Theoretical Perspectives
Theoretical Perspectives
Biological Perspective
Psychodynamic model
Behavioral and Cognitive Perspective
Humanistic Perspective
Sociocultural Perspective
The Psychodynamic Model
Freud’s Theory
Unconscious
Conscious
Preconscious
Three Levels of Consciousness
The Psychodynamic Model
Freud’s Levels of Consciousness
Psychoanalysis
The Psychodynamic Model
Freud’s Theory
Id
follows the pleasure principle
Life instincts
Death instincts
Libido
The Psychodynamic Model
Freud’s Theory Ego
follows the reality principle
The Psychodynamic Model
Freud’s Theory
The Defense Mechanisms
1. Repression - the the ejection of anxiety-ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from evoking ideas from awarenessawareness
The Defense Mechanisms
2. Denial -
Refusal to accept Refusal to accept the true nature the true nature of a threatof a threat
The Defense Mechanisms
3. Fantasy - Gratifying frustrated - Gratifying frustrated desires by imaginary achievementsdesires by imaginary achievements
reality imagination
The Defense Mechanisms
4. Projection - The thrusting of one’s The thrusting of one’s own unacceptable impulses onto own unacceptable impulses onto others so that others are assumed to others so that others are assumed to harbor themharbor them
The Defense Mechanisms
5. Rationalization - the use of the use of self-deceiving justifications self-deceiving justifications for unacceptable behavior for unacceptable behavior
6. Reaction formation - Assumption of behavior in opposition to Assumption of behavior in opposition to one’s genuine impulses in order to keep one’s genuine impulses in order to keep impulses repressed impulses repressed
The Defense Mechanisms
The Defense Mechanisms
7. Displacement - The transfer of ideas and The transfer of ideas and impulses from threatening or unsuitable impulses from threatening or unsuitable objects to less threatening objectsobjects to less threatening objects
The Defense Mechanisms
8. Intellectualization (isolation) -
analyze threatening analyze threatening issues in an emotionally issues in an emotionally detached waydetached way
The Defense Mechanisms
9. Undoing - Person tries to make up for - Person tries to make up for unacceptable desires or acts, frequently unacceptable desires or acts, frequently through ritualistic behaviorthrough ritualistic behavior
The Defense Mechanisms
10. Regression -
the return, under the return, under stress, to a form of stress, to a form of behavior characteristic behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of of an earlier stage of developmentdevelopment
The Defense Mechanisms
11. Overcompensation - Masking perceived Masking perceived weaknesses by developing positive traits weaknesses by developing positive traits to make up for limitationsto make up for limitations
The Defense Mechanisms
12. Sublimation - The channeling of The channeling of socially unacceptable impulses into socially unacceptable impulses into positive, constructive efforts positive, constructive efforts
The Defense Mechanisms
13. Identification –
The tendency to base The tendency to base one’s identity and one’s identity and actions on individuals actions on individuals who are successful in who are successful in gaining satisfaction gaining satisfaction from life from life
The Psychodynamic Model
Freud’s Theory
Superego
follows the moral principle
conscience
ego ideal
Stages of Psychosexual Development
The oral stageThe oral stageoral receptive
oral aggressive
Stages of Psychosexual Development
The anal The anal stagestageanal-retentive
anal-expulsive
Stages of Psychosexual Development
The phallic stageThe phallic stage
Oedipus complex
castration anxiety
Electra complex
penis envy
Stages of Psychosexual Development
The latency stageThe latency stage
The genital stageThe genital stage
Incest taboo
The Psychodynamic Model
Other Psychodynamic Explanations
Carl Jung Alfred Adler
Ego theorists Self theorists
Object relations theorists
Karen Horney
The Psychodynamic Model
Psychodynamic Therapies
Free Association
Therapist Interpretation resistance transference
dreams
The Psychodynamic Model
The Meaning of Dreams
Day Residue
Psychodynamic Therapies
Stimulus Incorporation
The Psychodynamic Model
Manifest content
Latent content
Dream Interpretation
The Psychodynamic Model
Psychodynamic Therapies
Catharsis
Working Through
Humanistic Perspective
Humanism
frames of reference self-esteem unconditional positive regard conditional positive regard conditions of worth
Carl Rogers
client-centered therapy
Abraham Maslow
The Sociocultural Model
Sociocultural Explanations
Family PerspectiveFamily PerspectiveIntergenerational
Family systems theory enmeshed structureenmeshed structure
disengagementdisengagement
