TRANSFORMATION OF THE COURTYARD HOUSE:Low-Rise High Density Urban Housing in Korea
by
Gene S. Park
B.S. Architectural StudiesUniversity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign1983
Submitted to the Department of Architecture in partial fulfillmentof the requirements of the degreeMASTER OF ARCHITECTUREat the Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyJune 1987
©Gene S. Park 1987The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and publiclydistribute copies of this thesis document in whole or in parts.
Signature of authorGene S. Park
Department of ArchitectureMay 8, 1987
Certified byJohn R. Myer
Professor of.ArchitectureHead of the Department
Accepted by (\*- Julian Beinart
ChairmanDepartmental Committee for Graduate §tudents
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TRANSFORMATION OF THE COURTYARD HOUSE:Low-Rise High Density Urban Housing in Korea
by
Gene S. Park
Submitted to the Department ofArchitecture on May 8, 1987in partial fulfillment of therequirements of the degreeMASTER OF ARCHITECTURE
Thesis Supervisor: John R. MyerTitle: Professor of Architecture
Head of the Department
The idea of low-rise high-density urbanhousing is based on two fundamentalobjectives: 1) To provide higher densityby intensifying land use as urbangrowth escalates at an unprecedentedrate. 2) To reconsider the essentialqualities of house - a house with agarden, light and air.
Modern high-rise apartments providegreater density and improved livingconditions in terms of proper sanitation,electricity, and open space. But it lacksindividuality and promotes a highdegree of anonymity leading to limitedsocial contact between neighbors. Itdissociates the house from the groundand creates ambiguous open spacebetween buildings. Single-familydetached houses provides individualityand open space but detachment is notonly meaningless but highly inefficientin terms of land use
The courtyard house provides analternative solution by combiningadvantages of individual house andhigh density housing.
Its introverted nature allow denseclustering while maintaining a privateopen space. The design takes thistraditionally horizontal aggregation ofdwellings one step further to increaseits potential density. It proposes avertical courtyard house whilemaintaining access to light and air,visual and acoustical privacy, efficiencyof construction, and a revitalization ofstreet life and open space.
ABSTRACTIII
The term low-rise housing refer todwellings which are directly associatedwith the ground. The direct linkconsists of internal stairs or a doorleading to a private garden or in somecases a semi-private garden shared bysurrounding houses.This contrasts withmulti-story housing which utilize stairor elevators. Urban low-rise housingmay be defined as high-densityhousing where each dwelling is directlylinked with a private open space. It isthis intimate association betweendwelling and open space which qualifyas low-rise high-density urban housing.
The term courtyard house refer to adwelling type where all rooms faceinward to the court and no rooms faceout to the street. It providesindividuality, security, and privacy, aninner world where one can find peaceand seclusion. All rooms depend on itfor light and air. This contrasts withrow housing which open out to thepublic street.
Urbanity and courtyard housing aresynonymous. Its introverted formallows for greater density by packingthem side-to-side and back-to-back.
This thesis explores through design aprototype for urban housing, bycombining the advantages of individualhouse and high density housing. It isin no way suggesting all new housingshould take this form but todemonstrate that a house in the city canstill have a garden.
The design shown here is prototypical,i.e. non-site specific. However, to testthe idea, the Korean context is chosen.Korea is chosen because I am morefamiliar with its housing situation. Thisproposal is not limited to Korea butcould extend to other housingdevelopments.
The site is abstracted from a realsituation. Support structure such asroads, parks, schools, shopping andhospital are given. Otherwise the actualconfiguration is simplified. Again, thisthesis is not an answer to a specificproblem for a specific context but aprototype for urban housing.
PREFACEV
BACKGROUND 1
DESIGN 9
DRAWINGS 27
BIBLIOGRAPHY 43
CONTENTSVII
In 1944, the population of South Koreawas not more than 16 million, but by1960 it was 25 million and in 1983 itwas over 40 million people. The acutehousing shortage following the KoreanWar resulted in a pressing need toprovide housing at unprecedentednumbers. Endless rows of high-riseslab apartment buildings havetransformed rural communities south of
the Han River in Seoul.
