7/23/2019 The Significance of Research in Nursing Lesson Plan
1/21
Topic: The Significance of Research in Nursing
Audience: Nursing Research
Date: September
Time: 11: 30 pm
Duration: 45 Minutes
enue: !ecture Room "The Anne#$
Methodo%og&: !ecture Discussion
Number of participants: 104
!earning Theories: Ausube%: 'mphasi(ed the use of ad)ance organi(ers *hich he said *as
different from o)er)ie*s and summaries+ ,is use of an ad)ance organi(er acted to bridge the
chasm bet*een %earning materia% and e#isting re%ated ideas+ The ad)anced organi(er used- sought
to bridge ne* .no*%edge *ith *hat *as .no*n "sometimes *hat is .no*n is uncertain and not
concrete$+ Though he specified that his theor& app%ied on%& to reception %earning in schoo%s/ it
*as uti%i(ed because it introduced the topic and aided the seuence of the information to be
imparted+ "rmrod 2 Rice/ 003$+
7/23/2019 The Significance of Research in Nursing Lesson Plan
2/21
representations are sub9ecti)e+ 8runers Disco)er& %earning is an inuir&based/ constructi)ist
%earning theor& that ta.es p%ace in prob%em so%)ing situations *here the %earner dra*s on his or
her o*n past e#perience and e#isting .no*%edge to disco)er facts and re%ationships and ne*
truths to be %earned+ "6uinn 2 ,ughes/ 007$+ Students interact *ith the *or%d b& e#p%oring and
manipu%ating ob9ects/ *rest%ing *ith uestions and contro)ersies/ or performing e#periments+ As
a resu%t/ students ma& be more %i.e%& to remember concepts and .no*%edge disco)ered on their
o*n "in contrast to a transmissionist mode%$+ "6uinn 2 ,ughes/ 007$+ Mode%s that are based
upon disco)er& %earning mode% inc%ude: guided disco)er&/ prob%embased %earning/ simu%ation
based %earning/ casebased %earning/ incidenta% %earning/ among others+ The ad)antages of this
theor& are: it encourages acti)e engagement/ promotes moti)ation/ a tai%ored %earning e#perience/
and promotes autonom&/ responsibi%it&/ independence/ the de)e%opment of creati)it& and prob%em
so%)ing s.i%%s+ "6uinn 2 ,ughes/ 007$ 8runers theor& *as used because it encouraged acti)e
engagement/ promotes moti)ation/ a tai%ored %earning e#perience/ and promotes autonom&/
responsibi%it&/ independence and the de)e%opment of creati)it& and prob%em so%)ing s.i%%s for
this presentation+
7/23/2019 The Significance of Research in Nursing Lesson Plan
3/21
concept of teaching ma.ing the %esson a nstructor/ %ap top computer/ mu%timedia/ *hite board/ mar.ers
handouts+
b9ecti)es: At the end of 45 minutes interacti)e session students shou%d be ab%e to:
1+ Define the term nursing research according to o%it and 8ec. "014$-
8urns 2 ?ro)e "010$- Nies*iadom& "011$
+ >dentif& sources of nursing .no*%edge as cited b& Nies*iadom& "01$-
8urns 2 ?ro)e "010$- o%it and 8ec. "014$+
3+ '#p%ain the aradigms for Nursing Research as offered b& o%it 2 8ec./
"014$- 8urns 2 ?ro)e/ "011$+
4+ '#p%icate the concept of scientific research as suggested b& Nies*iadom&
"01$
5+ Describe the purposes of nursing research according to ;er%inger/ "1@B$-
man/ ;rugman/ 2 Cin./ "003$- o%it 2 8ec./ "014$+
B+ State the goa%s for nursing research as cited b& Nies*iadom& "011$
7+ '#p%ain the ro%e of the nurse in the research process according toNies*iadom& "01$+
Describe the de)e%opment of nursing historica%%& as offered b& Simmons 2
7/23/2019 The Significance of Research in Nursing Lesson Plan
4/21
Nies*iadom&/ R+ "01$+Foundations of nursing research.Fpper Sadd%e Ri)er NG: earsons
man/ ;+ S+/ ;rugman/ M+ '+ 2 Cin./ R+ M+ "003$+Nursing research secrets+ hi%ade%phia:
,an%e& 2 8e%fus+
rmrod/ G+ '+ 2 Rice/ C+ + "003$+Lifespan development and learning+ 8oston/ MA: earson
Hustom ub%ishing+
o%it/ D 2 8ec./ H+ "014$+Essentials of nursing research: Appraising evidence for nursing
practice.hi%ade%phia+ A: Eo%ters ;%u*er ,ea%th I !ippincott Ei%%iams 2 Ei%.ins+
6uinn/ C 2 ,ughes/ S+ "007$+ Quinns principles and practice of nursing education+ !ondon:
Ne%son Thornes
Simmons/ !+ E 2 ,enderson/ + "1@B4$+Nursing research!a survey and assessment+ Ne*
