21 — — — —
Kentucky 0.074 37 85 76,711 9.7 25 — — — —
Bell 0.060 — — — 8.8 25 — — — —
Boone 0.062 0 1 1,266 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Boyd 0.065 1 2 1,033 8.0 18 — — — —
Bullitt 0.065 1 2 1,953 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Campbell 0.069 2 4 3,703 8.4 19 — — — —
Carter 0.062 0 0 289 6.7 16 — — — —
Christian 0.061 0 0 430 8.5 19 — — — —
Daviess 0.065 1 2 2,272 8.8 19 — — — —
Edmonson 0.064 0 0 207 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Fayette 0.066 3 7 9,089 8.2 18 — — — —
Greenup 0.062 0 0 324 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hancock 0.067 0 0 277 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hardin 0.064 1 3 2,152 8.5 18 — — — —
Henderson 0.068 1 2 1,662 8.9 18 — — — —
Jefferson 0.074 23 56 45,834 9.7 21 — — — —
Jessamine 0.064 0 1 1,046 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Livingston 0.064 0 0 174 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Madison NA NA NA NA 7.7 17 — — — —
McCracken 0.062 0 1 620 8.6 18 — — — —
Morgan 0.064 0 0 231 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oldham 0.068 1 2 2,617 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Perry 0.058 — — — 8.0 19 — — — —
Pike 0.059 — — — 7.4 20 — — — —
Page 43 of 86
O3 PM2.5
State [County]2017
Design Value
Annual Mortality
Annual Morbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
2017 Design Value
AnnualMortality
AnnualLung
Cancer Incidence
AnnualMorbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
Annual 24-hour
Pulaski 0.061 0 0 233 7.9 17 — — — —
Simpson 0.064 0 0 333 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Trigg 0.061 0 0 47 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Warren 0.061 0 1 725 8.2 17 — — — —
Washington 0.064 0 0 193 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Louisiana 0.070 23 51 55,280 10.2 21 — — — —
Ascension 0.070 2 4 4,726 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Bossier 0.065 1 3 2,735 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Caddo 0.063 2 3 3,133 10.2 21 — — — —
Calcasieu 0.066 3 5 4,672 7.6 18 — — — —East Baton
Rouge 0.067 4 10 11,072 9.0 20 — — — —
Iberville 0.066 0 1 757 8.2 19 — — — —
Jefferson 0.066 4 9 10,518 7.5 19 — — — —
Lafayette 0.065 2 4 4,613 7.6 16 — — — —
Lafourche 0.063 1 1 1,191 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Livingston 0.068 2 4 4,248 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Orleans NA NA NA NA 8.2 18 — — — —
Pointe Coupee 0.067 0 1 505 NA NA NA NA NA NA
St. Bernard 0.064 0 1 708 8.5 19 — — — —
St. James 0.063 0 0 234 NA NA NA NA NA NASt. John the
Baptist 0.065 0 1 874 NA NA NA NA NA NA
St. Tammany 0.065 2 5 4,658 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Tangipahoa NA NA NA NA 7.5 16 — — — —
Terrebonne NA NA NA NA 7.1 16 — — — —West Baton
Rouge 0.067 0 1 635 9.1 19 — — — —
Maine 0.071 7 2 3,305 7.3 20 — — — —
Androscoggin 0.059 — — — 7.0 17 — — — —
Aroostook 0.052 — — — 7.3 19 — — — —
Cumberland* 0.064 3 NA NA 7.0 17 — — — —
Hancock* 0.071 2 NA NA 4.1 12 — — — —
Kennebec 0.063 1 1 1,278 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Knox 0.064 0 1 546 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oxford NA NA NA NA 6.6 20 — — — —
Penobscot 0.060 — — — 6.4 15 — — — —
Washington 0.060 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
York 0.062 1 1 1,481 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Maryland 0.075 71 218 201,855 9.1 23 — — — —
Page 44 of 86
O3 PM2.5
State [County]2017
Design Value
Annual Mortality
Annual Morbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
2017 Design Value
AnnualMortality
AnnualLung
Cancer Incidence
AnnualMorbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
Annual 24-hour
Baltimore 0.073 13 44 39,616 8.9 23 — — — —
Calvert 0.067 1 3 3,236 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Carroll 0.069 4 6 7,131 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Cecil 0.074 3 6 5,965 8.4 21 — — — —
Charles 0.069 2 8 6,930 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Dorchester 0.065 0 2 701 7.8 17 — — — —
Frederick 0.069 4 9 10,536 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Garrett 0.066 0 1 806 5.5 14 — — — —
Harford 0.075 7 15 15,671 8.1 21 — — — —
Howard NA NA NA NA 9.1 20 — — — —
Kent 0.070 1 2 761 7.9 18 — — — —
Montgomery 0.068 10 22 37,286 7.4 18 — — — —
Prince George's 0.071 12 36 44,094 8.4 18 — — — —
Washington 0.067 3 6 4,844 8.6 20 — — — —
Baltimore (City) 0.069 11 59 24,279 8.7 22 — — — —
Massachusetts 0.073 71 188 160,549 7.2 18 — — — —
Berkshire NA NA NA NA 6.3 15 — — — —
Bristol 0.073 14 43 27,790 6.1 15 — — — —
Essex 0.066 8 23 17,927 5.3 15 — — — —
Franklin 0.065 1 2 1,348 5.5 15 — — — —
Hampden 0.071 9 30 19,853 6.9 18 — — — —
Hampshire 0.070 2 4 6,404 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Middlesex 0.064 9 19 23,510 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Norfolk 0.070 12 26 26,548 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Plymouth 0.068 7 19 14,984 5.3 16 — — — —
Suffolk 0.061 1 3 3,051 7.2 16 — — — —
Worcester 0.066 8 20 19,133 5.9 15 — — — —
Michigan 0.074 132 304 313,447 11.2 28 41 NA 32 NA
Allegan 0.073 2 4 6,139 7.5 21 — — — —
Bay NA NA NA NA 7.1 22 — — — —
Benzie 0.068 0 1 528 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Berrien 0.073 5 8 8,600 7.8 21 — — — —
Cass 0.072 2 2 2,578 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Chippewa 0.057 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Genesee 0.067 7 15 12,810 7.5 19 — — — —
Huron 0.067 1 1 835 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Ingham 0.067 3 8 9,424 7.7 20 — — — —
Kalamazoo 0.069 4 8 10,699 8.4 22 — — — —
Kent 0.068 8 18 23,735 9.1 25 — — — —
Page 45 of 86
O3 PM2.5
State [County]2017
Design Value
Annual Mortality
Annual Morbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
2017 Design Value
AnnualMortality
AnnualLung
Cancer Incidence
AnnualMorbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
Annual 24-hour
Lenawee 0.066 2 2 2,680 7.8 19 — — — —
Macomb 0.071 21 47 42,770 8.2 23 — — — —
Manistee 0.067 1 1 642 5.9 17 — — — —
Mason 0.068 1 1 926 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Missaukee 0.066 0 0 364 5.1 15 — — — —
Monroe NA NA NA NA 8.2 22 — — — —
Muskegon 0.074 5 7 9,680 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oakland 0.070 23 57 54,680 8.5 23 — — — —
Ottawa 0.068 4 8 10,711 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Schoolcraft 0.067 0 0 210 NA NA NA NA NA NA
St. Clair 0.071 5 10 7,504 8.4 22 — — — —
Tuscola 0.065 1 2 1,207 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Washtenaw 0.069 4 12 14,589 8.4 21 — — — —
Wayne** 0.073 34 89 91,375 11.2 28 41 13 20 NA
Wexford 0.066 0 1 762 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Minnesota 0.062 1 2 3,916 8.0 19 — — — —
Anoka 0.062 1 2 2,777 6.7 18 — — — —
Becker 0.059 — — — 4.8 16 — — — —
Beltrami NA NA NA NA 5.2 15 — — — —
Carlton 0.059 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Crow Wing 0.059 — — — 5.8 16 — — — —
Dakota NA NA NA NA 6.7 17 — — — —
Goodhue 0.060 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hennepin 0.055 — — — 8.0 18 — — — —
Lake 0.055 — — — 4.0 12 — — — —
Lyon NA NA NA NA 5.0 17 — — — —
Mille Lacs 0.060 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Olmsted 0.061 0 0 420 6.7 17 — — — —
Ramsey NA NA NA NA 7.5 19 — — — —
Saint Louis 0.054 — — — 5.2 16 — — — —
Scott 0.061 0 0 720 6.4 16 — — — —
Stearns 0.059 — — — 5.7 16 — — — —
Washington 0.060 — — — 6.4 19 — — — —
Wright 0.060 — — — 6.3 17 — — — —
Mississippi 0.064 4 9 7,790 8.9 19 — — — —
Forrest NA NA NA NA 8.9 17 — — — —
Grenada NA NA NA NA 7.2 14 — — — —
Bolivar 0.062 0 0 242 NA NA NA NA NA NA
DeSoto 0.062 1 1 1,728 8.1 16 — — — —
Page 46 of 86
O3 PM2.5
State [County]2017
Design Value
Annual Mortality
Annual Morbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
2017 Design Value
AnnualMortality
AnnualLung
Cancer Incidence
AnnualMorbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
Annual 24-hour
Hancock 0.060 — — — 8.1 18 — — — —
Harrison 0.064 2 4 3,275 8.1 17 — — — —
Hinds 0.061 0 1 842 8.9 19 — — — —
Jackson 0.063 1 2 1,704 8.3 18 — — — —
Lauderdale 0.056 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Lee 0.058 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Yalobusha 0.055 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Missouri 0.072 42 99 97,815 9.5 21 — — — —
Andrew 0.062 0 0 160 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Boone 0.063 1 3 3,047 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Buchanan NA NA NA NA 8.8 19 — — — —
Callaway 0.062 0 0 394 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Cass 0.063 1 2 1,484 7.3 17 — — — —
Cedar 0.060 — — — 6.8 16 — — — —
Clay 0.069 4 10 9,964 7.1 16 — — — —
Clinton 0.067 1 1 689 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Greene 0.060 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Jackson NA NA NA NA 9.0 20 — — — —
Jasper 0.060 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Jefferson 0.068 4 8 7,939 9.3 20 — — — —
Monroe 0.059 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Perry 0.067 0 1 616 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Saint Charles 0.072 5 15 20,101 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Saint Louis 0.069 22 51 43,625 9.5 21 — — — —Sainte
Genevieve 0.065 0 1 430 NA NA NA NA NA NA
St. Louis City 0.066 4 8 9,367 9.0 21 — — — —
Taney 0.057 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Montana 0.058 — — — 13.0 72 46 12 58 28,823
Fergus 0.057 — — — 5.1 29 0 0 0 172
Flathead 0.053 — — — 9.1 49 8 2 11 5,189
Lewis and Clark 0.058 — — — 9.8 47 6 1 8 3,777
Lincoln NA NA NA NA 13.0 48 5 2 5 2,114
Missoula 0.055 — — — 11.4 55 13 3 19 11,034
Phillips 0.056 — — — 5.7 27 0 0 0 62
Powder River 0.057 — — — 7.8 30 0 0 0 39
Ravalli NA NA NA NA 11.7 72 10 2 11 4,750
Rosebud 0.057 — — — 6.5 29 0 0 0 163
Silver Bow NA NA NA NA 10.3 40 3 1 3 1,525
Page 47 of 86
O3 PM2.5
State [County]2017
Design Value
Annual Mortality
Annual Morbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
2017 Design Value
AnnualMortality
AnnualLung
Cancer Incidence
AnnualMorbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
Annual 24-hour
Nebraska 0.064 3 5 6,783 8.9 20 — — — —
Douglas 0.063 3 5 6,651 8.9 20 — — — —
Hall NA NA NA NA 5.9 14 — — — —
Knox 0.064 0 0 132 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Lancaster 0.060 — — — 6.4 17 — — — —
Sarpy NA NA NA NA 8.7 19 — — — —
Washington NA NA NA NA 6.6 15 — — — —
Nevada 0.074 78 154 182,626 9.8 24.0 — — — —
Churchill 0.068 1 2 919 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Clark 0.074 63 128 154,425 9.8 24 — — — —
Douglas NA NA NA NA 7.9 NA — — — —
Lyon 0.069 1 2 2,175 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Washoe 0.070 11 20 23,282 7.6 24 — — — —
White Pine 0.064 0 0 189 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Carson City 0.066 1 2 1,636 5.0 15 — — — —
New Hampshire 0.068 11 27 22,822 6.5 20 — — — —
Belknap 0.059 — — — 4.7 10 — — — —
Cheshire 0.063 0 1 812 6.5 20 — — — —
Coos 0.068 1 2 996 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Grafton 0.057 — — — 5.8 15 — — — —
Hillsborough 0.067 6 14 12,484 4.6 12 — — — —
Merrimack 0.063 1 2 1,662 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Rockingham 0.066 3 8 6,867 5.8 14 — — — —
New Jersey 0.077 129 370 328,192 10.3 25 — — — —
Atlantic 0.064 3 8 5,352 7.3 16 — — — —
Bergen 0.074 19 40 51,183 8.5 22 — — — —
Camden 0.077 14 57 35,311 10.3 25 — — — —
Cumberland 0.066 2 8 4,200 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Essex 0.068 8 36 26,047 8.6 20 — — — —