High-rise slab construction is an
efficient and economical solution. It
provides improved living conditions in
terms of cleaner and larger space,utilities, more light and air, and open
space for cars and play. The
construction industry is well geared for
this type of housing and any changes in
the system can prove to be difficult.
Single-detached dwellings still provide
85.5 percent of the housing in Seoul.
These neighborhoods are often
congested, dirty, and overcrowded.
BACKGROUND1
Ban-po apartment complexOne of Seoul's largest
Chami10 Km from the heart of Seoulis a new residential district oftwo hundred and fifty thousandpeople.
2
Corridors and stairwellsbecome play areas for children
Walk-up apartment buildingsof 5 to 6 stories are notuncommon
Typical road intersection innew residential districts
Many have been divided into multi-family houses for either financial
reasons or to accommodate the
extended family. Interior renovations
indicate the need to provide modem
amenities of electricity, hot water,
indoor bathrooms and kitchens, and
western furniture.
Although modernization and
westernization takes place, old habits
still remain. People still prefer to sit
and sleep on the heated floor, receive
guests in the an-bang, and eat
wherever the portable dining table ends
up. The small balcony in apartment
buildings is usually filled with large jars
containing dried and pickled foods and
laundry. Children play among traffic in
large paved open spaces mostly devoted
to parking. All the buildings are single-
loaded corridor type by code to provide
cross ventilation and more importantly
to receive south light.
3
The traditional urban courtyard housedeveloped during the turn of thiscentury. These neighborhoods have aclear separation of commercial activityand residential streets. Typically aresidential neighborhood is enclosedwithin a commercial street. Onceinside, the street is free from high cartraffic except for occasional taxi cabsmaking their drop-offs. It ischaracterized by narrow alleys or gol-mok, the main public open space,barely wide enough to accommodatevehicular traffic although no spaceseems too small for a car owner topark. The street is an architecture ofwalls, screens, and roofs punctuatedby entrances to individual houses. Thefront door is a prominent element of thestreet elevation. It is the onlyexpression of the household to thepubic domain. Openings to the street is
not really for visual connection butmore for ventilation.
Inside, the courtyard is the center of thehouse where all rooms open to it. The
4
size of the court depends on the wealth
of the owner. But regardless of size thecourtyard provides an extension of theotherwise small rooms. All views and
light are dependent on it for no
windows open to the street except forventilation.
Functionally, the court provides a spaceto tend a small garden, a safe place forkids to play within parents close
supervision, a place to store andprepare dried and pickled foods, and tomove around from room to roomeliminating the need to provide acorridor. Before modernization, thecourt was also a place to bath.
The interior Rooms are multi-functional. They seem crampedcompared to western standards butbecause it is minimally furnished -usually a chest to store clothes and
blankets - the size is just right for
sleeping by night and lounging by day.
Openings to the court are not windows
but screens which span from structureto structure. The wall, floor, and
5
ceiling plane extend beyond the Typical street in older
dimensions of the room to the court residential neighborhoodsincreasing its perceptual size.
The proportion of interior spaces is
based on a person sitting on the floor.Thus, the heights of the ceiling and thesill of an opening are lower than -esawestern standards.
All traditional courtyard houses are
single-story. There are no definitereasons for this development but onecan associate it to a need for south light.The higher a building, the less light itwill receive. Geomancy dictated thelocation and orientation of a building.The ideal site would be a south facingslope surrounded by mountains oneither side and a view of water in the
distance. A house today without south
light is undesirable and not marketable. -
6
1988 Olympic Athletes' andReporters' Village, Seoul,Korea. 5700 units of housingand supportfacilities.Woo and Williams
LI
As these traditional neighborhoodsmake way for modern high-rise
buildings, there are questions about thequality of human habitation. The
essential qualities of urban dwelling -individuality and communication - that
characterized earlier development, is in
jeopardy. Modem facilities are popular
as people escape from deterioratingconditions of older neighborhoods.
