Nicotiana tabacum
TOBACCO
IntroductionIntroduction
• Native to Central & South America• Leaves are the economically important
part• Introduced by Portuguese to South Asia• High valued cash crop
Tobacco production in worldTobacco production in world
• World production – 6.2 million Mt (2007)• Extent – 3.7 million ha (2007)• Major producing countries
China
Brazil
India
USA
Tobacco production in SLTobacco production in SL
• Chewing tobacco
Production – 2438 Mt
Extent – 1302 Ha• Cigar tobacco
Production – 1327 Mt
Extent – 829 Ha• Ranked in 62nd place in world production
Major producing districtsMajor producing districts
• Puttalam• Kurunegala• Mannar• Vawniya• Mathale
ClassificationClassification
• Kindom – Plantae• Division – Magnoliophyta• Class – Magnoliopsida• Order – Solanales• Family – Solanaceae• Genus – Nicotiana• Species - tabacum
Cultivated species of TobaccoCultivated species of Tobacco
• Nicotiana rustia• Nicotina tabacum
Chemical compositionChemical composition
• Economically important chemicals are ,
Nicotine
Nornic
Commercial type of TobaccoCommercial type of Tobacco
• Flue cured Tobacco• Bidi Tobacco• Cigar & Cheroot Tobacco• Chewing Tobacco• Hokah Tobacco
Recommended varietiesRecommended varieties
Flue cured (Virginia ) Air cured (Burley)
K 326 Blanket A1
K 399 CSC 202
SPG 108
RGH 4
Climatic reClimatic re
• Tropical crop in origin but can be grown in subtropical and temperate regions
• Temperature – 15-35C• Relative Humidity – 85-90%• Rainfall – 500-1250mm
• Well distributed rainfall through out the year
Suitable soilsSuitable soils
• Sandy surface soil – 15-25cm depth• A yellowish / reddish sandy clay sub soil
depth of 150cm• PH - 5.5-6.5• Very low chloride content ( less than 100
ppm)
Raising nursery & production of seedlings
Raising nursery & production of seedlings
• Types of nurseries
1. Ground bed
2. CD trays and paper pots
3. Float nurseries
Float nurseriesFloat nurseries
• Intensive method• Not common in SL
CD trays & paper potsCD trays & paper pots
Ground bed nurseryGround bed nursery
• Commonly using method in SL
Nursery site selectionNursery site selection
• Avoid old nursery sites• Fine tilth• Flat/ low steep
Nursery lay outNursery lay out
• Raised beds• Length- convenient length ( maximum
10m)• Width – 120cm• Height – 15cm• Space in between beds – 45-60cm
Seed bed sterilizationSeed bed sterilization
• Two methods• Rabbing• Chemical sterilization
RabbingRabbing
• Spread 15-20 cm thick layer of leaves , weeds , paddy straw over the soil surface and burning
Seed bed sterilization(cont’d)Seed bed sterilization(cont’d)
2. Chemical sterilization• Can use,
Bordeaux mixture
Choloropicrin
Dichloropropane
Methyl Bromide
Calcium Cyanamid
StructuringStructuring
–Arches–Pegs
• To provide adequate shade
Tobacco SeedsTobacco Seeds
• Minute seeds• Low food reserves• Approximately 16000 seeds/g
Seed TreatmentSeed Treatment
• To avoid seed borne diseases, treated with– 2.5% Formaline solution– 0.25% solution of Dithane
• Soak in 50ppm gibberelin acid solution for 48 hours to hasten germination
Seed rateSeed rate
• 3.5 Kg/ha• Higher seed rate
– Over crowding of seedlings– Induces diseases- “damping off”
Sowing seed in nurserySowing seed in nursery
• Mixed with ash for fine sand– 1:15 or 1:20 Ratio
• To uniform distribution
on the beds
• 2 methods• Broadcasting• Sown in shallow furrows
BroadcastingBroadcasting
• Treated seeds are sown broadcast on the surface of the beds
• Later mixed in the soil up to 1.5-2.0 cm depth using a rake and compacted
Sown in shallow furrowsSown in shallow furrows
• Seeds sow in shallow furrows of 2.0 cm depth and 5.0 cm distance from each other
• Reduce over crowding
MulchingMulching
• Mulching materials– Paddy straw– Sugar cane leaves
• To prevent water losses• Remove gradually with the germination
Aftercare operationsAftercare operations
1. Sunning
2. Watering
3. Clipping
4. Weeding
SunningSunning
• Remove mulch and the cover• When cotyledons + 2 leaves stage
(Approximately 11 days)• Start with ½ hour per day• Fully open after 28-30 days
Clipping Clipping
• Removal of leaves • Reduce evapotranspiration • Induce root growth • Increase nutrient uptake
Watering Watering
• Tobacco is generally considered a drought-tolerant plant and produces better yields with less than desirable moisture than with excessive soil moisture. Under conditions of inadequate soil moisture
• The root system is susceptible to water saturated soil conditions, and over-application of irrigation should be avoided.