or.: App%etonHentur&Hrofts
7/23/2019 The Significance of Research in Nursing Lesson Plan
5/21
7/23/2019 The Significance of Research in Nursing Lesson Plan
6/21
Time Objectives Contents Teacher
Activity
Learners
Activity
Evaluation
1 min >cebrea.erDa)id
Ausube%:
The
ad)anced
organi(er
used- sought
to bridge
ne*
.no*%edge
*ith *hat*as .no*n
Teacher *i%%as. students to
identif& the
issueJs in
picture and
conseuent%&
ascertain the
topic of the
presentation
Students *i%%attempt to
identif& the
issues in the
picture and
ascertain the
topic for
presentation
Students*i%%
correct%&
identif& the
topic of
presentation
subseuent
to %oo.ing at
the picture
3 min Define the
term nursing
research
according to
o%it and
8ec. "01$-
8urns 2
?ro)e"010$-
Nies*iadom
& "011$
o%it and 8ec. "014$ ha)e broad%& defined nursing research as
Ks&stematic inuir& designed to de)e%op .no*%edge about issues of
importance to the nursing profession/ inc%uding nursing practice/
education/ administration/ and informatics= "p+ 3$+
8urns and ?ro)e "010$ ha)e more narro*%& defined nursing research
as Ka scientific process that )a%idates and refines e#isting .no*%edge
and generates ne* .no*%edge that direct%& and indirect%& inf%uencesc%inica% nursing practice= "p+ 744$+
Thus/ b& their definition/ to be ca%%ed nursing research/ stud& resu%ts
must direct%& or indirect%& affect c%inica% nursing practice+
Nies*iadom& "011$ defines it as the s&stematic/ ob9ecti)e process of
ana%&(ing phenomena of importance to nursing+
Fsing this definition/ nursing research inc%udes a%% studies concerning
Teacher *i%%
random%& as.
three students
to define the
terms nursing
research in their
o*n *ords
Teacher *i%%
define the terms
nursing
research using
o*erointJC%a
shcards
according to the
content+
Three students
*i%% attempt to
define the
terms nursing
research in
their o*n
*ords+
Students *i%%
%isten
attenti)e%& and
fo%%o* on
o*eroint as
definition of
nursing
research is
Students
*i%% be ab%e
to correct%&
define the
terms
nursing
research
according tothe content
using terms
such as
Ks&stematic
inuir&
designed to
de)e%op
.no*%edge
7/23/2019 The Significance of Research in Nursing Lesson Plan
7/21
nursing practice/ nursing education/ and nursing administration+
A%so/ studies concerning nurses themse%)es are inc%uded in the broad
categor& of nursing research+ Teacher *i%%
as. threestudent seated
at the bac. of
c%ass to define
the term
nursing
research
according to the
content
sho*n and
stated+
Three students
seated at thebac. of c%ass
*i%% define the
terms nursing
research
according to
the content
about issues
of
importance
to the
nursingprofession/
inc%uding
nursing
practice/
education/
administrati
on/ and
informatics=
3 min >dentif&
sources of
nursing
.no*%edge
as cited b&
Nies*iadom
& "011$-
8urns 2
?ro)e
"010$- o%it
and 8ec."014$+
Nurses ha)e re%ied on se)era% sources of .no*%edge to guide nursing
practice+ ?reat storehouse of .no*%edge for nurses has been
tradition+
TRADITIONin)o%)es the handing do*n of .no*%edge from one
generation to another and %eads to actions that occur because K*e)e
a%*a&s done it that *a&+=
Another source of .no*%edge for nurses has been found in authorit&
or c%inica% e#perienceJe#pertise+
EXPERT OR A"T#ORITIEin a gi)en fie%d often pro)ide.no*%edge for other peop%e "eg+ authors of te#t boo.s$+ >n the past/
nurses %oo.ed to ph&sicians for a great dea% of their practice
.no*%edge+ >t has on%& been in recent &ears that nurses ha)e begun to
bui%d a uniue bod& of nursing .no*%edge+
CLINICAL EXPERIENCE AND TRIAL AND ERROR Nurses
ha)e a%so used tria% and error as a means of disco)ering .no*%edge+
Teacher *i%%
random%& as.
students to
identif& the
sources of
nursing
.no*%edge
Teacher *i%%
identif& the
sources ofnursing
.no*%edge
using
o*eroint
presentation/
*hite board and
mar.ers
Students *i%%
attempt to
identif& the
sources of
nursing
.no*%edge
Students *i%%
fo%%o* on
*hite boardand on
o*eroint
presentation
and as.
