PARK PLANNING & DESIGN PMG 456
7TH TOPIC : PARK PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM AND ACTIVITIES
LECTURE OBJECTIVE
To identify Park Planning and Development process for program and activities according to Monty L. Christiansen
To determine the suitability of recreation facilities implementation based on activities
Give an overview on park planning development on activity and program aspect in the park.
PARK PLANNING PROCESS (DESIGN)
There are four major phases to park planning:1. Pre-design Phase2. Design Phase3. Development Phase 4. Actualization
PRE-DESIGN PHASE
Pre-design Objective: Is to prepare a design program, which describe the objective of
the park plan in experiential and physical terms Steps of the pre-design phase
1. Step 1 : Determine activities to be offered2. Step 2 : Consider activity experience orientation for each
activity3. Step 3 : Prepare activity analysis for each activity4. Step 4 : prepare synthesis of complete pre-design
package5. Step 5 : Document into organized design program
STEP 1 : DETERMINE ACTIVITIES
The basic approaches to determination of activities is to select the activities prior to any resources allocations including a) Natural – refer to inventory and analysis in order to
suited with certain needed activityb) Human – the opportunity to utilize special human
resourcec) Fiscal – capital development grants for outdoor
recreation have supported the provision of facilities activities
STEP 1 : DETERMINE ACTIVITIES
STEP 2 : CONSIDER ACTIVITY EXPERIENCE ORIENTATION FOR EACH ACTIVITY
Two preliminary considerations must be examined when preparing a design:1. Experience opportunities
a. Entry Level Participation – basic skills of any activitiesb. Skills-Improvement Participation – require special programc. Programmed Participation – scheduled experience with or
without formal organizationd. Unstructured Participation – some activities are 'prone to
inclination & opportunitye. Competitive Participation – compete and evaluatef. Vicarious Participation – where are spectators enjoy the
excitement & fun of an activity while not actually being involved
EXPERIENCE OPPORTUNITIES
2. Experience and development norms▪ Should recognize that there is a range of recreational
experience needs▪ Recreationist have different expectations and realize
different levels of satisfaction or gratification for activities participations
▪ Development norms – the physical development or environmental modification compatible with the proposed experience levels
▪ Experience norms – the level expectations by recreationist
STEP 2 : CONSIDER ACTIVITY EXPERIENCE ORIENTATION FOR EACH
ACTIVITY
STEP 3 : PREPARE ACTIVITY ANALYSIS FOR EACH ACTIVITY
Consist four factors of activity analysis such as:a. Activity Factor – establish the groundwork for the
primary planning. To provide quality recreational experience
b. Participant Factor – are essential descriptions of the specific user populations for the community
c. Resource & Facility Factor – related to development and to provide the park user with the quality experience.
d. Support Factor – consist 2 groups; services & facilities. Provide amenities in addition to the basic activity needs
STEP 4 : PREPARE SYNTHESIS OF COMPLETE PRE-DESIGN PACKAGE
Review the activity in order to identify area of duplications, conflict, omission & multiple use & synthesize these into summation for the complete project
STEP 5 : DOCUMENT INTO ORGANIZED DESIGN PROGRAM
The park design program has four basic components:a. Objectivesb. Activity conceptionc. Design controls d. Submission format
OBJECTIVE?
- Are desired outcomes or targets- It will guide a decision and form the
criteria against which work result are measured
- Something need to achieve - achievement
- Something efforts or actions are intended to attain or accomplish
DESIGN PHASE
Design Objective: Is to document the recommended physical arrangement of
the park object in conformance with design program Steps of the Design Phase:
1. Steps 1 : Establish design objectives from design program- should be expressed as functional or performance objectives
2. Steps 2 : Site analysis – the process of evaluate & comparing several sites to determine the best program & suitable
STEPS OF THE DESIGN PHASE
3. Steps 3 : Develop alternative concept plans - refer to concept topic
4. Steps 4 : Evaluation of alternatives/recommendation of primary concept plan- identify the best alternative, the suitable recommendation.
5. Step 5 : Refinement of concept- refine the concept to suited with the best alternative that has been chosen
6. Step 6 : Preparation of general development plan- Development that related to the design phase
PARK PLANNING CONCEPT
Planning is the first step at any level of management
The purpose of park planning is to ensure the necessary means, including human and physical resources and support services, to provide an established recreation experience
In park planning, objective and concept need to define as a guideline
CONCEPT
A general idea or an abstract that derived or inferred from specific instance or occurrences
An idea for something new to propose, design.
The idea will be expand and covered the whole proposal or design
Please refer lecturer 6
DEVELOPMENT PHASE
There are three distinct steps of the development phase of park planning:a) Preconstruction documentation
- construction drawing & specification- the documentation in graphic & narrative form- as a guideline and control for development- requires very careful preparation of construction drawings & specification
Preconstruction documentation
DEVELOPMENT PHASE
b. Construction Constructing – Competitive Bid- selecting contractor by several process
The Competitive Bid-Process – The park agency publicly requests interested contractor to submit
The advertisement – should be placed where the greatest number of potential bidders. The content & publication requirement follow gov. statue & policy.
