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Theories of Leadership
Prof.Khagendra
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Overview of Theories
Great Man Theory
Trait Theory
Behavioural Theories
-Ohio state Studies and Michigan Studies
-Managerial Grid
Contingency Theory :
- Fiedlers Least Preferred !o-wor"er #LP!$ Theor%
-!ognitive &esource Theor%
Situational Theory :
-'erse% and (lanchards Situational Theor%
-'ouses Path Goal Theor%
-Leader Participation Model
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Great Man Theor%
Leaders are )orn* not +ade.
This approach e+phasi,ed that a person is )orn
with or without the necessar% traits of leaderships.
arl% eplanations of leadership studied the
/traits0 of great leaders
/Great +an0 theories #Gandhi* Lincoln* 1apoleon$ (elief that people were )orn with these traits and
onl% the great people possessed the+
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Great Man Theor%
Great Man approach actuall% e+phasis /charis+atic0
leadership. charis+a )eing the Gree" word for gift.
1o +atter what group such a natural leader finds
hi+self in* he will alwa%s )e recogni,ed for what he
is.
2ccording to the great +an theor% of leadership*
leadership calls for certain 3ualities li"e co++andingpersonalit%* char+* courage *intelligence*
persuasiveness and aggressiveness.
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Trait Theory
4hat characteristics or traits +a"e a person aleader5
Great Man Theor%6 7ndividuals are )orn eitherwith or without the necessar% traits for leadership
Trait theories of leadership sought personalit%*social* ph%sical or intellectual traits thatdifferentiate leaders fro+ non leaders
Trait view has little anal%tical or predictive value Technical* conceptual and hu+an s"ills #Kat,
89:;$
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88
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Trait TheoryThe trait theor% is )ased on the great +an theor%* )ut it is +ore s%ste+atic in its anal%sis
of leaders. Li"e the great +an theor%* this theor% assu+es that the leaders personal traits
are the "e% to leadership success.
Abilities
Supervising Ability
Intelligence
Initiative
ersonal Traits
Self-Assurance
Decisiveness
Masculinity/Famininity
Maturity
Working Class Affinity
!otivators
ee! for "ccupational
Self-actuali#ation
$o%er "ver "t&ers
'ig& Financial (e%ar!
)ob Security
Ac&ievement
$ersonality *raits
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Traits of Leaders
7ntelligence
Ph%sical Features
7nner Motivation
Maturit%
>ision ? Foresight
2cceptance of &esponsi)ilit%
Open-Minded and adapta)ilit%
Self-confidence
'u+an &elations 2ttitude
Fairness and O)@ectivit%
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Trait TheoriesLimitationsLimitations::
"o #niversal traits that predict leadership in all"o #niversal traits that predict leadership in all
sit#ations$sit#ations$
Traits predict behavior better in %weak& thanTraits predict behavior better in %weak& than
%strong& sit#ations$%strong& sit#ations$
'nclear evidence of the ca#se and effect of'nclear evidence of the ca#se and effect of
relationship of leadership and traits$relationship of leadership and traits$ (etter predictor of the appearance of leadership(etter predictor of the appearance of leadership
than disting#ishing effective and ineffectivethan disting#ishing effective and ineffective
leaders$leaders$
LimitationsLimitations::
"o #niversal traits that predict leadership in all"o #niversal traits that predict leadership in all
sit#ations$sit#ations$
Traits predict behavior better in %weak& thanTraits predict behavior better in %weak& than%strong& sit#ations$%strong& sit#ations$
'nclear evidence of the ca#se and effect of'nclear evidence of the ca#se and effect of
relationship of leadership and traits$relationship of leadership and traits$
(etter predictor of the appearance of leadership(etter predictor of the appearance of leadership
than disting#ishing effective and ineffectivethan disting#ishing effective and ineffective
leaders$leaders$
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Behavioural Theory
7n contrast with trait theor%* )ehavioural theor%atte+pts to descri)e leadership in ter+s of what leaders
do* while trait theor% see"s to eplain leadership on the
)asis of what leaders are. Leadership according to thisapproach is the result of effective role )ehaviour.
Leadership is shown )% a persons acts +ore than )% his
traits. This is an appropriate new research strateg%
adopted )% Michigan &esearchers in the sense that the
e+phasis on the traits is replaced )% the e+phasis on
leader )ehaviour #which could )e +easured$.
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Behavioural Theory
Theories proposing that specific )ehaviorsdifferentiate leaders fro+ non leaders.
