The waterworld inside the hillbeneath Borobudur Temple
Borobudur Temple
Ir. Djoko Luknanto, M.Sc., [email protected]
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Objective of the study
To monitor surface-water and groundwater at Borobudur temple to avoid the detrimental effect to the temple.
To recommend necessary action in the future to monitor water more accurately to sustain the well preseved Borobudur temple at its sorrounding area.
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Water at Borobudur Temple
rainfall
waterproof layer installed at the outer ring
waterproof layer installed at the outer ring
1. water on the temple surface
2. water beneath the temple
2 types of water
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Plan View of the Temple
at inner ring(terrace) rainfall goes
directly to the soil below the temple
at outer ring(galleries) rainfall block
by waterproof layer.
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There are 2 types of water
1. Groundwater beneath the temple
small amount of it will eventually flows back through water filters to the surface of the temple
Most of it will stay as part of the greater groundwater system for a period of time
2. Surface run-off on the temple surface
block by waterproof layer and directed to the drainage system
eventually surface water will go to the seepage wells at the the temple yard
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Surface WaterWaterproof layers
rainfall will be blocked by the concrete floordirected by a drainage system into the galleries below
collected into several inspection boxesdispersed back to the ground through seepage wells
to inspection boxes
drainage system
concrete floor
Ga
llery
1
Ga
llery
2Ga
llery
3Ga
llery
4
Terrace
Selasar (encasement)
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Surface Water Observation
Field data observation by Borobudur Conservation and Research Center (BCRC):
climatological data (rainfall and evaporation) drainage system inspection boxes and seepage wells waterproof layers water meters
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Groundwater Observation
Indirect field observation of groundwater has also been done by BCRC:
water filters surface run-off volume water in the inclinometers
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Water Filters
Water filters are used to protect the groundwater below the temple from coming out directly to the temple floor, picking up soil particle beneath the temple along the way.
Up to present the water filters performs well to avoid the piping at the soil.
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Water Meters
before installation after installation
• to measure the volume of surface run-off on the temple floors (BCRC installed 8 water meters in the inspection boxes sorrounding the temple)
Map
of a
ll w
ater
rela
ted
mea
sure
men
ts
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From Nahar Cahyandaru 2013
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Inclinometers
inclinometer is not appropiate for groundwater monitoring
inclinometer is a device to measure horizontal movement of a structure
at Borobudur temple the inclinometers were used to measure the horizontal movement of the temple and to monitor the groundwater table.
there is no device to monitor directly the groundwater table.
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Location of inclinometers inclinometers are
available at 12 location: there is water
inside: 8 locations (w/ circle)
there is no water inside: 3 locations (w/o red)
mulfunction 1 location (no 12)
From the inclinometer data, it is very difficult to estimate the groundwater table
12
34
6
5
78
9
10
11 12
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Waterlevel at inclinometer 7-8-9
78
9
there are no specific pattern on inclinometer 7-8-9
the goundwater table could not be predicted
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Waterlevel at inclinometer 1-2-3
more regular pattern on inclinometer 1-2-3
this might be the correct groundwater table for Horizon A
12
3
Groundwater tablesThere are two groundwater tables at Borobudur Temples:1. Groundwater table at the hill beneath the
temple, and2. Groundwater table at the villages
surrounding the templesThe water level different between these two tables is more than 20-25 m.
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The Map of Borobudur Hill
Longitudinal section of of Borobudur Hill
groundwater table temple yard hrz plane
different 20-25 m
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Tahun Jan Feb Mar Apr Mei Jun Jul Agu Sep Okt Nov Des1994 392 423 616 228 45 25 7 0 0 30 198 1911995 359 404 270 51 66 131 13 0 18 270 621 2791996 336 321 319 176 68 70 9 96 15 225 245 3151997 297 339 73 130 161 0 0 0 0 0 43 1621998 293 350 583 266 41 172 157 29 43 370 310 2601999 498 353 329 186 102 46 20 3 5 196 291 3102000 281 261 365 290 226 34 2 16 6 213 380 3652001 148 278 435 294 87 33 43 5 43 424 323 1162002 328 436 249 151 67 1 6 0 0 0 205 234
Rerata 326 352 360 197 96 57 29 17 14 192 291 248Minimum 148 261 73 51 41 0 0 0 0 0 43 116Maximum 498 436 616 294 226 172 157 96 43 424 621 365
Monthly Rainfall (mm), at Borobudur 1994-2002
Curah Hujan Bulanan (mm), Stasiun Borobudur 1994-2002
326352 360
197
9657
29 17 14
192
291248
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Jan Feb Mar Apr Mei Jun Jul Agu Sep Okt Nov Des
Cur
ah H
ujan
(mm
)
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Groundwater Flows according to groundwater hydraulics, water flows from
locations with higher energy to a lower one at rainy season there might be groundwater pressure to
the temple wall groundwater flow pattern are quite complicated, since
there are 4 layer of soils with different characteristic.
