Insect Management in Insect Management in
TomatoTomato
Russell L. GrovesRussell L. Groves
Department of EntomologyDepartment of Entomology
537 Russell Laboratories537 Russell Laboratories
1630 Linden Drive1630 Linden Drive
Madison, WI 53706Madison, WI 53706
[email protected]@entomology.wisc.edu
North American Farmers‟ North American Farmers‟
Direct Marketing ConventionDirect Marketing ConventionFebruary 18, 2008February 18, 2008
Varied Tomato Insect PestsVaried Tomato Insect Pests
Common PestsCommon Pests
Tomato fruitwormTomato fruitworm
Tomato hornwormTomato hornworm
Potato aphidPotato aphid
Cutworms Cutworms -- armywormsarmyworms
ThripsThrips
Intermittent PestsIntermittent Pests
Flea beetlesFlea beetles
WhitefliesWhiteflies
TwoTwo--spotted spider mitesspotted spider mites
Colorado potato beetleColorado potato beetle
Vegetable leafminerVegetable leafminer
Tomato fruitwormTomato fruitwormTomato hornwormTomato hornworm
Common Tomato Insect PestsCommon Tomato Insect Pests
•• Direct PestsDirect Pests
•• Tomato fruitwormTomato fruitworm
•• Tomato hornwormTomato hornworm
•• Stink bugsStink bugs
•• ThripsThrips
•• Indirect PestsIndirect Pests
•• Flea beetlesFlea beetles
•• ThripsThrips
•• AphidsAphids
•• Spider mitesSpider mites
Western flower thripsWestern flower thrips Potato aphidsPotato aphids
Insect problems are usually minorInsect problems are usually minor
Calendar of Tomato Insect PestsCalendar of Tomato Insect Pests
April May June July Aug Sept Oct
April May June July Aug Sept Oct
Spider mitesSpider mites
Tobacco thripsTobacco thrips
Potato and Green Peach AphidsPotato and Green Peach Aphids
Stink bugsStink bugs
Colorado potato beetleColorado potato beetle
WhitefliesWhiteflies
Flea beetlesFlea beetles
LeafminersLeafminers
Tomato fruitwormTomato fruitworm
ArmywormsArmyworms
Western flower thripsWestern flower thrips
Flea beetlesFlea beetles
CutwormsCutworms
Tomato hornwormTomato hornworm
Phenology of Insect InfestationsPhenology of Insect Infestations
•• Early season Early season –– planting to 1planting to 1stst flowerflower
Flea beetlesFlea beetles
Tobacco thripsTobacco thrips
Potato aphidsPotato aphids
Corn flea beetleCorn flea beetle
Tobacco thripsTobacco thripsPotato aphidsPotato aphids
Flea Beetles as Tomato PestsFlea Beetles as Tomato Pests
AppearanceAppearance
••Small, shiny black beetlesSmall, shiny black beetles
••Hind legs enlarged for jumpingHind legs enlarged for jumping
••Overwinter as adultsOverwinter as adults
••2 generations per year2 generations per year
DamageDamage
••Adults chew small circular holesAdults chew small circular holes
••Can kill small plantsCan kill small plants
••Larvae in soil are not damagingLarvae in soil are not damaging
Flea beetle (several species)Flea beetle (several species)
Flea Beetle ManagementFlea Beetle Management
CulturalCultural
–– Exclude adults with row coverExclude adults with row cover
–– Attract adults to alternate trap Attract adults to alternate trap
crop (Indian mustard)crop (Indian mustard)
–– Avoid early plantingAvoid early planting
BiologicalBiological
–– No effective controlsNo effective controls
ChemicalChemical
–– Spray to control adults (carbaryl, synthetic pyrethroids)Spray to control adults (carbaryl, synthetic pyrethroids)
–– DO NOT disrupt biological controls of other pests (aphids)DO NOT disrupt biological controls of other pests (aphids)
–– Neonicotinoid insecticidesNeonicotinoid insecticides
ThripsThrips
•• 4 narrow, fringed wings4 narrow, fringed wings
•• TubeTube--like mouthpartslike mouthparts
•• Virus vectors (TSWV & INSV)Virus vectors (TSWV & INSV)
Western flower thripsWestern flower thrips
•• Rasping mouthparts puncture plant surfaces.Rasping mouthparts puncture plant surfaces.
•• EggEgg--laying also damages plants.laying also damages plants.
•• Injury appears in streaks rather than spots Injury appears in streaks rather than spots ‘silvering’‘silvering’..
•• Buds fail to open.Buds fail to open.
Thrips DamageThrips Damage
Thrips Damage Thrips Damage –– Virus InfectionVirus Infection
Tomato spotted Tomato spotted
wilt virus (TSWV)wilt virus (TSWV)
Impatiens necroticImpatiens necrotic
spot virus (INSV)spot virus (INSV)
AphidsAphids
•• SoftSoft--bodied insectsbodied insects
•• Wings present or absentWings present or absent
•• Cornicles (tail pipes)Cornicles (tail pipes)
•• HoneydewHoneydew
–– Sooty moldSooty mold
•• May transmit virusesMay transmit viruses
•• Reduces plant vigor, Reduces plant vigor, stunting, malformationstunting, malformation
Aphid MonitoringAphid Monitoring
•• Check as many plants as possibleCheck as many plants as possible
•• Look at terminal buds and lower Look at terminal buds and lower
leaf surfacesleaf surfaces
•• Cast skins, honeydew, & sooty Cast skins, honeydew, & sooty
mold are indications of aphid mold are indications of aphid
infestation.infestation.