Gloucester 0.074 8 18 16,887 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hudson 0.070 7 28 28,654 8.4 21 — — — —
Hunterdon 0.072 2 4 6,050 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Mercer 0.073 7 27 19,491 7.7 20 — — — —
Middlesex 0.075 16 42 50,112 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Monmouth 0.068 10 23 20,668 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Morris 0.069 7 12 17,890 6.4 16 — — — —
Ocean 0.073 19 43 27,547 6.9 18 — — — —
Passaic 0.068 6 23 16,803 8.0 19 — — — —
Page 48 of 86
O3 PM2.5
State [County]2017
Design Value
Annual Mortality
Annual Morbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
2017 Design Value
AnnualMortality
AnnualLung
Cancer Incidence
AnnualMorbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
Annual 24-hour
Union NA NA NA NA 9.7 23 — — — —
Warren 0.065 1 2 1,996 8.6 22 — — — —
New Mexico 0.072 22 41 55,268 9.0 27 1 0 1 765
Bernalillo 0.067 10 16 24,175 7.2 18 — — — —
Dona Ana 0.072 5 11 13,185 9.0 27 1 0 1 765
Eddy 0.068 1 2 2,216 NA NA NA NA NA
Lea 0.067 1 2 2,522 7.5 15 — — — —
Rio Arriba 0.065 0 1 945 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Sandoval 0.065 2 3 3,692 NA NA NA NA NA NA
San Juan 0.068 1 2 4,499 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Santa Fe 0.063 1 2 2,097 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Valencia 0.065 1 2 1,936 NA NA NA NA NA NA
New York 0.076 181 625 533,594 9.7 23 — — — —
Albany 0.064 2 5 5,652 7.0 18 — — — —
Bronx 0.070 18 168 62,387 8.6 21 — — — —
Chautauqua 0.068 3 4 4,500 6.6 15 — — — —
Dutchess 0.067 4 7 8,316 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Erie 0.070 20 35 38,422 7.8 18 — — — —
Essex 0.065 1 1 729 3.9 11 — — — —
Hamilton 0.062 0 0 31 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Herkimer 0.063 0 1 717 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Kings NA NA NA NA 8.2 20 — — — —
Monroe 0.066 8 15 17,977 7.0 17 — — — —
New York 0.070 17 85 64,563 9.7 23 — — — —
Niagara 0.066 2 5 5,086 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Onondaga 0.064 4 6 7,723 5.5 14 — — — —
Orange 0.065 3 8 7,493 6.6 16 — — — —
Oswego 0.061 0 1 573 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Putnam 0.070 1 3 3,891 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Queens 0.074 35 118 123,241 7.3 19 — — — —
Richmond 0.076 13 37 31,776 7.7 19 — — — —
Rockland 0.072 6 12 16,205 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Saratoga 0.062 1 1 1,749 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Steuben 0.059 — — — 5.0 12 — — — —
Suffolk 0.076 24 62 79,433 6.9 17 — — — —
Tompkins 0.062 0 0 815 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Wayne 0.064 1 1 1,393 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Westchester 0.073 18 49 50,921 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Page 49 of 86
O3 PM2.5
State [County]2017
Design Value
Annual Mortality
Annual Morbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
2017 Design Value
AnnualMortality
AnnualLung
Cancer Incidence
AnnualMorbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
Annual 24-hour
North Carolina 0.070 49 126 142,661 8.8 27 1 0 2 730
Alexander 0.064 0 1 679 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Avery 0.061 0 0 97 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Buncombe 0.062 1 3 2,296 7.4 23 — — — —
Caldwell 0.064 1 2 1,574 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Caswell 0.061 0 0 84 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Catawba NA NA NA NA 8.7 20 — — — —
Cumberland 0.063 2 4 4,675 8.3 17 — — — —
Davidson NA NA NA NA 8.4 19 — — — —
Durham 0.061 1 2 1,753 8.8 19 — — — —
Edgecombe 0.062 0 1 565 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Forsyth 0.067 6 13 12,555 7.6 16 — — — —
Graham 0.063 0 0 126 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Granville 0.064 1 1 1,060 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Guilford 0.065 5 12 12,549 8.2 16 — — — —
Haywood 0.064 1 2 1,156 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Jackson NA NA NA NA 7.8 27 1 0 2 730
Johnston 0.063 1 2 2,642 7.4 15 — — — —
Lee 0.061 0 0 242 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Lenoir 0.062 0 1 469 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Lincoln 0.067 1 3 2,634 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Macon 0.061 0 0 140 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Martin 0.060 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Mecklenburg 0.070 13 42 52,218 8.7 18 — — — —
Mitchell NA NA NA NA 7.5 20 — — — —
Montgomery NA NA NA NA 6.5 15 — — — —
New Hanover 0.058 — — — 5.7 14 — — — —
Person 0.061 0 0 213 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Pitt 0.062 1 2 2,051 6.9 14 — — — —
Rockingham 0.065 2 2 2,119 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Rowan 0.064 2 3 2,777 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Swain 0.060 — — — 8.1 25 — — — —
Union 0.067 3 7 7,864 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Wake 0.066 7 25 30,121 8.8 18 — — — —
North Dakota 0.060 — — — 5.8 24 — — — —
Billings 0.060 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Burke 0.059 — — — 4.3 24 — — — —
Burleigh NA NA NA NA 5.4 21 — — — —
Cass 0.057 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Dunn 0.058 — — — 5.8 0 — — — —
McKenzie 0.058 — — — 3.7 20 — — — —
Page 50 of 86
O3 PM2.5
State [County]2017
Design Value
Annual Mortality
Annual Morbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
2017 Design Value
AnnualMortality
AnnualLung
Cancer Incidence
AnnualMorbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
Annual 24-hour
Mercer 0.057 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oliver 0.060 — — — 4.9 18 — — — —
Williams 0.057 — — — 4.1 23 — — — —
Ohio 0.074 167 354 343,967 11.7 25 75 20 96 42,208
Allen 0.067 2 4 3,157 8.3 18 — — — —
Ashtabula 0.070 3 5 4,280 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Athens NA NA NA NA 6.7 14 — — — —
Butler 0.071 8 19 19,343 11.1 23 4 1 6 2,824
Clark 0.070 4 7 5,602 8.5 19 — — — —
Clermont 0.070 4 10 9,616 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Clinton 0.070 1 2 1,857 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Cuyahoga 0.070 31 63 54,409 11.7 25 71 19 90 39,384
Delaware 0.065 1 4 4,842 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Fayette 0.067 1 1 896 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Franklin 0.071 25 58 65,053 9.0 20 — — — —
Geauga 0.073 3 7 5,293 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Greene 0.068 3 6 5,969 7.8 16 — — — —
Hamilton 0.073 15 35 43,387 10.1 22 — — — —
Jefferson 0.062 0 1 595 10.7 25 — — — —
Knox 0.066 1 2 1,627 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Lake 0.074 6 12 12,926 7.4 17 — — — —
Lawrence 0.066 1 2 1,625 6.8 16 — — — —
Licking 0.066 2 5 4,717 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Lorain 0.065 4 8 6,731 7.6 18 — — — —
Lucas 0.066 6 12 11,633 9.0 21 — — — —
Madison 0.067 1 1 1,502 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Mahoning 0.059 — — — 9.0 20 — — — —
Medina 0.064 2 4 3,311 8.4 19 — — — —
Miami 0.068 2 4 3,738 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Montgomery 0.070 13 26 22,339 8.9 20 — — — —
Noble 0.065 0 0 285 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Portage 0.062 1 1 1,456 7.8 18 — — — —
Preble 0.067 1 1 1,228 7.7 17 — — — —
Stark 0.069 9 18 14,832 10.1 22 — — — —
Summit 0.064 6 11 9,424 10.2 22 — — — —
Trumbull 0.068 5 9 7,008 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Warren 0.071 5 12 12,014 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Washington 0.064 1 1 1,080 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Wood 0.064 1 2 2,192 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 0.069 26 59 60,457 8.8 20 — — — —
Page 51 of 86
O3 PM2.5
State [County]2017
Design Value
Annual Mortality
Annual Morbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
2017 Design Value
AnnualMortality
AnnualLung
Cancer Incidence
AnnualMorbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
Annual 24-hour
Adair 0.059 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Canadian 0.065 1 3 3,251 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Cherokee 0.059 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Cleveland 0.066 2 5 6,887 7.9 17 — — — —
Comanche 0.064 1 2 2,388 7.1 15 — — — —
Creek 0.063 1 1 904 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Dewey 0.065 0 0 108 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Kay 0.062 0 1 399 NA NA NA NA NA NA
McClain 0.066 1 1 1,124 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Mayes 0.062 0 0 390 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Oklahoma 0.069 15 33 32,762 8.1 18 — — — —
Ottawa 0.056 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Pittsburg 0.060 — — — 7.7 18 — — — —
Sequoyah 0.059 — — — 8.1 17 — — — —
Tulsa 0.064 6 13 12,244 8.8 20 — — — —
Oregon 0.072 22 34 52,079 11.6 59 141 34 156 81,282
Clackamas 0.072 7 10 16,558 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Columbia 0.057 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Crook NA NA NA NA 9.2 41 2 1 2 1,072
Harney NA NA NA NA 9.2 34 0 0 0 128
Jackson 0.065 3 4 4,140 11.6 59 42 10 46 21,793
Josephine NA NA NA NA 10.0 50 19 6 17 7,431
Klamath NA NA NA NA 9.3 36 4 1 5 2,207
Lake NA NA NA NA 8.6 37 1 0 1 312
Lane 0.066 4 5 7,348 9.5 52 66 14 74 41,559
Marion 0.069 4 7 10,551 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Multnomah 0.060 — — — 6.9 25 — — — —
Umatilla 0.068 1 2 2,732 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Washington 0.065 3 6 10,750 7.4 28 6 1 11 6,780
Pennsylvania 0.080 206 532 462,177 13.0 37 199 56 286 113,597
Adams 0.066 2 4 2,676 8.3 20 — — — —
Allegheny 0.070 32 71 54,105 13.0 37 184 52 259 103,967
Armstrong 0.069 2 4 2,600 10.4 21 — — — —
Beaver 0.069 5 9 6,494 9.5 21 — — — —
Berks 0.070 7 21 17,372 9.1 26 3 1 6 2,157
Blair 0.064 1 3 2,216 9.2 23 — — — —
Bradford 0.057 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Bucks 0.080 15 40 40,010 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Cambria 0.063 1 2 1,638 10.8 25 — — — —
Page 52 of 86
O3 PM2.5
State [County]2017
Design Value
Annual Mortality
Annual Morbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
2017 Design Value
AnnualMortality
AnnualLung
Cancer Incidence
AnnualMorbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
Annual 24-hour
Centre 0.065 1 4 3,821 8.0 20 — — — —
Chester 0.073 11 34 28,535 10.1 24 — — — —
Clearfield 0.066 1 3 2,049 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Cumberland NA NA NA NA 8.7 25 — — — —
Dauphin 0.066 3 9 7,404 9.5 26 3 1 5 2,044
Delaware 0.071 13 31 26,651 10.3 24 — — — —
Elk 0.066 0 1 728 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Erie 0.065 3 8 6,213 8.3 19 — — — —
Franklin 0.059 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Greene 0.068 1 2 1,225 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Indiana 0.070 2 5 3,724 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Lackawanna 0.067 4 8 6,140 9.1 20 — — — —
Lancaster 0.070 10 28 22,693 10.8 28 7 1 12 4,205
Lawrence 0.066 2 3 2,319 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Lebanon 0.069 3 7 5,243 10.1 30 2 1 4 1,225
Lehigh 0.070 6 18 14,638 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Luzerne 0.064 3 7 5,196 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Lycoming 0.064 1 3 2,005 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Mercer 0.068 3 5 3,829 9.8 22 — — — —
Monroe 0.067 2 6 4,862 7.1 18 — — — —
Montgomery 0.072 17 49 39,320 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Northampton 0.070 6 16 12,301 9.0 24 — — — —
Philadelphia 0.078 30 88 99,488 10.6 24 — — — —