There are no other affordable
alternatives except for the wealthy.
The issue of urban housing is at a
critical point. The single-mindedsolution might alleviate immediateproblems of housing shortage but the
consequences.over time in terms of thedeterioration of urban life is serious. Abalance between the advantages ofsingle-family dwelling and high densityhousing might provide a viable
solution. One development has takenthe first step towards this integration.
In the 1988 Olympic Athletes' and
Reporters' Village in Seoul by Woo andWilliams of Cambridge, the designattempts to provide the qualities of acourtyard house, maintaining intimacyin the streets and open spaces, withinan urban context.
EAST WEST SECTION
,I njrNORTH SOUTH SECTION
---- 4--
7
The development of a low-rise high-density prototype is based on severalcriteria which combine the advantagesof individual house and higher densityhousing : 1) To provide each unit with aprivate outdoor room which has accessto light and air, 2) access and
connection to the ground and street,3) acceptable space requirements, 4) A1:1 parking ratio and adequate spacefor recreation.
The key to higher densities is a verticalaggregation of units. Walk-up units of5 to 6 stories are acceptable by Koreanstandards but access to light becomeproblematic with courtyard units. Thedesign attempts to answer a simplequestion: What is the maximumappropriate density of courtyardhousing within contemporary urban
context ? Issues relating to constructiontechniques, ownership and affordabilityare considered but not in depth.
Design issues:A.Unit/Building - vertical aggregation,access to south light, ventilation, visualand acoustical privacy, unitorganization, function.
B. Neighborhood - hierarchy of streets
and open spaces, street life.
DESIGN9
Study sketches of vertical aggregationAggregation of a single unit type into acluster. Flexible combinations butlacks unit variations and createsempty spaces below upper units.
Combination of flat and duplexcourtyard units allow many possiblecombinations but access to upper unitsare difficult
10
401%
Rod IA 0
11 50001P
Sketch Secdon studyVariations of vertical aggregationwith single orientation units
IF - -i.
A. UNIT / BUILDING
Vertical Aggregation
The courtyard must be open to the skyto receive light. Simply stacking oneunit on top of the other is not possible.Units are instead staggered, alwayskeeping the courts open. To receivedirect south light, a single orientation tothe sun is preferable. In section, thissuggests a diagonal scheme, much likehousing on a south facing hill.However, on a relatively flat site thespace created under units are inquestion. Parking is a logical solution
but when this pattern continues in rows
at the neighborhood scale; the space
between becomes primarily for
automobile access. One advantage this
solution fails to regllize is the possibility
of maximizing density by clustering
units side-to-side and back-to-back.
The proposed design maintains a
diagonal profile for maximum solar
access and also takes:advantage of its
efficient clustering order. Ground units
A and B are back-to-back but flipped to
have street access . The court act as awell of light making possible formultiple orientations to the sun. The
massing of units above are flexible
enough to accommodate the best profilefor solar access to all units.
The height is limited by two factors:First, each unit should have direct
access to the street, and second, thediagonal profile should allow light inthe worst condition, in winter.Possibility of vertical expansion can beaccommodated over time if communalattitudes about light change.
UNIT A
UNIT B
11
Sun angle diagramsKorea is located between 33 - 43degrees north latitude. Angle ofsunshine at winter solstice is 22.44Weather is mild withfour seasons
VENTILATION
Light ChimneyTo provide an even illumunation bylight reflected from courtyard andform light chimney
SUMMER SHADE
WINTER SHADE
12
...................................................................................................................................................