groundwater table at dry
season
groundwater table at rainy season waterpressure at
contact point
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Consideration
It is very difficult to monitor the groundwater table without the appropiate devices
Indirect measurement of the groundwater volume cannot exactly predict the groundwater table
Observation of the groundwater table using inclinometers are not appropiate
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Water Balance at Borobudur temple
rainfall (H)
evaporation (U)
surface run-off (M)
groundwater (T)
T = H – U - M
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Rainfall and Groundwater Volume (mm), Borobudur Temple 2002
328
436
249
151
67
1 6 0 0 0
205 23
4
0
164
0 0 0
150
0000000
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Jan Feb Mar Apr Mei Jun Jul Agu Sep Okt Nov Des
mm
RainfallGroundwater
Groundwater Volume With the use of simplified water balance, monthly
volume of groundwater (mm) can be calculated
Estimation of groundwater, at BorobudurOct 2001-Des 2003
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Okt2001
Nov2001
Des2001
Jan2002
Feb2002
Mar2002
Apr2002
Mei2002
Jun2002
Jul2002
Agu2002
Sep2002
Okt2002
Nov2002
Des2002
Jan2003
Feb2003
Mar2003
Apr2003
Mei2003
Jun2003
Jul2003
Agu2003
Sep2003
Okt2003
Nov2003
Des2003
mm
air
Neraca Air BorobudurCurah Hujan (mm)Estimasi Air Tanah (mm)Air Tanah/Air Hujan (%)
Estimation of groundwater, at Borobudur 2004
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Januari Februari Maret April Mei Juni Juli Agustus September Oktober November Desember
mm
air
NERACA AIR CANDI BOROBUDUR TAHUN 2004Curah Hujan (mm)Estimasi Air Tanah (mm)Air Tanah/Air Hujan (%)
Estimation of groundwater, at Borobudur 2010
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0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Januari Februari Maret April Mei Juni Juli Agustus September Oktober November Desember
mm
air
Neraca Air Candi BorobudurBulan Januari - Desember 2010
Curah Hujan (mm)
Estimasi Air Masuk Tanah
Air Masuk Tanah/ Air Hujan
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Januari Februari Maret April Mei Juni Juli Agustus September Oktober November Desember
mm
air
Neraca Air Candi BorobudurBulan Januari - Desember 2010
Curah Hujan (mm)
Estimasi Air Masuk Tanah
Air Masuk Tanah/ Air Hujan
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Recommendation1. The surface water monitoring at Borobudur may still be
carrried with the improvement of water discharge measurement devices.
2. Direct measurement of groundwater table at the hill beneath Borobudur temple must be carried out using appropiate devices.a. For the time being, the study can only suggest the
preliminary layout of the monitoring groundwater table, as describe in next slides.
b. The depth of the monitoring devices can not decided at present, since more study from Item a has to be done first.
c. More geological investigation shall be done in the future, especially on the hill below the temple in the North-South direction. This geological data is very important when the study of the groundwater hydrodynamic is carried out in that direction.
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Location of AWLR at the inner and outer rings of the temple simple to install never destroy any single feature of the
Borobudur temple the depth of the AWLR will be decided after the
more rigorous studies has been done
inner location of awlr
outer location of awlr
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Plan View of AWLR
Needs 9 AWLR: 1 at the center 4 at the
circumference of inner ring
4 at the circumference of outer ring
The exact location will be decide based on the simplicity of the installation
3
4
1
5
2
9
8
6
7
The End
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Related Web of Borobudur TemplesThe Lovely Indonesia Tempo Doeloe http://luk.tsipil.ugm.ac.id/itd
Borobudur temples: http://luk.tsipil.ugm.ac.id/Borobudur Year 2013 this presentation
http://luk.tsipil.ugm.ac.id/proyek/Borobudur/2014/BorobudurTemple-Water.swf
http://luk.tsipil.ugm.ac.id/proyek/Borobudur/2014/BorobudurTemple-Water
http://luk.tsipil.ugm.ac.id/proyek/Borobudur/2014/BorobudurTemple-Water.pdf
Year 2003: http://luk.tsipil.ugm.ac.id/proyek/Borobudur/2003/Borobudur6-Jul-
2003.htm http://luk.tsipil.ugm.ac.id/proyek/Borobudur/2003/Borobudur6-Jul-
2003.pdf http://luk.tsipil.ugm.ac.id/proyek/Borobudur/NeracaAir2001-03.pdf