Tioga* 0.064 1 NA NA 8.5 17 — — — —
Washington 0.068 3 7 6,456 9.4 20 — — — —
Westmoreland 0.067 7 15 10,432 9.4 20 — — — —
York 0.070 9 24 19,796 9.6 23 — — — —
Rhode Island 0.072 15 38 35,750 9.1 20 — — — —
Kent 0.072 4 8 6,735 4.8 13 — — — —
Providence 0.070 10 27 23,869 9.1 20 — — — —
Washington 0.071 2 4 5,146 5.7 15 — — — —
South Carolina 0.066 15 27 33,905 9.1 23 — — — —
Aiken 0.059 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Anderson 0.059 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Berkeley 0.057 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Charleston 0.059 — — — 7.1 0 — — — —
Chesterfield 0.060 — — — 7.2 15 — — — —
Colleton 0.056 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Darlington 0.061 0 0 372 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Page 53 of 86
O3 PM2.5
State [County]2017
Design Value
Annual Mortality
Annual Morbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
2017 Design Value
AnnualMortality
AnnualLung
Cancer Incidence
AnnualMorbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
Annual 24-hour
Edgefield 0.061 0 0 134 8.3 18 — — — —
Greenville 0.065 5 7 11,607 9.1 23 — — — —
Lexington NA NA NA NA 8.8 19 — — — —
Oconee 0.063 1 1 906 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Pickens 0.063 1 2 1,826 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Richland 0.064 3 5 8,222 8.1 17 — — — —
Spartanburg 0.066 5 9 8,416 8.3 16 — — — —
York 0.062 1 1 2,422 NA NA NA NA NA NA
South Dakota 0.064 1 3 3,722 7.7 23 — — — —
Brookings 0.062 0 0 274 5.0 15 — — — —
Brown NA NA NA NA 5.8 14 — — — —
Codington NA NA NA NA 6.5 16 — — — —
Custer 0.061 0 0 34 3.7 16 — — — —
Hughes NA NA NA NA 4.1 13 — — — —
Jackson 0.061 0 0 15 3.5 15 — — — —
Meade 0.054 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Minnehaha 0.064 1 3 3,266 6.9 17 — — — —
Pennington NA NA NA NA 7.7 23 — — — —
Union 0.062 0 0 133 6.8 17 — — — —
Tennessee 0.067 45 176 97,358 10.0 34 7 2 15 4,924
Anderson 0.064 1 3 1,343 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Blount 0.067 3 10 4,143 8.0 24 — — — —
Claiborne* 0.062 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Davidson 0.066 6 27 19,182 8.9 18 — — — —
DeKalb 0.061 0 0 53 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Dyer NA NA NA NA 6.9 14 — — — —
Hamilton 0.067 6 24 11,253 8.7 18 — — — —
Jefferson 0.067 1 4 1,740 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Knox 0.067 7 27 14,429 10.0 34 7 2 15 4,924
Lawrence NA NA NA NA 6.7 14 — — — —
Madison NA NA NA NA 6.9 14 — — — —
McMinn NA NA NA NA 8.3 20 — — — —
Montgomery NA NA NA NA 8.1 16 — — — —
Putnam NA NA NA NA 7.3 16 — — — —
Roane NA NA NA NA 8.1 17 — — — —
Sevier 0.067 2 8 3,312 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Shelby 0.067 11 48 30,603 7.6 15 — — — —
Sullivan 0.066 3 12 4,266 7.5 16 — — — —
Sumner 0.066 2 9 5,074 7.9 16 — — — —
Page 54 of 86
O3 PM2.5
State [County]2017
Design Value
Annual Mortality
Annual Morbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
2017 Design Value
AnnualMortality
AnnualLung
Cancer Incidence
AnnualMorbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
Annual 24-hour
Williamson 0.060 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Wilson 0.063 1 3 1,959 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Texas 0.081 314 936 1,155,163 10.7 26 5 1 15 5,971
Bell 0.069 4 11 13,354 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Bexar 0.074 33 93 106,929 8.4 20 — — — —
Brazoria 0.077 7 18 21,827 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Brewster 0.062 0 0 70 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Cameron 0.057 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Collin 0.074 14 52 63,260 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Dallas 0.074 41 119 147,102 8.9 18 — — — —
Denton 0.079 17 56 72,371 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Ellis 0.065 1 3 3,849 8.7 18 — — — —
El Paso 0.071 13 42 46,473 8.9 23 — — — —
Galveston 0.077 9 18 19,753 6.7 22 — — — —
Gregg 0.065 1 3 2,719 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Harris 0.081 92 305 405,650 10.7 22 — — — —
Harrison 0.061 0 0 303 8.6 17 — — — —
Hidalgo 0.055 — — — 10.2 26 5 1 15 5,971
Hood 0.067 1 2 1,617 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hunt 0.062 0 1 705 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Jefferson 0.067 3 6 6,457 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Johnson 0.073 4 9 9,562 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Kaufman 0.061 0 0 370 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Montgomery 0.074 10 26 28,469 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Navarro 0.063 0 1 668 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Nueces 0.062 1 3 2,856 9.3 24 — — — —
Orange 0.060 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Parker 0.070 3 6 5,851 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Polk 0.060 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Randall 0.065 2 3 3,277 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Rockwall 0.066 1 2 2,418 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Smith 0.064 2 4 3,974 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Tarrant 0.075 41 115 139,016 8.7 17 — — — —
Travis 0.069 10 34 44,509 9.6 20 — — — —
Victoria 0.065 1 2 1,755 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Utah 0.088 48 71 198,811 8.8 37 64 9 99 73,216
Box Elder 0.067 1 1 1,978 7.2 0 — — — —
Cache NA NA NA NA 7.5 34 2 0 3 3,165
Carbon 0.067 0 0 785 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Page 55 of 86
O3 PM2.5
State [County]2017
Design Value
Annual Mortality
Annual Morbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
2017 Design Value
AnnualMortality
AnnualLung
Cancer Incidence
AnnualMorbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
Annual 24-hour
Davis 0.075 6 7 27,345 7.8 29 4 0 6 5,012
Duchesne 0.077 1 1 1,452 6.1 24 — — — —
Salt Lake 0.078 25 42 100,593 8.7 37 46 7 74 51,462
San Juan 0.064 0 0 327 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Tooele 0.073 1 2 4,188 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Uintah 0.088 1 2 3,802 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Utah 0.072 6 7 37,268 8.2 31 6 1 9 8,547
Washington 0.066 2 2 4,437 4.9 13 — — — —
Weber 0.073 5 6 16,635 8.8 33 6 1 7 5,030
Vermont 0.065 1 2 1,887 7.5 22 — — — —
Bennington 0.065 0 1 635 5.5 14 — — — —
Chittenden 0.062 0 1 1,253 5.6 14 — — — —
Rutland NA NA NA NA 7.5 22 — — — —
Virginia 0.071 29 100 117,271 8.1 19 — — — —
Albemarle 0.060 — — — 6.9 15 — — — —
Arlington 0.071 3 9 11,767 8.1 18 — — — —
Bristol City NA NA NA NA 7.6 18 — — — —
Caroline 0.061 0 0 172 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Charles 0.061 0 0 35 7.0 15 — — — —
Chesterfield 0.062 1 3 3,156 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Fairfax 0.071 13 50 57,444 7.2 17 — — — —
Fauquier 0.058 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Frederick 0.062 0 1 940 8.0 19 — — — —
Giles 0.062 0 0 155 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hampton City 0.065 1 3 3,335 6.6 15 — — — —
Hanover 0.063 0 1 1,246 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Henrico 0.065 3 7 7,539 7.4 16 — — — —
Loudoun 0.068 3 12 15,057 7.8 17 — — — —
Lynchburg City NA NA NA NA 6.8 14 — — — —
Madison 0.063 0 0 195 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Norfolk City NA NA NA NA 7.1 14 — — — —
Prince Edward 0.058 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Prince William 0.066 3 10 13,784 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Roanoke 0.061 0 1 415 7.0 16 — — — —
Rockbridge 0.057 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Rockingham 0.060 — — — 7.5 18 — — — —
Salem City NA NA NA NA 7.7 16 — — — —
Stafford 0.062 0 1 1,522 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Suffolk City 0.061 0 0 510 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Page 56 of 86
O3 PM2.5
State [County]2017
Design Value
Annual Mortality
Annual Morbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
2017 Design Value
AnnualMortality
AnnualLung
Cancer Incidence
AnnualMorbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
Annual 24-hour Virginia Beach
City NA NA NA NA 7.1 15 — — — —
Wythe 0.060 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Washington 0.076 40 74 130,722 9.5 41 90 23 147 86,691
Clallam 0.052 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Clark 0.063 2 4 5,248 NA NA NA NA NA NA
King 0.076 32 60 109,124 8.7 27 52 12 86 54,550
Kitsap NA NA NA NA 4.7 16 — — — —
Kittitas NA NA NA NA 7.6 NA — — — —
Pierce 0.063 3 6 11,137 7.4 31 10 3 15 8,264
Skagit 0.046 — — — 5.9 13 — — — —
Snohomish NA NA NA NA 7.4 34 14 4 22 13,065
Spokane 0.062 2 3 4,188 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Thurston 0.061 0 1 1,026 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Whatcom 0.047 — — — 5.5 20 — — — —
Yakima NA NA NA NA 9.5 41 14 3 23 10,812
West Virginia 0.067 8 26 13,896 9.8 24 — — — —
Berkeley 0.062 1 1 1,117 9.3 24 — — — —
Brooke NA NA NA NA 9.8 22 — — — —
Cabell 0.064 1 4 1,752 8.2 18 — — — —
Gilmer 0.057 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Greenbrier 0.060 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Hancock 0.066 0 1 741 8.7 20 — — — —
Harrison NA NA NA NA 8.0 17 — — — —
Kanawha 0.067 3 10 5,254 8.2 17 — — — —
Marshall NA NA NA NA 9.6 22 — — — —
Monongalia 0.063 1 2 1,690 7.6 18 — — — —
Ohio 0.067 1 4 1,322 8.8 18 — — — —
Tucker 0.062 0 0 54 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Wood 0.065 1 3 1,967 8.5 19 — — — —
Wisconsin 0.080 61 131 141,924 8.3 22 — — — —
Ashland 0.058 — — — 4.1 12 — — — —
Brown 0.065 2 3 5,512 7.0 19 — — — —
Columbia 0.065 1 1 1,285 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Dane 0.065 4 6 12,197 8.0 21 — — — —
Dodge 0.065 1 2 1,961 6.8 18 — — — —
Door 0.073 1 1 1,194 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Eau Claire 0.061 0 0 294 6.6 17 — — — —
Fond du Lac 0.064 1 1 1,717 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Page 57 of 86
O3 PM2.5
State [County]2017
Design Value
Annual Mortality
Annual Morbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
2017 Design Value
AnnualMortality
AnnualLung
Cancer Incidence
AnnualMorbidity
AnnualImpacted
Days
Annual 24-hour
Forest 0.062 0 0 65 4.6 14 — — — —
Grant NA NA NA NA 7.2 20 — — — —
Jefferson 0.067 1 2 2,656 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Kenosha 0.078 6 14 13,156 7.4 19 — — — —
Kewaunee 0.069 0 0 740 NA NA NA NA NA NA
La Crosse 0.062 0 0 1,019 6.7 18 — — — —
Manitowoc 0.074 2 3 4,190 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Marathon 0.063 1 1 1,769 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Milwaukee 0.071 18 60 47,047 8.3 22 — — — —
Outagamie 0.065 2 2 4,161 6.6 19 — — — —
Ozaukee 0.073 2 3 4,565 6.8 19 — — — —
Racine 0.074 6 11 10,922 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Rock 0.066 2 5 4,506 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Sauk 0.063 0 1 903 6.6 17 — — — —
Sheboygan 0.080 5 6 9,498 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Taylor 0.060 — — — 5.5 15 — — — —
Vilas 0.061 0 0 88 4.5 15 — — — —
Walworth 0.068 2 3 3,734 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Waukesha 0.065 4 5 8,742 8.3 21 — — — —
Wyoming 0.067 2 4 6,106 7.3 24 — — — —
Albany 0.064 0 1 842 4.3 13 — — — —
Campbell 0.063 0 0 792 4.8 19 — — — —
Carbon 0.060 — — — NA NA NA NA NA NA
Converse 0.061 0 0 72 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Fremont 0.062 0 0 362 6.8 23 — — — —
Laramie 0.063 1 1 1,458 4.2 15 — — — —
Natrona 0.061 0 0 446 4.9 16 — — — —
Park NA NA NA NA 4.3 23 — — — —