Rooms along the street receive directlight through clerestory windows orreflected light from the court
Access to Light and Air
The courtyard is the heart of the house.All rooms depend on it for light. Lightis an essential part of dwelling. Wheredirect light is difficult, a system of lightchimneys are utilized. Rooms canextend out into established zones toreach up to the sky. Openings to thestreet are above eye level to maintainprivacy yet receive light. A combinationof translucent glazing and screens alsohelp visual privacy. Reflected lightcontributes to the overall illumination ofa space, either through light chimneysor reflected against the surface of thecourtyard. It is especially important inwinter.
Trellises provide shade in the summerand in winter a system of enclosure canprovide extra living space.
The roof pitch responds to the sun andthe rain. In general, it slopes in towardthe courtyard to reduce the verticaldimension and to prevent waterdraining into neighbor's house. Roofs
along the street also slope in. In unit Dthe roof pitch allows light to enter theroom while in effect reducing theeffective height of the street.
Cross ventilation is provided in allrooms. Summer months are morehumid than hot and air circulation iscrucial to comfort. The light chimney
gives sun in winter and draws air out in
summer. The courtyard acts as a breeze
catcher and to maximize its effect it
would have to be orientated to
prevailing wind.
13
Angle of view diagramsection through courtyards
With high-density living, a greater need
to provide individuality and security
within one's house is necessary. When
houses appear above others, there is
greater risk of intrusion into neighbor's
private space. One solution is to raise
the height of the wall of the court above
eye level. This cuts the angle of viewout while maintaining an inward focus.
Capping the wall, as in traditional
garden walls, establishes a clearer
boundary between neighbors.
Openings along the street emphasizelateral and corner views to prevent
direct visual contact with neighbors .Screens and translucent glazing allowlight but not view.
Acoustical privacy is even more
difficult to control. Building
soundproofing materials are limited in
high-density living. The best controldevice is a friendly neighborhood social
contract.
Bay windows along the streetprovide light through transluscentscreens and allow lateral andcorner views
2ND FLOOR PLAN ALONG STREET
14
Visual and Acoustical Privacy
Axonometric of Typical Cluster
There are essentially two unit types - alarger ground unit, A and B, and asmaller upper unit, C and D. Units Aand B are organized around a U-shapedplan where living, dining, and masterbedroom occupy three sides of thecourt. Service spaces such as entry,stair, bathroom, and kitchen occupy thecorners. A second level accommodates
two more bedrooms for each type as
well as access to a roof deck. Upper
units C and D are organized around an
L-shaped plan with living-dining,
entry, and a bedroom at the courtyard
level.
Common steps off the street leads to
both the ground unit and the upper unit
entrances. With little structural
modification, this entry organization
allows for ownership variations. It
could be a two-family house with a
rental unit, a condominium, a large
single family residence, or rental
apartment units.
15
Unit Organization
I
16
I I
StruchralDiagram A structural grid organizes a typical rowor cluster of units. From north to southare 8 divisions of 4.8m bays with each
end bay of 3.6m at the ground level.
This allows extensions of 1.2m at the
upper floors. From east to west are
4.2m, 3.6m, 1.2m zones respectively.
The main courtyard always occur in the
4.2m X 4.8m bay while entry, utility
court kitchen, bathroom, and bedrooms
occur in the 3.6 m zone.
The 1.2m zone is critical to the life of
the cluster. Within this free zone are
stairs leading to upper units, smaller
rooms extend out to it, and major
rooms reach out and up via light
chimneys to receive light and air. This
zone is reminiscent of the dead space
between party walls in traditional
courtyard housing. Its invention was a
result of subdivision laws but function
as ventilating spaces as well.
The major grid dimension can be
subdivided to accommodate
modifications within the structural
17
system. A 3.6m zone, a bedroomdimension, can be divided into 1.2mand 2.4m zones for a corridor andbathroom or stair. These modificationsare confined within the width of a rowof 9.0m. This dimension remainsconstant except for end units which hasfreedom to respond to its surroundings.
The depth of each row is 38.4m or twoground units of 19.2m. This dimensioncan accommodate double row ofparking at 18.Om (6.Om @ 2 with 6.Omlane).
Multi-dimensional characteristics of the1.2m zone around the courtyard duringsummer and winter periods.