Pattern of actions used )% differentindividuals deter+ines leadership potential
a+ples
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Behavioural Theory
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(ehavioual Leadership Studies The Ohio State Studies sought to identif%
independent di+ensions of leader )ehavior
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88
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88
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anager a r a e ou on
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Contingency Theories
& situational Theories of
Leadership
Contingency Theories
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Fiedler Model The theory that effective groups depend upon a proper match
beteen a leader!s style of interacting ith subordinates and
the degree to hich the situation gives control and influence
to the leader"
There are basically three steps in the model
#$ %dentifying Leadership Style
$ 'efining the Situation
($ Matching leaders and situations
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8$ 7dentif%ing Leadership St%le
)iedler believes a *ey factor in leadership
success is the individual+s basic leadership
styleSo he created the Least Prefer !o-wor"er
#LP!$ Cuestionnaire
LP!6-,n instrument that tells to measurehether a person is tas* or relationship
oriented
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!ontD
7f the low LP! score then the person is tas" oriented
7f the high LP! score then the person is relationshiporiented
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Least Preferred !owor"er #LP!$
Scale
Pleasant E : = A ; 8 BnpleasantFriendl% E : = A ; 8 Bnfriendl%
&e@ecting E : = A ; 8 2ccepting
Tense E : = A ; 8 &elaed
!old E : = A ; 8 4ar+
Supportive E : = A ; 8 'ostile
(oring E : = A ; 8 7nteresting
Cuarrelso+e E : = A ; 8 'ar+onious
Gloo+% E : = A ; 8 !heerful
Open E : = A ; 8 !losed
(ac")iting E : = A ; 8 Lo%al
Bntrustworth% E : = A ; 8 Trustworth%!onsiderate E : = A ; 8 7nconsiderate
1ast% E : = A ; 8 1ice
2greea)le E : = A ; 8 Hisagreea)le
7nsincere E : = A ; 8 Sincere
Kind E : = A ; 8 Bn"ind
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Scoring
Iour final score is the total of the nu+)ers %ou
circled on the 8E scales
. or lessJ Low LP! #tas" +otivated$
/-0(J Middle LP! #socio-independent leaders*
self directed and not overl% concerned with the
tas" or with how others view the+$
01 or aboveJ 'igh LP! #+otivated )%
relationships$
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$ Hefining the Situation
)iedler identified three contingency dimensions that define the
*ey situational factors
#" Leader-member relations6
The degree of confidence2 trust2 and respect2 membershave in the leader
" Tas* structure:
The degree to hich the 3ob assignments are proceduri4ed
(" 5osition 5oer:
The degree of influence a leader has over poer variablessuch as hiring2 firing2 promotion etc"
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$ Matching leaders and Situations
,fter *noing the leadership style through L5C and
defining all the situations2 e ill chose the leader
ho ill fit for the situation"To ays in hich to improve leader effectiveness
#$ Change the leader to fit the situation
$ Change the situation to fit the leader
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!ognitive &esource Theor%
, theory of leadership that states that
stress unfavorably effects the situation2
and intelligence2 and e6perience canlessen the influence of stress on the
leader"
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!ontD
2 refine+ent of Fielders original +odel6
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'erse% ? (lanchards Situational
Leadership #SLT$2 +odel that focuses on follower /readiness0
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!ontD.
7ersey and Blencherd identify four specificleader behaviors
The most effective behavior depends on thefolloer+s ability and motivation
8. 7f followers are una)le and unwilling to do a tas"*the leader needs to give specific and clear directions.
. 7f followers are una)le and willing*The leader need to displa% a high tas" orientation.
. 7f the followers are a)le and unwilling*The leader needs to use a supportive and participativest%le.
;. 7f followers are )oth a)le and willing*The leader doesnt need to do +uch.
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Situational Leadership Theor%
78<
LT&L8
7T&78
7T&L8
Mature %mmature
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Leader-Me+)er change #LM$ Theor%
Leaders create in-groups and out-groups2 and subordinates
ith in-group status ill have higher performances ratings2less turnover2 and greater satisfaction ith their superior"
LM Pre+ise6
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Leader-Me+)er change
Theor%
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'ouses Path-Goal Theor%
The theory that a leader+s behavior is acceptable tosubordinates insofar as they vie it as a source of either
immediate or future satisfaction"
The Theor%6
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!ontD
)our types of leaders:
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The Path-Goal Theor%
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Path-Goal Theor%
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Iroo+ ? Iettons Leader-Participation
Model , leadership theory that provides a set of rules todetermine the formand amount of participative
decision makingin different situations"
Howa leader +a"es decisions is as i+portant as whatisdecided
Pre+ise6
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4..&eddins -H Manage+ent St%le
Theor%
8ela
tionship'imension
Tas* 'imension
-ffectiv
enessHi+
ension
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