Sheridan NA NA NA NA 7.3 24 — — — —
Sublette 0.063 0 0 159 5.1 16 — — — —
Sweetwater 0.067 0 1 1,564 5.1 19 — — — —
Teton 0.061 0 0 116 4.6 15 — — — —
Uinta 0.062 0 0 263 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Weston 0.061 0 0 33 NA NA NA NA NA NA
* O3 morbidity and impacted days data unavailable for this county. ** PM2.5 impacted days data unavailable for this county.
Page 58 of 86
TABLE E5: Rank and air pollution-related deaths attributable to PM2.5 from 2010-2017 in U.S. cities.
Cities listed are based on US metropolitan statistical areas and metropolitan divisions. A rank of 1 indicates that this city suffers the highest number of excess air pollution-related health impacts associated with PM2.5. Cities that met the ATS recommendation for PM2.5 were not ranked, as indicated by a dash. It is possible that cities with no deaths in a given year still have a ranking due to rounding methods. NA indicates no data was available for this city in the given year.
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017City City
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
Mortality
Akron, OH 22 86 21 56 26 38 - 0 - 0 38 9 - 0 - 0
Albany, NY - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Albany, GA 78 8 NA NA NA NA 70 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Albuquerque, NM - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Alexandria, LA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA
Allentown, PA-NJ 37 31 24 45 23 43 22 27 - 0 51 4 - 0 - 0
Altoona, PA NA NA NA NA NA NA 43 10 25 7 47 5 - 0 - 0
Anaheim, CA 14 131 22 51 29 29 - 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA - 0
Ann Arbor, MI 127 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Appleton, WI 110 3 99 2 91 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Asheville, NC - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Atlanta, GA 18 104 30 33 11 112 69 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Atlantic City, NJ - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Austin, TX - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Bakersfield, CA 5 369 4 274 7 185 4 262 3 320 3 401 3 309 3 252
Baltimore, MD 20 90 35 23 41 20 45 9 - 0 54 4 - 0 - 0
Bangor, ME NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Baton Rouge, LA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Bay City, MI 138 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Beckley, WV - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Bellingham, WA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0
Birmingham, AL 16 119 15 83 13 89 18 41 22 14 - 0 26 9 - 0
Bismarck, ND - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Bloomington, IL - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0
Bloomington, IN NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Boise City, ID - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 22 19
Boston, MA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Page 59 of 86
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017City City
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
Mortality
Boulder, CO - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0
Bowling Green, KY 116 3 - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0
Bremerton, WA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0
Bridgeport, CT 70 11 70 6 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Bristol City, VA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Brownsville, TX - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Brunswick, GA - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0
Buffalo, NY 86 7 77 5 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Burlington, VT - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Burlington, NC - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Cambridge, MA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Camden, NJ - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 57 3 - 0 - 0
Canton, OH NA NA 20 60 22 50 23 27 19 18 28 17 - 0 - 0
Cape Coral, FL - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0
Carson City, NV NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 60 3 - 0 - 0
Casper, WY NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Cedar Rapids, IA 117 3 101 2 87 2 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Champaign, IL - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0
Charleston, SC - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Charleston, WV 35 34 36 23 46 14 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Charlotte, NC-SC 33 35 60 9 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Chattanooga, TN-GA 61 13 75 5 51 11 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Cheyenne, WY - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Chicago, IL 4 505 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0
Chico, CA 40 30 53 13 88 1 56 5 - 0 58 3 39 2 43 3
Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN 9 226 7 185 10 147 10 116 14 39 33 13 - 0 38 4
Clarksville, TN-KY NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Cleveland, OH 8 245 8 188 6 184 7 138 6 116 7 128 7 111 8 71
Colorado Springs, CO - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 NA NA - 0
Columbia, SC 71 11 81 5 85 2 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Columbus, GA-AL 34 35 83 4 38 22 68 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 50 1
Columbus, IN NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0
Page 60 of 86
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017City City
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
Mortality
Columbus, OH 21 85 18 70 19 52 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Corpus Christi, TX - 0 - 0 - 0 53 6 - 0 66 2 - 0 - 0
Dallas, TX - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Daphne, AL NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Davenport, IA-IL 56 18 54 12 75 4 71 1 - 0 64 2 - 0 - 0
Dayton, OH 24 77 19 67 20 51 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Decatur, AL - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Decatur, IL 92 5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0
Deltona, FL NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0
Denver, CO - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0
Des Moines, IA 104 4 92 3 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Detroit, MI 12 169 14 93 16 75 15 48 12 57 14 58 13 49 15 41
Dothan, AL - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Dover, DE - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA
Duluth, MN-WI - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Durham, NC - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
East Stroudsburg, PA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Eau Claire, WI NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
El Centro, CA - 0 114 1 42 20 25 25 17 25 26 19 20 18 27 10
El Paso, TX - 0 74 6 43 20 26 25 - 0 36 11 - 0 - 0
Elgin, IL 106 4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0
Elizabethtown, KY 109 3 117 1 NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0
Elkhart, IN 67 11 65 8 77 4 72 0 - 0 63 2 40 2 - 0
Erie, PA 105 4 98 3 60 7 40 12 26 7 - 0 - 0 - 0
Eugene, OR 65 12 45 16 52 12 34 16 - 0 30 15 27 9 11 66
Evansville, IN-KY 44 24 38 22 45 15 58 4 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Fargo, ND-MN - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA
Farmington, NM NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA
Fayetteville, AR-MO - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Fayetteville, NC 125 2 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Flagstaff, AZ - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Flint, MI 123 2 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Page 61 of 86
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017City City
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
Mortality
Florence, AL - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Florence, SC NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA
Fort Collins, CO - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 NA NA - 0
Fort Lauderdale, FL - 0 NA NA - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0
Fort Smith, AR-OK 139 1 NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Fort Wayne, IN 72 10 103 2 103 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Fort Worth, TX - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Fresno, CA 10 220 5 253 8 174 5 249 5 182 4 233 5 179 5 177
Gadsden, AL 103 4 110 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Gainesville, FL - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0
Gainesville, GA 118 3 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Gary, IN 30 48 23 47 24 41 30 18 21 15 42 6 - 0 - 0
Gettysburg, PA 108 3 78 5 73 4 63 2 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Goldsboro, NC - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Grand Island, NE - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Grand Junction, CO 101 4 87 4 NA NA NA NA NA NA 67 1 - 0 - 0
Grand Rapids, MI 107 4 96 3 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Grants Pass, OR 122 2 106 2 - 0 55 4 - 0 50 5 - 0 21 19
Greeley, CO - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 65 2 - 0 41 3
Green Bay, WI 89 6 82 4 82 2 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Greensboro, NC - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Greenville, SC 81 8 71 6 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Greenville, NC NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Gulfport, MS - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 NA NA - 0
Hagerstown, MD-WV 64 12 68 6 58 8 61 3 - 0 59 2 42 1 - 0
Hammond, LA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Hanford, CA 39 33 39 20 30 29 20 36 16 32 13 68 11 67 9 70
Harrisburg, PA 32 37 32 25 37 22 27 23 - 0 53 4 30 6 42 3
Hartford, CT - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Hattiesburg, MS 97 5 95 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 NA NA - 0
Hickory, NC 102 4 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Homosassa Springs, FL - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0 NA NA
Page 62 of 86
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017City City
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
Mortality
Hot Springs, AR - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Houma, LA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Houston, TX 6 279 6 204 9 166 9 128 9 97 10 105 14 41 - 0
Huntington, WV-KY-OH 45 22 56 10 63 6 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Huntsville, AL 100 4 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Indianapolis, IN 15 122 13 101 14 83 14 47 13 39 17 42 15 30 - 0
Iowa City, IA 137 1 118 1 97 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Jackson, MS 94 5 108 1 - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0
Jackson, TN NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0
Jacksonville, FL - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0 NA NA
Johnstown, PA 53 19 42 17 44 16 35 16 27 7 39 9 41 1 - 0
Kalamazoo, MI 132 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Kansas City, MO-KS 77 9 76 5 102 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Kingsport, TN-VA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0
Knoxville, TN NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 22 15 31 7
Kokomo, IN 95 5 88 4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0