Courtyards extends the perceptualdepth of rooms beyond its boundary
1.2 M ZONE
COURT [I]
WINTER ROOM
UMMER ROOM
kWINTER GARDEN
SUMMER GARDEN
3.6M 1.2M _4.2M
18
Variations within a standard groundunit
The courtyard is an extension of the
otherwise small rooms which surround
it. Space is precious and efficiency in
planning is key to success. The
challenge is to make small rooms bigger
and allow flexibility with its use.
Traditionally rooms were void of
furniture allowing for multiple uses.
Dining can occur in any room - there is
no formal dining room. A portable
dining table follows where dining might
happen. The heated floor is used to sit
as well as to sleep. People buy
furniture but still prefer the old way.
In unit A, there are essentially five
major rooms; three at the courtyard
level and two above. The living room
can be one large room or divided into
two smaller rooms, a study and living.
The dining could be used as a living
room. The larger room above can be
used as a family room , a large
bedroom, or two smaller bedrooms.
A 1.2m zone between the interior andthe court defines the courtyard space.This zone can become part of theinterior in the winter by glazing aroundthe courtyard or part of the courtyard inthe summer by leaving it open. Thus,the courtyard is both 4.2m X 4.8mduring winter and 5.4m X 6.Om duringthe summer when it is necessary.
The utility court and the room belowprovide the necessary storage space.This will alleviate clutter in the maincourtyard.
Function
STANDARD GROUND UNIT
VARIATION
UPPER LEVEL
19
Sketch studies of site layoutMain access road run east-westparallel to pedestrian street.Direction of pedestrian streetdetermined by orientation of unitsto the south
Li
20
ChansilExisting urban fabric south of the HanRiver in Seoul. Area for low to mid-rise residential construction. Also thesite for the 1988 Olympic Athletes' andReporters'Village and related sportsfacilities
-SRIsi
B. NEIGHBORHOOD
Streets and Open Spaces
The site is abstracted from a typicalurban block of 500m X 500m.Characteristics of the block are a 50mboulevard to the north, a 30m road tothe east and west, and a 25m road to thesouth. Commercial and institutionalbuildings define the periphery of theblock. Small retail shops are found
along an east-west access road throughthe site. Two primary schools and two
parks are also included.
21
Streets and open spaces are organizedin a hierarchical system. Roads aroundthe block link one to the other andeventually leads to the center of the city.The east-west access road provideconnection to other blocks. Asecondary road perpendicular to itprovides access to parking courts ofeach neighborhood. Parallel parkingalong this road accommodates thevisitor.
A neighborhood is defined by rows of
houses along a pedestrian street running
east-west. This pedestrian priority
street is restricted to service vehicles
and temporary parking. The length of
the neighborhood block is determined
by the size of the parking court.
Footprint of one ground unit
accommodates four parking spaces.
With a parking ratio of 1:1, each
parking bay allows two clusters or four
units. The larger the parking court the
longer the pedestrian street. Typically,
parking courts are no more than three
bays.
Site Diagramshowing hierarchical structure of builtand open spaces.
IFIGURE - GROUND
HOUSING
COMMERCIAL
PARKING
1. PARK2. PRIMARY SCHOOL3. HOSPITAL4. SHOPPING CENTER5. NEIGHBORHOOD CENTER
2
3-~~ - 6_R.M
IIhU
9U
MEMS;i'
22
Typical parking court
Typicalpedestrian intersection
Cluster Axonometrics
These pedestrian streets of 6.Om widthsare occasionally intersected by a secondpedestrian alley of 3.Om which allows amore flexible network of movement.The intersection becomes the
neighborhood living room - a bosk oftrees, tot-lots, drinking fountains,elderly pavilion.
Parking courts occur where pedestriansand cars meet, accentuating the spatialexperience as one moves along theroad. Each court is identifiable with aneighborhood. One moves from roomto room - one neighborhood to another.
