Topography of the Brain When you look at a brain you see all
these hills and valleys, and these are called sulcus and gyrus. -A
sulcus (valley) is a depression or fissure in the surface of the
brain. -A gyrus (hill) is a ridge on the cerebral cortex, it is
generally surrounded by one or more sulci (valleys). There are two
hemispheres in the brain. The left and right hemisphere. They are
able to communicate with each other through a thick band of 200-250
million nerve fibers called the corpus callosum.
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Frontal Lobe Topography and Functions Speech (brocas area)
(wernickes area) Movement (motor cortex) Emotional Control Center
Personality Planning and Judgement Last to develop (maturity at
23)
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Parietal Lobe Named after parietal bone that covers it Contains
neurons that process sensory information received in other lobes o
taste o temperature o touch
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Damage o front- causes numbness and impairs sensation o middle-
people are unable to tell right and left apart (right-left
disorientation) o right side- loss of motor skills, especially
depth perception Abnormalities in the parietal lobe are connected
to o autism o schizophrenia o Alzheimers
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Occipital Lobe -many regions of occipital lobe and they are
specialized for different jobs based on vision. -Your occipital
lobe helps you see all colors and shapes. -Visuospatial processing,
color recognition, and motion perception are some of the things the
occipital lobe is responsible for. -known as the visual processing
center of the brain. It contains the primary visual cortex (found
on the surface of occipital lobe) if visual cortex is damaged it
can cause blindness
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by Hugo Zheng and Chris Mendiola The Temporal Lobe
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Location & Main Functions Its location is on the side of
the brain and is below the lateral fissure. It is among the most
frequently injury to the brain during head injury. Usually in the
left temporal area includes production of speech, naming and verbal
memory. On the right temporal area includes musical abilities,
foreign languages, visual memory, and comprehension of the
ENVIRONMENT! Concerns with perception and recognition of the
auditory stimuli(hearing), language comprehension, and
memory(hippocampus) This lobe is special because it makes sense of
all the different sounds and pitches being transmitted from the
sensory receptors of the ears. Things about the Temporal Lobe
Epilepsy There is certain disorders that can happen to the Temporal
lobe called epilepsy. Common experiences is seizures,
hallucinations of strange voices, music, people, smells, or taste
can occur. Heres a link that discusses Temporal Lobe Epilepsy:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lozLfJ8gDA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lozLfJ8gDA
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YAAAAAAY!
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Hippocampus Ali Skoff Jackie Olivares
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Facts: Named after its resemblance to a seahorse Humans and
other mammals have 2 It is apart of the limbic system Located under
the medical temporal lobe Important from short-term memory to long
term memory A memory gateway where new memories must pass before
entering permanent storage Small curved formation in the brain
Formation of new memories and with learning and emotions Age can
also have a major impact on the functioning
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Wernickes Area By: Allegra Cantu, Jacob Gonzales, Hannah
Wilson
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Wernickes Area Region of the brain that contains motor neurons
Involved in the comprehension of speech and language Location:
Posterior third of the upper temporal of the left hemisphere of the
brain Named after Karl Wernicke Damage of the temporal lobe may
result in a language disorder known as Wernicke Aphasia
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Brocas Area Broca's area is one of the main areas of the
cerebral cortex responsible for producing language. This part of
the brains was named after Paul Broca, a neurosurgeon, who
discovered the purpose of Broca's area while examining the brains
of patients with language difficulties. This part of the brain
controls motor functions involved with producing speech. People who
damage their Broca's area can comprehend language but cannot
properly form words or produce speech. Broca's area is connected to
another brain region known as Wernicke's area. Wernicke's area is
associated with processing and understanding language. Broca's area
is found in the frontal lobe in the lefter hemisphere.
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Motor Homunculus (Little Man) graphic representation of the
divisions of the motor cortex a human body would look like this if
each part grew proportional to the area of the cortex of the brain
related to its movement larger parts of the image represent the
more frequently utilized sensory/motor areas
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Humans have large amounts of cortex devoted to mouth, tongue,
and hands. smaller pictorial representations represent areas that
utilize less movement Motor Homunculus
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The Limbic System James Moreno
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Limbic System The Limbic system plays a vital role in our
emotional life, as well as the formation of memories. The Limbic
system is known as the thinking brain for subcortical structures
such as the hippocampus set levels of arousal as well as being
involved with motivation and reinforcing behavior. The forebrain
and cerebrum are critical in the functionality of forming long term
memories as well as the olfactory structures.
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Meninges Protective covering of brain and spinal cord. 3 layers
(superficial to deep): o Dura mater: Strong, white fibrous tissue,
leather-like. (Dura=tough) o Arachnoid mater: Delicate,
spiderweb-like. (Arachnoid=spider) o Pia mater: Transparent,
adheres to the outer surface of brain and spinal cord. Contains
blood vessels. (Pia=Tender)
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Meningitis An infection or inflammation of the meninges. It
involves the arachnoid or pia mater and it can lead to deafness,
deficits in cognitive ability and permanent brain disorders such as
epilepsy.
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Primary functions Cushions the brain
Serves as a shock absorber for the central nervous system Other
Functions Circulates nutrients and chemicals filtered from the
blood Removes waste products from the brain Uses Examining CSF is
very useful in diagnosing diseases of the nervous system including
Multiple Sclerosis Lumbar puncture draws out CSF
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Quadriplegia vs. Paraplegia Also known as tetraplegia. It is a
paralysis caused by illness or injury to the cervical area (neck)
that results in partial or total loss of use of all of the limbs
and torso. The severity of the injury and the place it occured will
determine the amount of function a person will maintain. Depending
on how severe, some patients have control over some of the top of
their arms and other cannot breathe alone. Paraplegia is when the
level of spinal cord injury occurs below the first thoracic spinal
nerve. The most severe paraplegia would be complete paralysis of
the legs and abdomen up to the mid-chest. Paraplegics have full use
of their arms and hands.
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Quadriplegia or Tetraplegia Paraplegia
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Blood Brain Barrier A semi-permiable barrier that prevents
certain materials in the blood from entering the brain Functions
are: -protects the brain from foreign substances -protects the
brain from hormones and neurotransmitters in the rest of the body
-maintains constant environment for the brain
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Autonomic Nervous System Regulates the functions of our
internal organs includes: heart, stomach, and intestines Part of
the peripheral NS functions involuntary and reflexively ex. we dont
notice when blood vessels change size or when our heart beats
faster ANS regulates - muscles Smooth muscle(skin, blood vessels,
stomach, intestines), cardiac muscle, and the iris - glands
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ANS is divided into three parts: -The sympathetic nervous
system calls in the fight or flight response -The parasympathetic
nervous system calls for rest and digest -The enteric nervous
system nerve fibers that innervate the viscera (gastrointestinal
tract, pancreas, and gall bladder)
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Somatic Nervous System The Somatic nervous System also consists
of different motor pathways o Somatic Sensory division- motor
pathways make up this system provides feedback from the somatic
effectors The Somatic Nervous System carries information to somatic
effectors. o Somatic effectors- skeletal muscles. This system also
includes centers that receive the sensory information. This then
creates a response signal.