La Crosse, WI-MN 124 2 113 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Lafayette, IN 111 3 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Lafayette, LA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Lake Charles, LA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Lakeland, FL - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0
Lancaster, PA 28 52 29 35 25 39 19 38 18 19 25 19 10 67 33 7
Lansing, MI - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Las Cruces, NM 91 6 59 10 34 24 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 49 1
Las Vegas, NV - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 31 17 - 0 - 0
Lawton, OK NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0
Lebanon, PA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37 14 20 16 44 6 32 5 44 2
Lewiston, ME NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0
Lexington, KY 69 11 91 3 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Lima, OH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0
Lincoln, NE - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Little Rock, AR 47 22 34 24 32 27 32 17 28 2 - 0 - 0 - 0
Page 63 of 86
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017City City
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
Mortality
Logan, UT-ID 88 8 93 4 86 2 57 4 - 0 56 4 NA NA 45 2
Los Angeles, CA 1 1,389 1 1,212 1 922 1 903 2 558 1 699 1 485 1 877
Lynchburg City, VA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Macon, GA 55 18 33 25 39 21 46 8 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Madera, CA NA NA NA NA 21 52 16 47 15 32 19 33 19 21 23 17
Madison, WI 66 12 84 4 80 3 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Manchester, NH - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
McAllen, TX - 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 37 5
Medford, OR 96 5 90 4 84 2 31 17 - 0 18 33 24 10 16 42
Memphis, TN-MS-AR 142 0 124 0 100 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Merced, CA 50 20 51 13 27 37 24 27 24 7 21 27 21 15 18 24
Miami, FL - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0
Michigan City, IN 135 1 - 0 98 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Milwaukee, WI 23 83 28 40 33 24 50 6 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Minneapolis, MN-WI 41 33 37 26 71 6 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Missoula, MT - 0 - 0 NA NA 62 2 - 0 55 4 37 4 25 13
Mobile, AL - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Modesto, CA 27 58 12 115 12 108 8 134 11 76 11 97 9 72 7 84
Monroe, LA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Monroe, MI 131 1 - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0
Montgomery, AL NA NA - 0 89 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Morgantown, WV 121 2 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Mount Vernon, WA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0
Muncie, IN 82 7 69 6 83 2 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Muskegon, MI 141 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Napa, CA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 52 4 - 0 32 7
Nashville, TN NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0
New Haven, CT 60 14 62 8 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
New Orleans, LA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
New York, NY-NJ 7 262 10 137 18 67 54 4 - 0 29 14 - 0 - 0
Newark, NJ-PA 51 20 49 15 54 10 42 10 - 0 48 5 - 0 - 0
Niles, MI - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Page 64 of 86
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017City City
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
Mortality
North Port, FL - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0
Norwich, CT - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0
Oakland, CA 46 22 50 14 55 10 44 10 - 0 23 21 - 0 13 59
Ogden, UT 59 15 43 18 49 14 33 17 - 0 40 9 34 5 29 10
Oklahoma City, OK - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Omaha, NE-IA - 0 - 0 67 5 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Orlando, FL - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0
Owensboro, KY 80 7 61 8 64 6 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Oxnard, CA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 35 6
Palm Bay, FL - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0
Parkersburg, WV 62 13 64 8 70 5 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Pensacola, FL - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0
Peoria, IL 126 2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0
Philadelphia, PA 11 185 9 136 4 316 13 75 10 94 9 117 8 74 - 0
Phoenix, AZ 29 51 16 80 15 78 6 140 - 0 12 78 16 27 19 23
Pittsburgh, PA 3 595 3 428 3 434 3 255 4 190 5 179 4 194 4 184
Pittsfield, MA 134 1 115 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Pocatello, ID NA NA - 0 - 0 66 1 - 0 68 1 - 0 46 1
Port St. Lucie, FL - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Portland, ME NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA - 0
Portland, OR-WA 98 4 55 10 81 3 29 21 - 0 20 32 - 0 34 6
Prescott, AZ - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Providence, RI-MA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Provo, UT 76 10 58 10 69 5 36 16 - 0 27 19 35 5 36 6
Pueblo, CO NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0
Raleigh, NC - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Rapid City, SD - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Reading, PA 79 8 85 4 72 5 60 3 - 0 41 7 36 4 40 3
Redding, CA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Reno, NV 63 15 97 3 - 0 - 0 - 0 32 16 31 6 - 0
Richmond, VA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Riverside, CA 2 879 2 759 2 651 2 607 1 553 2 528 2 444 2 698
Page 65 of 86
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017City City
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
Mortality
Roanoke, VA - 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Rochester, MN 129 2 116 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Rochester, NY - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Rockford, IL - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0
Rocky Mount, NC - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Rome, GA 74 10 NA NA 59 7 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA
Sacramento, CA 25 61 27 40 31 28 17 47 - 0 16 44 17 27 17 27
Salem City, VA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Salinas, CA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 29 7 48 1
Salisbury, MD-DE - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Salt Lake City, UT 31 48 26 44 35 24 21 34 - 0 15 50 18 25 14 46
San Antonio, TX - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
San Diego, CA 13 155 11 121 5 235 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
San Francisco, CA 85 7 72 6 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 30 9
San Jose, CA 58 16 52 12 47 15 28 22 - 0 22 24 - 0 20 22
San Luis Obispo, CA - 0 - 0 - 0 47 7 23 9 24 19 38 2 - 0
San Rafael, CA NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0 62 2 - 0 39 4
Santa Cruz, CA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Santa Fe, NM 143 0 123 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Santa Maria, CA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Santa Rosa, CA 136 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0
Savannah, GA - 0 89 4 68 5 NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Scranton, PA 128 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0
Seattle, WA 87 7 67 7 66 6 49 6 - 0 37 9 28 8 10 66
Shreveport, LA - 0 105 2 48 14 41 11 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Sierra Vista, AZ - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA
Silver Spring, MD 112 3 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Sioux City, IA-NE-SD NA NA 112 1 95 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Sioux Falls, SD - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
South Bend, IN-MI 84 7 102 2 93 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Spartanburg, SC NA NA - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Spokane, WA NA NA NA NA - 0 51 6 - 0 46 5 NA NA NA NA
Page 66 of 86
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017City City
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
Mortality
Springfield, IL - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0
Springfield, MA 90 6 80 5 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Springfield, MO - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Springfield, OH 54 18 44 16 56 9 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
St. Cloud, MN 130 2 120 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
St. George, UT NA NA - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0
St. Joseph, MO-KS 120 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
St. Louis, MO-IL 17 112 25 44 36 22 59 3 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
State College, PA 140 1 121 1 96 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Stockton, CA 26 60 31 26 28 30 12 107 8 100 8 127 12 59 12 61
Syracuse, NY - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Tacoma, WA 49 20 40 16 57 9 38 13 - 0 34 12 25 9 26 10
Tallahassee, FL - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0
Tampa, FL - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0
Terre Haute, IN 75 10 57 10 62 7 65 2 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Texarkana, TX-AR 133 1 119 1 101 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA
Toledo, OH 57 17 48 15 79 4 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Topeka, KS - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Trenton, NJ 115 3 104 2 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Tucson, AZ - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Tulsa, OK - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Tuscaloosa, AL - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Valdosta, GA - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Vallejo, CA 99 4 94 3 78 4 48 7 - 0 43 6 - 0 28 10
Virginia Beach, VA-NC 93 5 122 1 99 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Visalia, CA 19 102 17 81 17 80 11 119 7 115 6 145 6 116 6 109
Warner Robins, GA 113 3 100 2 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Warren, MI 52 19 66 7 - 0 - 0 - 0 35 12 23 12 - 0
Washington, DC-VA-MD-WV 36 34 86 4 53 11 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Waterloo, IA 119 3 107 2 94 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Weirton, WV-OH 48 22 47 15 50 11 52 5 30 0 70 1 - 0 - 0
Wenatchee, WA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 NA NA
Page 67 of 86
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017City City
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
MortalityCity
RankPM2.5
Mortality
West Palm Beach, FL - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0
Wheeling, WV-OH 73 10 63 8 61 7 64 2 29 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Wichita, KS - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Wilmington, DE-MD-NJ 43 24 73 5 74 4 - 0 - 0 61 2 - 0 - 0
Wilmington, NC NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Winston, NC 68 11 111 1 90 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Worcester, MA-CT - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Yakima, WA 83 7 79 5 76 4 - 0 - 0 45 6 33 5 24 14
York, PA 38 30 46 15 40 19 39 12 - 0 49 5 - 0 - 0
Youngstown, OH-PA 42 29 41 17 65 6 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Yuba City, CA 114 3 109 1 92 1 67 1 - 0 69 1 43 1 47 1
Yuma, AZ NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Page 68 of 86
TABLE E6: Rank and air pollution-related deaths attributable to O3 from 2010-2017 in U.S. cities.