• Plant beds require a uniform supply of soil moisture. Tobacco seed germination is dependent on temperature, light and soil moisture
• Initially watering can be done in every evening • No water accumulation at any spot of the bed • Reduce in the hardening period • Immediately after transplanting, tobacco should
be irrigated with about 0.5 inch of water. This helps to settle the soil around the roots and provides moisture to stimulate fast root development.
• Surface and sprinkler irrigation are mostly practised.
• The quality of the water is important in selecting the most suitable irrigation method, e.g. sprinkler irrigation should be avoided when only low quality water is available.
Fertilizer Application Fertilizer Application
• Basal application of 50g of Ammonium sulphate, 100g of Potassium sulphate, 300g of Superphosphate and 100g of Dolomite per 10m2 bed
• Application of 40g of 4% Endosulfan dust per bed or one day before sowing per 10m2 bed
• After germination of seeds, apply ammonium sulphate twise at 4 days interval at 50g per bed
• Thereafter thrice at 4 days interval at 50g per bed
Disease Control Disease Control
• To control fungal diseases spraying 0.03% Bordeaux mixture at the rate of 12 L for every 40m2
• To control of pests spraying 0.5% carbaryl
Transplanting Transplanting
If you are growing your tobacco seedlings in a greenhouse or indoors they should be "hardened off" before you transplant into your field or garden
Methods of transplanting • Ridge and furrow method • Flat bed method
Ridge and Furrow MethodRidge and Furrow Method
• Ridge planting
width – 60cm
space between ridges – 30-45 cm
height – 30cm
space between plants - 90
Flat Bed Method Flat Bed Method
• Not widely use • Width – 150cm • Distance between plants – 90cm
Transplanting Transplanting
• Use 7-9 weeks old healthy seedlings • Cease the watering of beds 2 weeks prior
to transplanting • Watering well preceding day of pulling to
reduce the root damaging
• Transplant soon after uprooting • Moist the field for quick establishment of
seedlings • Gap filling 2 weeks after transplanting • Planting density – 15000plants per ha • Tobacco can be ready to harvest for curing
about 60 days after transplanting
Pests In TobaccoPests In Tobacco
Aphids
Cutworms
Hornworms
Wireworms
Flea beetles
Budworms
Thrips
Grasshoppers
Pest & Disease ManagementPest & Disease Management
• A certain amount of insect damage does not reduce crop value enough to pay for the cost of treatment
• Tobacco plants often compensate for insect damage
• Therefore Integrated pest management is usually practiced which consist of physical, biological and chemical control methods
Special management practicesSpecial management practices
De topping removal of apical bud Done in button stage(flowering stage) 18-20 leaves in the plant
De suckeringDe suckering
Removal of emerging auxiliary bud 2 weeks after de topping De suckering agents are used to stop the
growth of suckers & prevent from pest attacks
Ex: ARMOUR-1, ART-78
HarvestingHarvesting
70 days after transplanting First 2-3 leaves to ripen should not be
harvested, because it has a low level of solids content undesirable for manufacturing
Only mature, ripen leaves should be harvested
Mature leaves exhibit a slight yellowing and break off the stalk easier
The best quality cures occur when the tobacco is allowed to mature in the field
Harvesting methods
1.Priming method
2.Cut stalk method
Priming methodRemoving 5 lower leaves
in every 10-12 days5-6 harvesting timesFor high quality
production
Cut stalk methodDone in 3-4 weeks after a certain amount
of the plants in the field have broken budsWhole plant is cut at the base of the stemThe plant is then flipped upside down and
the leaves cure while still attached to the plant
Removing the leaves
from the stalks is called
“stripping”
Curing of TobaccoCuring of Tobacco
Done to enhance the leaf's natural aroma Allowed to undergo fermenting reactions under
controlled temperature & humidity Done in the barn Leaves will be dehydrated over a period of time
in curing barns 4 common methods
I. flue-curing
II.air-curing
III.fire-curing
IV.sun-curing
Flue-curing Tobacco leaves kept in an enclosed
heated area for about 1week Not directly exposed to smoke Fastest method for curing flue cured is also called bright tobacco,
because flue curing turns its leaves gold, orange, or yellow.
Fire-curing Smoke from a low-burning fire on the barn
floor infuses the leaves for 3-10 weeks Leaves contain distinctive smoky aroma and
flavour Produced tobacco is low in sugar and high in
nicotine
Air curing sheltered from wind and sun in a well
ventilated chamber for about 6-8 weeks Low in sugar, which gives the tobacco
smoke a light, sweet flavor, and high in nicotine
Sun-curing dries uncovered in the sun low in sugar and nicotine
BulkingBulking
Leaves of different varieties must be bulked separately
Leaves from different stalk position must also be kept separate
The bulks have to be covered with polythene sheets to compact the bulk without damage and to prevent gain or loss of moisture
Grading Grading Sort according to;
manufacturing purposeplant position styles external appreciation
Important factors to be considered;-overall colour-blemish-damage-texture-leaf length-ripeness
Grading Con’tGrading Con’t
• 346888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888
Tobacco ProductsTobacco Products• Cigar• Cigarettes• Cheroots• Bidi• Snuff• Chewing tobacco• Loose leaf• Dipping tobacco• Cigarillos• Topical tobacco paste• Tobacco water