The instructions to bidders – usually accompanied a bid form & package of contract document. Guidelines & directions for bid submission , Explanation of the contract-awarding procedure, Information about the work
The Proposal – Usually have three major part 1) The agreement to the basic conditions, The detailed contract cost prepared by bidder 3) The identification of the bidding firm
Selecting the best bidder – Determining which bidders are qualified, bid evaluation & comparison, notification of award
The contract – legal covenant signed by both the contractor and the authorized representative
DEVELOPMENT PHASE
DEVELOPMENT PHASE
c. Project Construction The actual project construction. The parties directly
involved in this step are the general contractor, his sub contractors, the park agency & the authorized construction inspector
Consist of several process:1. Construction insurance requirements – Park Agency &
Contractor
DEVELOPMENT PHASE
2. Construction progress & quality control▪ Approval of material substitution & work order
changes▪ Inspection, material testing & approval▪ Determination of work completed & payment▪ Final acceptance & payment
ACTUALIZATIONS
A continuous process of assuring that all experience determinants are appropriate for the proposed recreational activity.
Is to make sure that all experience determinants, nonphysical as well as physical, are appropriate for the proposed recreation activity
Is incorporated throughout the entire park planning process, before and concurrent with the physical planning phases and continuing after the completion facility development
ACTUALIZATIONS
Actualization requires merging of the complimentary park management processes of planning, control and evaluation.
Plan, control documents are the tools and media of this process..
Is a predetermined course of action over a specified period of time representing a projected response to an anticipated environment
Has three characteristic:1. It must involve the future while
simultaneously considering past & present experience
2. It must involve actions.3. It must involve decisions to take future
actions at the time the plan is authorized
ACTUALIZATIONS - PLAN
Control document may define or establish standard for 1. the quality of performance, service or
development; 2. protect park asset from wastage,
misuse, abuse, or loss; 3. is a set limits of responsibility and
authority; direct planning concern; 4. facilitate evaluation of result.
ACTUALIZATIONS - CONTROL
A good control document provides guidance without demanding unquestioning compliance and permits imaginative decision making applied to recurring problems or situations affecting the recreational experiences to be provided
Examples of park control document – policies, procedures, rules and regulations, performance standard, agency specifications etc.
ACTUALIZATIONS - CONTROL
Is based on control and affects plans. It provides the means for looping back
through the park planning process & insuring that the process is dynamic & continuous
To be effective, evaluation must:1. Be based on a well prepared control2. Identify & appraise significant measurable
qualities or characteristics of effort or situation
3. Provide foundation of instrument
ACTUALIZATIONS – EVALUATION INSTRUMENTS
ACTUALIZATIONS
It is necessary to coordinate all the quality determinants of a recreational experiences. There are four primary factors to be considered in the actualization process:1. Activity factors 2. Participant factors3. Physical resource factors4. Human resource factors(see page 87 (Park Planning Handbook (1977) by Monty L.
Christiansen
ACTIVITY FACTOR
Program planning should be based on activity analysis & should be well along prior to physical planning because of the special program needs that must be included in the design.
Determination of the experience opportunities offered (refer to Pre-design phase)
Program plans are complemented by program manuals, guides, schedules, performance standard & other controls
Various program effectiveness evaluation techniques used to identify weaknesses & implement improvements
PARTICIPANT FACTOR
The participant is the benefiting recipient of the recreational experience being planned, thus there are several factors concerning these individuals that are important to actualize the quality desired for their experiences Pre experiences plans – PR, program
information (fee, charges, permit etc.) Concurrent - recreational occasion, have
supervision, rescue procedure, preparation for any circumstances
PHYSICAL RESOURCE FACTORS Include the natural resources that comprise the park
site, the activity facility or area and the utilities and attendant mechanical retinue to sustain the activity1. Natural resources – directed actualization concerns are
related to either self-replenishing resources and site characteristics or nonrenewable resources and site qualities.
2. Activity areas & facility – the development & maintenance of activity area must be carefully coordinated to insure that all efforts are complementary to the proposed experience.
3. Utilities & Mechanical Equipment – These utilities must be designed and installed according to carefully prepared specifications & operated and serviced according to detailed manuals.
HUMAN RESOURCE FACTORS Two factors relative to recreation service
personnel that are commonly recognized: Employee performance – preparation,
control & evaluation. The employee need to make sure all the visitor get the experience as what management have provided and plan.
Employee remuneration and benefits – wage & salary, schedules, promotion criteria, medical insurance etc.
PHASE 1PRE DESIGN
PHASE
PHASE 2DESIGN PHASE
PHASE 3DEVELOPMEN
T
ACTUALIZATIONS
ACTUALIZATION
RECREATION
EXPERIENCE
PARK PLANNING PROCESS
OBJECTIVE
Any Questions?
NOW YOU NEED TO PROPOSE NEW CONCEPT & REDEVELOPMENT