Cities listed are based on US metropolitan statistical areas and metropolitan divisions. A rank of 1 indicates that this city suffers the highest number of excess air pollution-related health impacts associated with O3. Cities that met the ATS recommendation for O3 were not ranked, as indicated by a dash. It is possible that cities with no deaths in a given year still have a ranking due to rounding methods. NA indicates no data was available for this city in the given year.
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017City City
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
Mortality
Akron, OH 55 19 55 15 60 21 80 12 152 4 177 2 168 2 97 6
Albany, NY 68 14 96 7 95 10 129 6 137 5 175 2 132 4 141 3
Albuquerque, NM 88 10 76 9 61 20 58 19 62 13 54 11 66 9 57 13
Allentown, PA-NJ 60 17 68 11 63 19 64 15 70 12 61 10 56 12 55 13
Altoona, PA 167 3 188 2 178 4 172 4 185 3 195 1 204 1 193 1
Amarillo, TX NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 180 3 167 2 195 1 184 2
Ames, IA - 0 - 0 260 0 258 0 256 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA
Anaheim, CA 7 78 19 39 29 38 24 44 16 52 11 61 8 72 9 77
Ann Arbor, MI 179 3 154 3 129 6 112 7 116 6 135 3 127 4 120 4
Appleton, WI 247 1 218 1 207 3 182 3 176 3 157 2 163 2 186 2
Asheville, NC 120 6 125 4 139 6 167 4 159 4 145 3 140 3 165 2
Atlanta, GA 13 63 10 51 14 74 16 66 21 45 21 34 13 47 12 52
Atlantic City, NJ 113 7 119 4 110 8 114 7 120 6 129 4 153 3 152 3
Austin, TX 80 10 72 9 79 13 71 13 78 10 75 8 84 7 70 10
Bakersfield, CA 18 50 23 31 24 43 31 36 23 40 17 37 20 40 21 42
Baltimore, MD 17 52 14 49 13 78 11 79 18 49 24 34 21 40 23 35
Bangor, ME - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Barnstable Town, MA 107 8 112 5 116 8 117 7 122 6 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Baton Rouge, LA 69 13 54 15 73 16 75 13 79 10 58 10 61 11 78 9
Beaumont, TX 108 7 82 9 93 12 101 9 119 6 114 4 128 4 137 3
Bellingham, WA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Bend, OR NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA
Birmingham, AL 50 21 50 16 48 26 48 23 57 16 59 10 55 12 54 13
Bismarck, ND - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 246 0 - 0 - 0
Blacksburg, VA NA NA NA NA NA NA 261 0 262 0 247 0 245 0 247 0
Bloomington, IL 191 2 200 1 199 3 184 3 179 3 174 2 202 1 201 1
Boise City, ID 149 4 223 1 173 4 169 4 108 6 101 5 114 5 89 7
Page 69 of 86
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017City City
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
Mortality
Boston, MA 35 26 45 17 55 22 53 21 52 18 67 9 53 13 46 20
Boulder, CO 133 4 146 3 145 5 121 6 109 6 89 6 NA NA NA NA
Bowling Green, KY 227 1 228 1 258 0 255 0 255 0 235 0 225 1 233 0
Bridgeport, CT 40 24 40 18 38 32 32 37 32 31 26 30 29 29 28 32
Brownsville, TX 205 2 212 1 230 2 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Brunswick, GA 248 0 258 0 264 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Buffalo, NY 45 22 56 14 43 28 43 27 38 26 44 17 43 19 39 22
Burlington, VT 235 1 - 0 259 0 262 0 246 0 225 0 239 0 230 0
Cambridge, MA 27 40 34 21 40 30 39 29 36 28 39 19 50 14 51 16
Camden, NJ 37 25 39 18 35 34 33 33 42 24 45 16 39 21 38 22
Canton, OH 78 11 74 10 68 18 67 15 80 10 71 9 69 9 73 9
Cape Coral, FL 127 5 162 3 169 4 162 4 129 5 148 3 - 0 - 0
Carson City, NV NA NA NA NA 244 1 NA NA NA NA 185 1 183 1 198 1
Casper, WY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 226 0 - 0 240 0
Cedar Rapids, IA 237 1 224 1 206 3 204 2 222 1 - 0 230 0 236 0
Chambersburg, PA 185 2 210 1 198 3 189 3 187 3 182 1 - 0 - 0
Champaign, IL NA NA NA NA NA NA 185 3 208 2 168 2 169 2 178 2
Charleston, SC 169 3 174 2 187 3 238 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Charleston, WV 139 4 133 4 117 8 125 7 140 5 126 4 138 3 136 3
Charlotte, NC-SC 29 34 31 22 33 35 38 30 43 23 49 14 42 19 45 20
Chattanooga, TN-GA 82 10 91 7 90 12 99 9 101 7 107 5 83 7 101 6
Cheyenne, WY NA NA NA NA NA NA 214 2 207 2 193 1 212 1 219 1
Chicago, IL 9 71 6 66 5 119 5 139 5 117 8 71 7 87 5 122
Chico, CA 84 10 93 7 98 10 94 9 86 9 70 9 67 9 69 10
Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN 21 45 18 42 19 60 19 55 22 42 30 27 23 34 24 35
Clarksville, TN-KY 208 2 183 2 214 2 218 2 210 2 212 1 226 1 241 0
Cleveland, OH 15 55 21 39 16 72 15 69 15 55 23 35 22 40 19 45
Coeur d'Alene, ID - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Colorado Springs, CO 101 8 95 7 76 14 68 14 67 12 68 9 89 7 75 9
Columbia, MO NA NA 216 1 200 3 205 2 202 2 213 1 209 1 212 1
Columbia, SC 126 5 117 5 122 7 138 5 186 3 187 1 145 3 151 3
Columbus, GA-AL 154 4 166 3 188 4 208 2 229 1 230 0 203 1 223 1
Page 70 of 86
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017City City
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
Mortality
Columbus, IN NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 180 1 189 1
Columbus, OH 25 40 27 31 21 55 21 50 25 40 28 29 27 30 30 30
Corpus Christi, TX 146 4 141 4 149 5 158 4 182 3 153 2 161 2 200 1
Crestview, FL NA NA 191 2 211 2 225 1 218 1 214 1 216 1 - 0
Dallas, TX 10 69 7 61 7 96 6 113 6 94 7 74 10 69 10 76
Dalton, GA 226 1 234 1 243 1 247 1 244 1 229 0 227 1 227 1
Daphne, AL 159 3 149 3 177 4 196 3 194 2 158 2 157 2 195 1
Davenport, IA-IL 233 1 235 1 223 2 209 2 216 1 - 0 175 2 172 2
Dayton, OH 42 23 37 19 41 30 44 27 49 21 47 15 48 17 49 18
Decatur, AL 211 2 197 2 201 3 206 2 219 1 238 0 198 1 210 1
Decatur, IL 197 2 194 2 194 3 186 3 193 2 184 1 174 2 180 2
Deltona, FL 155 3 152 3 157 5 174 4 166 3 - 0 - 0 - 0
Denver, CO 51 20 29 26 26 41 26 43 24 39 14 45 18 42 18 45
Des Moines, IA 255 0 257 0 234 1 231 1 201 2 - 0 - 0 - 0
Detroit, MI 28 39 17 43 22 54 22 49 27 38 29 29 25 33 25 34
Dothan, AL 245 1 243 1 245 1 249 1 258 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Dover, DE 152 4 173 2 160 5 156 5 153 4 173 2 160 2 166 2
Duluth, MN-WI NA NA 239 1 235 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Durham, NC 117 6 123 4 138 6 171 4 169 3 216 1 200 1 221 1
East Stroudsburg, PA 178 3 209 1 203 3 233 1 233 1 205 1 177 2 168 2
Eau Claire, WI NA NA NA NA NA NA 254 0 243 1 - 0 242 0 246 0
El Centro, CA 162 3 160 3 163 4 145 5 138 5 117 4 119 4 127 4
El Paso, TX 89 9 85 8 77 13 74 13 63 13 52 12 51 13 53 13
Elgin, IL 158 3 134 4 130 6 136 5 126 5 132 3 100 5 93 7
Elizabethtown, KY 198 2 213 1 213 2 210 2 NA NA 219 1 206 1 208 1
Elkhart, IN 219 1 198 2 191 3 192 3 253 0 - 0 234 0 185 2
Elmira, NY 216 1 215 1 236 1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Erie, PA 112 7 111 5 106 9 103 8 105 7 123 4 124 4 135 3
Eugene, OR 244 1 252 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 217 1 218 1 133 4
Evansville, IN-KY 110 7 104 6 102 10 90 10 88 9 96 5 92 6 96 7
Fargo, ND-MN - 0 - 0 263 0 NA NA - 0 NA NA NA NA - 0
Farmington, NM 241 1 244 1 205 3 221 2 224 1 202 1 211 1 196 1
Page 71 of 86
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017City City
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
Mortality
Fayetteville, AR-MO 223 1 190 2 170 4 164 4 175 3 203 1 - 0 - 0
Fayetteville, NC 125 5 121 4 136 6 152 5 181 3 218 1 155 2 175 2
Flagstaff, AZ 212 1 219 1 216 2 200 2 197 2 164 2 164 2 192 1
Flint, MI 111 7 106 6 83 13 70 14 73 11 84 7 71 8 87 7
Florence, AL 240 1 242 1 249 1 250 1 248 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Florence, SC 214 1 220 1 231 1 236 1 237 1 244 0 238 0 243 0
Fond du Lac, WI 242 1 230 1 222 2 198 3 198 2 199 1 192 1 215 1
Fort Collins, CO 119 6 113 5 109 8 98 9 83 9 72 8 77 7 80 8
Fort Lauderdale, FL 142 4 - 0 - 0 - 0 184 3 106 5 102 5 111 5
Fort Smith, AR-OK NA NA NA NA NA NA 229 1 235 1 233 0 - 0 - 0
Fort Wayne, IN 140 4 127 4 121 7 124 6 131 5 183 1 158 2 144 3
Fort Worth, TX 14 54 11 49 15 75 14 70 14 54 12 54 15 45 13 50
Fresno, CA 22 44 22 33 23 50 23 46 19 48 15 44 12 48 14 48
Gadsden, AL 232 1 240 1 254 1 257 0 - 0 - 0 235 0 235 0
Gainesville, FL 228 1 236 1 233 1 244 1 239 1 - 0 - 0 - 0
Gary, IN 99 8 94 7 91 12 83 11 66 12 79 8 65 10 66 10
Gettysburg, PA 183 2 NA NA NA NA NA NA 204 2 192 1 170 2 187 2
Grand Junction, CO NA NA 189 2 195 3 188 3 188 3 176 2 186 1 173 2