•• Yellow sticky traps can monitor Yellow sticky traps can monitor
winged aphidswinged aphids
Aphid ParasitoidsAphid Parasitoids
Aphid IPMAphid IPM
•• SanitationSanitation
–– Remove alternate hosts (weeds)Remove alternate hosts (weeds)
•• Limit the use of quickLimit the use of quick--release fertilizerrelease fertilizer
•• Beneficial InsectsBeneficial Insects
–– Green lacewingsGreen lacewings
–– LadybeetlesLadybeetles
–– Parasitic waspsParasitic wasps
Aphid Chemical ControlAphid Chemical Control
•• Rotate chemicals every 2Rotate chemicals every 2--3 applications to 3 applications to prevent insecticide resistanceprevent insecticide resistance
•• Organophosphate resistance commonOrganophosphate resistance common
AdmirePro / MarathonAdmirePro / Marathon -- drench betterdrench better
Fulfill / EndeavorFulfill / Endeavor -- slow killslow kill--but stop feeding fastbut stop feeding fast
MethamidophosMethamidophos
Orthene, TalstarOrthene, Talstar, , AzatinAzatin, , AvidAvid, ,
Beauvaria bassiana (Botanigard)Beauvaria bassiana (Botanigard)
NeoNeo--nicotinoid Insecticides for nicotinoid Insecticides for
Early Early ––Season Insect ControlSeason Insect Control
Beneficial Attributes
Broad spectrumBroad spectrum
Flea beetles, thrips, aphidsFlea beetles, thrips, aphids
FlexibleFlexible
Furrow, seed, laybyFurrow, seed, layby
Long residualLong residual
Rate dependantRate dependant
Excessive rain may impactExcessive rain may impact
Low toxicityLow toxicity
“Healthy Grown”“Healthy Grown”
Disadvantages
Same chemical class (Group 4 MoA)Same chemical class (Group 4 MoA)
Resistance likelyResistance likely
Relative Efficacy of Relative Efficacy of
NeoNeo--nicotinoidsnicotinoids
Soil appliedSoil applied Foliar appliedFoliar applied
InsectInsect AdmireAdmire PlatinumPlatinum ProvadoProvado AssailAssail
Flea beetleFlea beetle ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++
Thrips (foliar)Thrips (foliar) ++++++ ++++++ ++ ++
AphidsAphids ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++
WhitefliesWhiteflies ++++++ ++++++ ++ ++++
Potato beetlePotato beetle ++++++ ++++++ ++++++ ++++++
Tomato Fruitworm (corn earworm, Tomato Fruitworm (corn earworm,
cotton bollworm)cotton bollworm)
AdultAdult
•• Does not overwinterDoes not overwinter
•• Adults migrate from the south Adults migrate from the south
•• 2 generations / year2 generations / year
EggsEggs
•• Laid singly on leavesLaid singly on leaves
•• Hatch in 5Hatch in 5--7 days7 days
•• Feed externally on leaf and then bore Feed externally on leaf and then bore
into fruitinto fruit
LarvaeLarvae
•• Develop inside fruitDevelop inside fruit
•• Brownish or green in color (morphs)Brownish or green in color (morphs)
EggEgg
OccurrenceOccurrence
•• 22ndnd generation only generation only –– Aug/SeptAug/Sept
DamageDamage
•• Small larvae feed on leavesSmall larvae feed on leaves
•• Larger bore into fruitLarger bore into fruit
•• Develop internallyDevelop internally
•• Infested fruit may color early or rotInfested fruit may color early or rot
•• Major pest in CA and FLMajor pest in CA and FL
Tomato Fruitworm DamageTomato Fruitworm Damage
Early larvaEarly larva
Late larvaLate larva
Tomato Fruitworm ControlTomato Fruitworm Control
CulturalCultural
–– Plant early: avoidance in timePlant early: avoidance in time
–– Discard infested fruitDiscard infested fruit
BiologicalBiological
–– Effective parasitesEffective parasites
–– But will not prevent damageBut will not prevent damage
ChemicalChemical
–– Rarely necessaryRarely necessary
–– Disrupts natural control of other Disrupts natural control of other
pest (leaf miner, aphid)pest (leaf miner, aphid)
„Hartstack‟ Pheromone trap„Hartstack‟ Pheromone trap
Insect Migration Risk ForecastInsect Migration Risk Forecast
Northern Illinois UniversityNorthern Illinois University
Fruitworm InsecticidesFruitworm Insecticides
PyrethroidsPyrethroids OthersOthers
AsanaAsana AvauntAvaunt
BaythroidBaythroid ProclaimProclaim
Capture / BrigadeCapture / Brigade SpinTor,SpinTor, EntrustEntrust
DanitolDanitol Bacillus thuringiensisBacillus thuringiensis
Mustang MaxMustang Max (Dipel, Javelin)(Dipel, Javelin)
WarriorWarrior
Pyganic, EvergreenPyganic, Evergreen