Social networks and supportsSocial networks and supports
Societal labels and rolesSocietal labels and roles
Strategic
Experiential
The Sociocultural Model
Sociocultural Explanations
CultureCulture
Societal conditionsSocietal conditions
Religion and SpiritualityReligion and Spirituality
The Sociocultural Model
Sociocultural Therapies
Group TherapyGroup Therapy
Family TherapyFamily Therapystructural family therapy conjoint family therapy
Multicultural ApproachMulticultural Approach
gender-sensitive or feminist therapy
self-help group
The Sociocultural Model
Sociocultural Therapies
Couple Therapy or Marital TherapyCouple Therapy or Marital Therapy
Milieu TherapyMilieu Therapy
The Behavioral Model
Classical Conditioning
The Behavioral Model
Classical Conditioning
The unconditioned response (UCR) is an unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus
The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the
unlearned stimulus that elicits a response from an organism prior to conditioning
The Behavioral Model
Classical Conditioning
The conditioned stimulus (CS) is a previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it has been repeatedly paired with a stimulus that already elicited that response
The conditioned response (CR) is a response similar to the unconditioned response but is elicited by the conditioned stimulus
The Behavioral Model
Classical Conditioning Paradigm
CS
(salivation)
(bell)
CRUCS
UCR(meat powder)
The Behavioral Model
Watson and Raynor Study
Film
The Behavioral Model
Operant conditioning
The Behavioral Model
Positive Reinforcement
Increases the frequency of a responseIncreases the frequency of a response
m
m & m & mm & m
m & m m & m
m & m m & m
m & m
m & m
Primary reinforcer
Secondary reinforcer
Primary and Secondary Reinforcement
The Behavioral Model
Extinction
Social Learning
Modeling
Vicarious reinforcement
Vicarious punishment
The Behavioral Model Negative Reinforcement
Increases the probability that a response will occur when the painful stimulus is removed
Ouch!
Cognitive Based Theory
Cognitive Explanations
Illogical thinking processes
Behavioral Therapies
Systematic desensitization
Fear hierarchy
Behavioral/Cognitive Therapies
Behavioral Therapies
Contingency Management Techniques
Behavior Modification
Token Economies
Behavioral/Cognitive Therapies
Behavioral/Cognitive Therapies
Cognitive Restructuring
Panic Control Therapy (PCT)
Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT)
Cognitive Therapies
Self-efficacy
The Biological Model
Biological Explanations
Pons
Hindbrain
Medulla
Cerebellum
The Biological Model
Biological Explanations
Forebrain
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
The Biological Model
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Biological Explanations
Limbic System
Septal area
The Biological Model
Biological Explanations
The Cerebral Cortex
fissures
The Biological Model
Biological ExplanationsParts of a Neuron
Cell body
Cytoplasm
Myelin Sheath
Nodes of Ranvier
Axon Terminals
Synaptic knobs
The Biological Model
Biological Explanations
Parts of a Neuron
The Biological ModelBiological ExplanationsSynaptic Transmission
A neuron relays its message to another neuron across a junction called a synapse.
A synapse consists of an axon terminal from the transmitting neuron, a dendrite or soma of a receiving neuron, and a fluid-filled gap between the two called a synaptic gap.
The Biological Model
Biological ExplanationsSynaptic Transmission
In axon terminals there are sacs or synaptic vesicles that contain chemicals called neurotransmitters.
The neurotransmitter floats across the gap and fits into a specific location on a dendrite called a receptor site.
The Biological Model
Biological Explanations
The Endocrine System
The Biological Model
Biological Explanations
The Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland
The Biological Model
Biological Explanations
The Endocrine SystemAdrenal Glands
The Biological Model
Biological Explanations
The Endocrine SystemPancreas
The Biological Model
Biological Explanations
The Endocrine SystemGonads
Testes Ovaries
The Biological Model
Biological Explanations
The Endocrine System
Thyroid Gland
The Biological Model
Biological Explanations
The Endocrine System
Pineal Gland
The Biological Model
Genetic InfluencesChromosomes
Genes
Evolution
Mutation
Viral Infections
The Biological Model
Biological Therapies
Psychotropic medications
Antianxiety drugs
Antidepressant drugs
Antibipolar drugs
Antipsychotic drugs
The Biological Model
Biological Therapies
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
The Biological Model
Biological Therapies Psychosurgery
Biopsychosocial Perspectives
Biopsychosocial Theories
Diathesis-stress view
The End