Two large parks provide adequateopen space for recreation. Byintensifying the neighborhood fabric, itis possible to leave large areas un-built .
23
E M E M E
Elevation studies
24
Street Elevation
An architecture of walls and screens
characterize the street scape. Houses siton plinths which become places to sit or
plant flowers. The ground level
elevation is essentially a wallpunctuated by openings which lead toindividual entrances. Upper levels are
more permeable and extend out to thestreet but with caution. It is notpleasant to have direct view ofneighbors across the street. Windowsare meaningless if it has no view.Openings facing the street are screensand translucent glazing to allow light
but not view. Direct views are through
corner and side windows.
25
DRAWINGS .i...27
LONGITUDINAL SECTION THROUGH MAIN COURTYARDS
28
LONGITUDINAL SECTION THROUGH 1.2M ZONE
29
SECOND FLOOR PLAN
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
30
ROOF PLAN
THIRD FLOOR PLAN
31
PEDESTRIAN STREET CROSSING
32
PARKING COURT
33
,N
CLUSTER AXONOMETRIC
34
SECTION THROUGH UPPER UNIT COURT
SECTION THROUGH ENRTY COURT SECTION THROUGH GROUND UNIT COURT
35
SECTION THROUGH UTILITY COURT
It~7*~ ~
JiL H7-VIJ
II
SOUTH STREET ELEVATION
36
1 4M
NORTH STREET ELEVATION
37
VIEW FROM UPPER FLOOR
PEDESTRIAN STREET THROUGH STREET
38
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Concluding Remarks
The measure of the quality of our living
environment should be based on the
individual person. Family composition
and characteristics vary, as do personal'desires. A diversification of dwelling
types is necessary to satisfy the needsof a more pluralistic society. The
construction of monotonous blocks ofhigh-rise apartment buildings is
understandable considering the intense
housing shortage faced by many urban
centers. Density is an important part of
the housing equation which should notbe disregarded. It is problematic whensocial, economic, and political forcesbegin to control dwelling types.
This proposal is not suggesting that all
new housing should be a courtyard
type but to suggest an alternative, an
alternative which provides the essential
qualities of house - privacy, light, and
garden - while maintaining intimacy in
the street life within an urban fabric.The target density did not seek tocompete with high-rise apartments.Roughly, the maximum density of low-rise housing with surface parking ratioof 1:1 is 76 units per hectare.However, there are significant trade-offs as it was discussed earlier. Theresulting density is a balance betweenthe need to provide direct connection tothe ground and maintaining access tosouth light. Higher densities arepossible by expanding on to the roofareas if a general consensus about lightchange over time.
This alternative in combination with
occasional high-rise towers could
provide the necessary density
requirements. The taller buildings
would provide a diverse mixture of
house types, accentuating an otherwise
monotonous physical fabric. Its
presence should not interfere with thelow-rise group in terms of access tosouth light by locating them adjacent to
large open areas or around theperiphery of the block.
The real measure of the success orfailure of this scheme cannot beconcluded within the scope of thisthesis. An exploration of actual solaraccess was limited to three-dimensionaland sectional studies. The next stepwould be to build an intermediate orfull scale model of a cluster in a specificurban context.
41
BIBLIOGRAPHY43
ill E f Ut
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Hoffmann, Hubert.Row Houses and Cluster Houses : AnInternational Survey. Frederick A.Praeger, N.Y. 1967.
Kim, Edward H.Korea Beyond the Hills. KodanshaInternational ,LTD. Tokyo. 1980
Kim, NinaFormsfor Change: An Architecture ofMeaning. M.Arch Thesis, MIT 1987.
Kirchenmann, Jorg C. and Muschalek,Christian.Residential Districts. Whitney Lib.of Design. N.Y. 1980.
Lynch, Kevin.Site Planning . MIT Press,Cambridge. 1982.
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Schoenauer, Norbert.The Oriental Urban House . GarlandSTM. Press. N.Y. 1981.
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45
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