AlverdeAlverdeTMTM (metaflumizone: BAS(metaflumizone: BAS--320):320):
Sodium channel blocker (MoA Group 22)Sodium channel blocker (MoA Group 22)
AltacorAltacorTMTM (rynaxypyr: DPX(rynaxypyr: DPX--E2Y45)E2Y45)
Anthranilic diamide (chitin inhibitor: MoA group 28)Anthranilic diamide (chitin inhibitor: MoA group 28)
New registrations in 2008:New registrations in 2008:
Considerations when Choosing an Considerations when Choosing an
Insecticide for Fruitworm ControlInsecticide for Fruitworm Control
•• Other insects presentOther insects present
–– Stink bugStink bug
–– ArmywormsArmyworms
•• Effect of Insecticides on potential pestsEffect of Insecticides on potential pests
–– Twospotted spider miteTwospotted spider mite
•• Preharvest Interval (PHI)Preharvest Interval (PHI)
AdultAdult•• Large Hawk mothLarge Hawk moth
•• Resembles hummingbirdResembles hummingbird
•• Sips flower nectarSips flower nectar
EggsEggs•• Eggs large, roundEggs large, round
•• Laid on leavesLaid on leaves
•• Parasites and predators commonParasites and predators common
LarvaeLarvae•• Green with „reddish‟ hornGreen with „reddish‟ horn
•• Up to 2Up to 2--3”3”
PupaePupae•• Brown with a “handle”Brown with a “handle”
•• In soilIn soil
Tomato Hornworm
Life Cycle
AdultAdult
PupaPupa
EggEgg
LarvaLarva
Tomato hornworm: Damage & ControlTomato hornworm: Damage & Control
OccurrenceOccurrence•• Overwinters as pupaOverwinters as pupa
•• Large hawk moths emergeLarge hawk moths emerge
•• 2 generations per year2 generations per year
DamageDamage•• Larvae consume lots of foliageLarvae consume lots of foliage
•• Occasional fruit feedingOccasional fruit feeding
ControlControl
Cultural:Cultural: Remove larvae and squash!Remove larvae and squash!
Biological:Biological: Usually very effectiveUsually very effective
–– Both predators (eggs) Both predators (eggs)
and parasites (larvae)and parasites (larvae)
ChemicalChemical
–– Avoid use if possibleAvoid use if possible
–– Bacillus thuringiensisBacillus thuringiensis is effectiveis effective
Tomato leafminer (Tomato leafminer (LiriomyzaLiriomyza spp.)spp.)
OccurrenceOccurrence
•• Rarely damaging in WisconsinRarely damaging in Wisconsin
•• Biologically controlledBiologically controlled
•• Avoid insecticide disruptionAvoid insecticide disruption
•• Major secondary pest in CA Major secondary pest in CA
and FLand FL
ControlControl
Remove infested leavesRemove infested leaves
Biologicals (wasps)Biologicals (wasps)
Insecticides: Insecticides: Trigard, AgriTrigard, Agri--MekMek
Resistance!Resistance!
Greenhouse and Silverleaf WhiteflyGreenhouse and Silverleaf Whitefly
OccurrenceOccurrence
•• Overwinters only in protected Overwinters only in protected
areas or greenhousesareas or greenhouses
•• Multiple generationsMultiple generations
DamageDamage
•• Usually not a problem in WIUsually not a problem in WI
•• Honeydew, sooty mold on fruitHoneydew, sooty mold on fruit
•• Serious virus vector in FL and CASerious virus vector in FL and CA
SilverleafSilverleaf
WhiteflyWhitefly
GreenhouseGreenhouse
WhiteflyWhitefly
Whitefly controlWhitefly control
CulturalCultural
–– Only use clean transplantsOnly use clean transplants
–– Crop free periodsCrop free periods
BiologicalBiological
–– Effective controls not Effective controls not
always abundant in always abundant in
WisconsinWisconsin
ChemicalChemical
–– NeoNeo--nicotinoidsnicotinoids
–– Insect Growth Regulators Insect Growth Regulators
(Courier, Knack)(Courier, Knack)
BigBig--eyed bugeyed bug
Minute Minute
pirate bugpirate bug
ConclusionsConclusions
•• Preplant or at planting use of Admire or Preplant or at planting use of Admire or
Platinum will control key insect pests to Platinum will control key insect pests to
flowering/first fruit set.flowering/first fruit set.
•• Insecticide selection decision after first Insecticide selection decision after first
flowerflower
– Fruitworm control is paramount
– Early detection of cutworm, armyworm,
whitefly, stinkbug and two-spotted spider
mites are also important to adjust pesticide
program to avoid/cure problem.
Thank You, Thank You,
Questions, Questions,
andand
Always…Always…Read and Follow Label
Directions!
Pesticide Labels Change Frequently!Pesticide Labels Change Frequently!