Grand Rapids, MI 77 11 73 10 67 18 57 19 58 15 57 10 57 12 60 12
Greeley, CO 153 4 148 3 142 6 122 6 117 6 98 5 115 4 118 4
Green Bay, WI 202 2 195 2 176 4 161 4 145 4 154 2 152 3 159 2
Greensboro, NC 58 18 60 13 71 17 73 13 77 10 118 4 86 7 92 7
Greenville, NC 187 2 203 1 208 2 207 2 217 1 220 1 222 1 222 1
Greenville, SC 180 3 69 11 72 16 81 12 111 6 119 4 125 4 105 6
Gulfport, MS 98 9 90 8 105 9 113 7 103 7 91 6 95 6 156 3
Hagerstown, MD-WV 123 6 124 4 127 7 147 5 162 4 152 3 148 3 143 3
Hanford, CA 130 4 158 3 151 5 153 4 141 4 104 5 107 5 114 5
Harrisburg, PA 114 7 115 5 111 8 108 7 128 5 141 3 133 3 142 3
Hartford, CT 32 28 38 18 39 30 35 31 28 35 20 36 26 30 33 26
Hickory, NC 181 3 186 2 217 2 230 1 245 0 224 1 182 1 188 1
Houma, LA 215 1 204 1 227 2 220 2 225 1 211 1 215 1 226 1
Houston, TX 8 75 4 77 6 102 7 101 8 85 6 83 5 101 6 118
Page 72 of 86
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017City City
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
Mortality
Huntington, WV-KY-OH 132 5 145 4 120 8 134 6 151 4 160 2 141 3 147 3
Huntsville, AL 124 5 126 4 118 8 123 6 124 5 161 2 147 3 149 3
Idaho Falls, ID 256 0 262 0 267 0 265 0 263 0 249 0 - 0 - 0
Indianapolis, IN 30 34 28 30 25 44 27 42 33 29 62 9 46 19 34 25
Ithaca, NY NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 236 1 234 0 229 0 238 0
Jackson, MS 200 2 180 2 196 3 201 2 250 0 NA NA 228 0 234 0
Jacksonville, FL 86 10 89 8 114 8 187 3 215 1 - 0 - 0 - 0
Janesville, WI 210 2 192 2 181 4 NA NA NA NA 150 3 146 3 163 2
Jefferson City, MO NA NA 248 0 248 1 243 1 242 1 237 0 232 0 242 0
Johnstown, PA 193 2 187 2 202 3 202 2 213 2 215 1 217 1 216 1
Joplin, MO NA NA 143 4 159 5 149 5 164 4 179 2 240 0 - 0
Kalamazoo, MI 147 4 144 4 132 6 116 7 113 6 134 3 120 4 122 4
Kansas City, MO-KS 83 10 63 12 44 27 45 26 48 21 74 8 94 6 98 6
Kennewick, WA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 123 4
Killeen, TX NA NA NA NA 141 6 128 6 125 5 124 4 142 3 126 4
Kingsport, TN-VA 128 5 130 4 133 6 142 5 157 4 166 2 144 3 140 3
Kingston, NY 176 3 171 2 193 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Knoxville, TN 46 22 49 16 51 23 60 18 82 9 103 5 60 11 63 11
La Crosse, WI-MN 253 0 256 0 242 1 237 1 234 1 239 0 231 0 231 0
Lafayette, IN 251 0 254 0 257 0 253 0 251 0 242 0 241 0 245 0
Lafayette, LA 164 3 175 2 186 4 191 3 190 2 156 2 159 2 183 2
Lake Charles, LA 138 4 120 4 156 5 175 4 173 3 143 3 143 3 158 3
Lakeland, FL 90 10 86 8 101 10 97 9 99 7 122 4 126 4 90 7
Lancaster, PA 67 15 77 9 64 18 66 14 71 11 81 7 68 9 71 10
Lansing, MI 173 3 163 3 185 4 150 5 155 4 163 2 151 3 139 3
Laredo, TX - 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 NA NA
Las Cruces, NM 166 3 181 2 174 4 139 5 130 5 115 4 108 5 116 5
Las Vegas, NV 16 54 20 38 20 58 18 64 11 68 10 63 11 63 11 63
Lawton, OK 190 2 178 2 192 3 170 4 168 3 155 2 185 1 203 1
Lebanon, PA NA NA NA NA NA NA 148 5 163 4 130 4 135 3 148 3
Lewiston, ME 225 1 253 0 - 0 260 0 257 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Lexington, KY 134 4 135 4 112 8 110 7 139 5 142 3 116 4 128 4
Page 73 of 86
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017City City
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
Mortality
Lima, OH 177 3 161 3 182 4 178 4 172 3 170 2 173 2 170 2
Lincoln, NE - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Little Rock, AR 115 6 103 6 87 12 78 12 90 8 108 5 149 3 155 3
Logan, UT-ID 252 0 260 0 255 1 242 1 241 1 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Longview, TX 171 3 157 3 164 4 166 4 183 3 165 2 176 2 191 1
Los Angeles, CA 1 429 1 270 1 405 1 481 1 460 1 435 1 418 1 445
Macon, GA 143 4 139 4 168 4 177 4 192 2 198 1 172 2 179 2
Madera, CA 163 3 153 3 147 5 181 3 161 4 131 3 129 3 103 6
Madison, WI 195 2 193 2 144 6 109 7 98 7 111 5 118 4 121 4
Manchester, NH 95 9 109 6 126 7 163 4 104 7 93 6 93 6 106 6
McAllen, TX 243 1 221 1 237 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Medford, OR 184 2 245 0 256 1 223 2 195 2 147 3 - 0 154 3
Memphis, TN-MS-AR 34 26 41 18 37 33 34 31 44 22 50 13 54 12 56 12
Merced, CA 102 8 108 5 113 8 115 7 93 7 77 8 72 8 82 8
Miami, FL 48 22 66 11 70 17 79 12 81 10 63 9 76 8 68 10
Michigan City, IN 222 1 179 2 165 4 131 6 136 5 159 2 220 1 182 2
Milwaukee, WI 49 21 75 10 30 39 29 38 29 35 41 19 32 23 35 24
Minneapolis, MN-WI 234 1 206 1 190 3 173 4 142 4 149 3 178 1 205 1
Missoula, MT NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0
Mobile, AL 97 9 81 9 115 8 154 5 156 4 120 4 121 4 157 3
Modesto, CA 47 21 58 13 56 21 50 21 47 21 43 18 44 19 41 21
Monroe, LA 229 1 207 1 251 1 256 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA
Montgomery, AL 144 4 142 4 154 5 193 3 206 2 207 1 213 1 228 0
Morgantown, WV 224 1 222 1 228 2 232 1 232 1 208 1 221 1 225 1
Morristown, TN 209 2 208 1 218 2 215 2 212 2 201 1 194 1 202 1
Mount Vernon, WA NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Muncie, IN 213 1 182 2 197 3 199 3 231 1 - 0 - 0 224 1
Muskegon, MI 137 4 132 4 128 7 111 7 110 6 102 5 104 5 112 5
Napa, CA 220 1 229 1 250 1 - 0 - 0 241 0 224 1 220 1
Naples, FL NA NA NA NA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Nashville, TN 56 18 52 15 42 29 55 20 53 17 65 9 59 11 72 9
New Haven, CT 57 17 35 20 36 33 36 31 37 26 38 20 31 23 37 22
Page 74 of 86
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017City City
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
Mortality
New Orleans, LA 70 13 44 18 59 21 63 15 61 13 60 10 63 10 95 7
New York, NY-NJ 2 208 3 148 2 264 2 241 3 165 3 166 3 186 3 188
Newark, NJ-PA 71 13 43 17 34 35 37 30 39 25 42 19 40 20 50 17
Niles, MI 150 4 136 4 123 7 104 8 106 7 100 5 103 5 110 5
North Port, FL 79 11 87 8 75 15 69 14 74 11 73 9 130 4 109 5
Norwich, CT 105 8 107 6 103 10 84 11 72 11 76 8 88 7 81 8
Oakland, CA 24 42 25 31 32 36 40 28 34 28 25 30 24 33 22 36
Ocala, FL 135 5 155 3 158 5 245 1 - 0 - 0 214 1 209 1
Ogden, UT 94 9 105 6 104 9 92 10 76 10 64 9 62 10 59 12
Oklahoma City, OK 39 24 30 24 31 37 30 38 35 28 37 20 49 17 48 18
Olympia, WA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 229 0
Omaha, NE-IA 231 1 238 1 153 5 118 7 118 6 137 3 165 2 153 3
Orlando, FL 61 17 46 16 46 26 47 23 54 16 86 6 87 7 64 11
Owensboro, KY 182 2 172 2 171 4 159 5 171 3 186 1 188 1 190 1
Oxnard, CA 38 24 48 16 53 22 51 21 56 16 46 15 36 21 42 21
Palm Bay, FL 118 6 131 4 131 7 146 5 144 5 194 1 171 2 - 0
Panama City, FL 161 3 165 3 189 3 203 2 199 2 190 1 210 1 - 0
Parkersburg, WV 201 2 211 1 210 2 213 2 200 2 178 2 162 2 194 1
Pensacola, FL 74 12 80 9 92 12 100 9 94 8 116 4 122 4 161 2
Peoria, IL 172 3 164 3 161 5 151 5 154 4 169 2 179 1 162 2
Philadelphia, PA 12 68 15 46 11 87 12 73 13 56 22 35 19 42 20 43
Phoenix, AZ 5 98 5 66 4 133 4 143 4 138 4 125 4 138 4 128
Pittsburgh, PA 11 72 12 51 12 81 13 74 12 69 13 52 16 46 16 48
Pittsfield, MA NA NA 184 2 184 4 190 3 189 2 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Port St. Lucie, FL NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 208 1 211 1
Portland, ME 106 8 100 7 96 11 126 6 112 6 92 6 91 6 131 4
Portland, OR-WA 160 3 167 2 212 2 228 1 221 1 162 2 136 3 58 12
Prescott, AZ NA NA 147 3 134 6 120 7 97 7 83 7 81 7 102 6
Providence, RI-MA 31 29 32 22 58 22 49 23 30 35 31 26 45 19 31 30
Provo, UT 145 4 156 3 166 4 133 5 107 6 87 5 82 7 99 6
Racine, WI 151 4 122 4 124 7 119 7 NA NA NA NA NA NA 108 6
Raleigh, NC 64 16 61 12 62 18 65 14 91 8 109 4 78 7 79 8
Page 75 of 86
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017City City
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
Mortality
Rapid City, SD - 0 - 0 266 0 264 0 259 0 - 0 - 0 250 0
Reading, PA 73 12 79 9 82 13 91 10 87 9 82 7 74 8 85 7
Redding, CA 116 6 150 3 162 5 195 3 160 4 128 4 109 5 74 9
Reno, NV 103 8 137 4 172 4 165 4 123 5 88 6 96 6 65 11
Richmond, VA 62 17 64 12 66 18 76 13 133 5 172 2 181 1 113 5
Riverside, CA 3 196 2 151 3 210 3 216 2 210 2 202 2 218 2 242
Rochester, MN NA NA NA NA 253 1 241 1 228 1 245 0 243 0 244 0
Rochester, NY 76 11 247 0 238 1 235 1 89 8 136 3 113 5 77 9
Rockford, IL 207 2 170 2 167 4 155 5 134 5 127 4 117 4 132 4
Rocky Mount, NC 221 1 231 1 239 1 234 1 240 1 236 0 NA NA 239 0
Sacramento, CA 6 92 8 61 10 89 10 85 9 79 9 64 9 72 8 80
Salem, OR 206 2 246 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 200 1 150 3 124 4
Salinas, CA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Salisbury, MD-DE 109 7 114 5 108 9 105 8 95 8 105 5 106 5 125 4
Salt Lake City, UT 230 1 233 1 74 15 59 17 46 21 35 20 38 20 32 26
San Antonio, TX 33 26 33 21 28 39 25 44 20 46 19 36 30 28 26 33
San Diego, CA 4 113 9 60 8 94 8 95 7 90 5 91 6 100 7 112
San Francisco, CA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
San Jose, CA 41 22 36 18 52 22 62 16 50 19 36 20 37 20 43 21
San Luis Obispo, CA 75 11 97 7 100 10 96 9 85 9 80 8 75 8 84 8
San Rafael, CA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 231 0 233 0 - 0
Santa Cruz, CA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Santa Fe, NM 238 1 251 0 232 1 219 2 205 2 189 1 207 1 207 1
Santa Maria, CA 93 9 99 7 143 6 180 3 143 4 110 5 101 5 138 3
Santa Rosa, CA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Savannah, GA 204 2 201 1 229 2 240 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Scranton, PA 72 13 88 8 94 11 93 9 115 6 97 5 85 7 88 7
Seattle, WA 44 22 62 12 80 13 143 5 65 12 48 14 47 17 27 32
Sebastian, FL NA NA NA NA NA NA 212 2 211 2 232 0 236 0 NA NA
Sebring, FL 192 2 217 1 240 1 251 1 254 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Sheboygan, WI 157 3 151 3 152 5 135 6 135 5 125 4 123 4 115 5
Shreveport, LA 104 8 83 8 86 12 89 10 121 6 113 5 139 3 150 3
Page 76 of 86
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017City City
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
Mortality
Sierra Vista, AZ 186 2 177 2 175 4 168 4 165 4 144 3 166 2 176 2
Silver Spring, MD 53 19 47 16 45 26 54 20 59 14 51 12 52 13 52 14
Sioux City, IA-NE-SD NA NA 261 0 265 0 NA NA NA NA 248 0 246 0 249 0
Sioux Falls, SD 246 1 237 1 221 2 197 2 191 2 196 1 189 1 199 1
South Bend, IN-MI 174 3 159 3 119 8 88 10 92 8 112 5 98 5 94 7
Spartanburg, SC 92 10 92 7 99 10 107 8 148 4 NA NA 105 5 119 5
Spokane, WA - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 226 1 188 1 - 0 164 2
Springfield, IL NA NA NA NA NA NA 140 5 196 2 227 0 191 1 146 3
Springfield, MA 65 15 71 10 81 13 77 12 75 10 69 8 70 8 62 11
Springfield, MO 129 5 118 5 107 9 106 8 127 5 210 1 - 0 - 0
Springfield, OH 136 5 129 4 140 6 137 6 147 4 133 3 134 3 130 4
St. Cloud, MN NA NA NA NA 262 0 252 0 249 0 240 0 - 0 - 0
St. George, UT 175 3 185 2 183 4 176 4 167 3 151 3 167 2 167 2
St. Joseph, MO-KS NA NA 249 0 252 1 248 1 252 0 243 0 244 0 248 0
St. Louis, MO-IL 20 47 13 50 9 94 9 89 10 75 16 45 14 48 17 46
State College, PA 189 2 202 1 209 2 194 3 203 2 197 1 196 1 197 1
Stockton, CA 52 20 57 14 57 21 52 21 45 22 40 19 34 22 44 21
Syracuse, NY 96 9 102 6 89 12 95 9 100 7 138 3 131 4 129 4
Tacoma, WA 188 2 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 NA NA NA NA 145 3
Tallahassee, FL 217 1 226 1 220 2 217 2 238 1 - 0 - 0 237 0
Tampa, FL 23 45 26 32 27 42 28 41 31 34 27 30 35 22 47 20
Terre Haute, IN 236 1 232 1 224 2 211 2 209 2 221 1 190 1 177 2
Toledo, OH 91 10 78 9 85 12 85 11 69 12 90 6 79 7 91 7
Topeka, KS 199 2 168 2 148 6 141 5 158 4 171 2 187 1 217 1
Trenton, NJ 100 8 101 6 97 10 102 8 102 7 85 6 80 7 86 7
Tucson, AZ 54 20 53 15 50 25 41 28 40 25 34 22 41 19 40 22
Tulsa, OK 59 17 51 16 47 26 42 27 51 19 56 11 112 5 100 6
Tuscaloosa, AL 249 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Tyler, TX 131 5 116 5 137 6 127 6 146 4 140 3 156 2 169 2
Utica, NY 218 1 250 0 226 2 263 0 261 0 - 0 237 0 232 0
Vallejo, CA 121 6 128 4 150 5 157 4 150 4 121 4 110 5 107 6
Victoria, TX 239 1 227 1 241 1 239 1 247 0 223 1 219 1 218 1
Page 77 of 86
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017City City
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
MortalityCity
RankO3
Mortality
Vineland, NJ 141 4 176 2 180 4 183 3 177 3 180 2 154 2 171 2
Virginia Beach, VA-NC 203 2 214 1 135 6 160 4 174 3 181 1 193 1 181 2
Visalia, CA 36 25 42 17 49 25 46 24 41 24 33 22 33 22 36 23
Waco, TX 156 3 138 4 155 5 130 6 149 4 139 3 184 1 NA NA
Warren, MI 19 49 16 43 17 70 17 66 17 52 18 38 17 44 15 48
Washington, DC-VA-MD-WV 26 39 24 30 18 60 20 51 26 38 32 24 28 29 29 30
Waterloo, IA 254 0 259 0 261 0 259 0 260 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
Watertown, NY 196 2 205 1 215 2 216 2 220 1 222 1 223 1 NA NA
Wausau, WI 250 0 255 0 246 1 227 1 223 1 209 1 197 1 214 1
Weirton, WV-OH 165 3 169 3 179 4 179 4 170 3 191 1 201 1 213 1
West Palm Beach, FL 122 6 110 6 125 7 144 5 132 5 - 0 NA NA 160 2
Wheeling, WV-OH 194 2 196 2 219 2 224 1 230 1 206 1 199 1 204 1
Wichita, KS 81 10 67 12 69 17 61 17 60 14 66 9 97 5 134 3
Williamsport, PA 168 3 225 1 225 2 222 2 214 1 204 1 205 1 206 1
Wilmington, DE-MD-NJ 66 15 70 11 65 18 72 13 68 12 78 8 58 11 61 11
Wilmington, NC NA NA 241 1 247 1 226 1 227 1 228 0 - 0 - 0
Winston, NC 85 10 84 8 78 13 86 11 84 9 94 5 90 6 104 6
Worcester, MA-CT 43 23 65 12 88 12 87 10 64 13 53 11 73 8 67 10
York, PA 87 10 98 7 84 13 82 11 96 7 99 5 111 5 76 9
Youngstown, OH-PA 63 17 59 13 54 23 56 21 55 17 55 11 64 10 83 8
Yuba City, CA 170 3 199 2 204 3 246 1 178 3 146 3 137 3 174 2
Yuma, AZ 148 4 140 4 146 6 132 6 114 6 95 5 99 5 117 5
Page 78 of 86
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FIGURE LEGENDS
Figure E1. Trends in design values for short-term PM2.5 in monitored counties across “Health of the Air”
study years. Colors are shown for areas already meeting ATS-recommended levels and areas that meet
NAAQS levels but not ATS-recommended levels, as well as two additional colors for areas not meeting NAAQS
levels.
Figure E2. Trends in design values for long-term PM2.5 in monitored counties across “Health of the Air” study
years. Colors are shown for areas already meeting ATS-recommended levels and areas that meet NAAQS
levels but not ATS-recommended levels, as well as two additional colors for areas not meeting NAAQS levels.
Figure E3. Trends in design values for O3 in monitored counties across “Health of the Air” study years. Colors
are shown for areas already meeting ATS-recommended levels and areas that meet NAAQS levels but not ATS-
recommended levels, as well as two additional colors for areas not meeting NAAQS levels.
Figure E4: National annual air pollution-related excess deaths attributable to O3 above ATS recommended
standards, 2010-2017. The trends in excess mortality attributable to O3 concentrations greater than
recommended by the ATS are shown with and without accounting for changes in population that occurred
over the same time period.
Page 82 of 86
2011-2013
2013-2015
2015-2017
Figure E1. Trends in design values for short-term PM2.5 in monitored counties across “Health of the Air” study years. Colors are shown for areas already meeting ATS-recommended levels and areas that meet NAAQS levels but not ATS-recommended levels, as well as two additional colors for areas not meeting NAAQS levels.
Page 83 of 86
2011-2013
2013-2015
2015-2017
Figure E2. Trends in design values for long-term PM2.5 in monitored counties across “Health of the Air” study years. Colors are shown for areas already meeting ATS-recommended levels and areas that meet NAAQS levels but not ATS-recommended levels, as well as two additional colors for areas not meeting NAAQS levels.
Page 84 of 86
2011-2013
2013-2015
2015-2017
Figure E3. Trends in design values for O3 in monitored counties across “Health of the Air” study years. Colors are shown for areas already meeting ATS-recommended levels and areas that meet NAAQS levels but not ATS-recommended levels, as well as two additional colors for areas not meeting NAAQS levels.
Page 85 of 86
Figure E4: National annual air pollution-related excess deaths attributable to O3 above ATS recommended standards, 2010-2017. The trends in excess mortality attributable to O3 concentrations greater than recommended by the ATS are shown with and without accounting for changes in population that occurred over the same time period.
Page 86 of 86