uestions
*here
necessar&
Students
*i%%
correct%&
identif& the
sources of
nursing
.no*%edge
b& using
.e& terms
such as/ K
tradition/e#perts or
authorities/
c%inica%
e#perience
and tria% and
error and
scientific
7/23/2019 The Significance of Research in Nursing Lesson Plan
8/21
>f one approach did not *or./ another one *as used+
Cina%%&/ *hen a certain approach *as found to be effecti)e/ the tria%
anderror process ceased+ Creuent%&/ the reasons behind the fai%ure
or success of a certain method *ere not determined+ The goa% *as K>f
it *or.s/ *e%% use it+= Nursing .no*%edge has been obtained fromman& sources/ but the most ob9ecti)e and re%iab%e source of nursing
.no*%edge is CIENTI$IC REEARC# %Nies*iadom&/ 011-
8urns 2 ?ro)e/ 010- o%it 2 8ec./ 014$
Teach *i%% as.
three students
in the midd%e
and three at thefront to identif&
one source of
nursing
.no*%edge
according to the
content
Three students
seated in the
midd%e and
three at thefront of the
c%ass *i%%
identif& one
source of
nursing
.no*%edge
according to
the content
research=
10mi
n
'#p%ain the
aradigms
for Nursing
Research as
offered b&
o%it 2
8ec./
"014$-
8urns 2
?ro)e/
"011$+
The uestions that nurse researchers as./ and the methods the& use to
ans*er their uestions/ spring from a researchers )ie* of ho* the
*or%d K*or.s+= >n research par%ance "%anguage$/ a paradigm is a
*or%d )ie*/ a genera% perspecti)e on the *or%ds comp%e#ities+
Discip%ined inuir& in nursing has been conducted main%& *ithin t*o
broad paradigms+
T#E POITI&IT PARADI'(L has dominated nursing research
for decades and is rooted in 1@th centur& thought/ guided b& such
phi%osophers as Ne*ton and !oc.e "o%it 2 8ec./ 014- 8urns 2
?ro)e/ 011$+ ositi)ism is a ref%ection of a broader cu%tura%mo)ement "modernism$ that emphasi(es the rationa% and the
scientific+ A fundamenta% assumption of positi)ists is that there is a
rea%it& out there that can be studied and .no*n+ "An assumptionis a
princip%e that is be%ie)ed to be true *ithout )erification$+ Adherents of
positi)ism assume that nature is ordered and regu%ar/ and that a rea%it&
e#ists independent of human obser)ation+ >n other *ords/ the *or%d is
assumed not to be mere%& a creation of the human mind+
Teacher *i%%
as. one student
at the bac. and
one at the front
to %ocate pieces
of papers
p%aced under
their des.s and
*i%% discuss the
concept that is
*ritten on them
Teacher *i%%
e#p%ain the
paradigms for
nursing
uti%i(ing
o*eroint
Students *i%%
%ocate pieces
of papers
p%aced under
their des.s and
*i%% attempt to
discuss the
concepts that
are *ritten on
them
Students *i%%
fo%%o* on
o*eroint
and in
handouts and
as. uestions
Students
*i%%
correct%&
e#p%ain
paradigms
for nursing
b& using
terms such
as
KS>T>>
SM Afundamenta%
assumption
of
positi)ists is
that there is
a rea%it& out
there that
7/23/2019 The Significance of Research in Nursing Lesson Plan
9/21
The re%ated assumption of determinism refers to the positi)ists be%ief
that phenomena are not hapha(ard/ but rather ha)e antecedent causes+
>f a person has a stro.e/ the scientist in a positi)ist tradition assumes
that there must be one or more reasons that can be potentia%%&identified+
Eithin the positi)ist paradigm/ much research acti)it& is aimed at
understanding the under%&ing causes of natura% phenomena "o%it 2
8ec./ 014- 8urns 2 ?ro)e/ 011$+
T#E CONTR"CTI&IT PARADI'("sometimes ca%%ed the
naturalisticparadigm$ began as a countermo)ement to positi)ism
*ith *riters such as Eeber and ;ant+ The constructi)ist paradigm is a
ma9or a%ternati)e s&stem for conducting research in nursing+ Cor the
natura%istic inuirer/ rea%it& is not a fi#ed entit& but rather a
construction of the peop%e participating in the research- rea%it& e#ists
*ithin a conte#t/ and man& constructions are possib%e+ Natura%ists ta.e
the position of re%ati)ism: if there are mu%tip%e interpretations of
rea%it& that e#ist in peop%es minds/ then there is no process b& *hich
the u%timate truth or fa%sit& of the constructions can be determined+
"o%it 2 8ec./ 014- 8urns 2 ?ro)e/ 011$+
presentation
and handouts
on the on the
paradigms
according to thecontents
Teacher *i%%
random%& as.
t*o student to
e#p%ain each
paradigm
according to the
contents
as necessar& as
teacher
e#p%ains
paradigms for
nursingaccording to
the contents
T*o students
*i%% e#p%ain
each paradigm
of nursing
according to
the contents
can be
studied and
.no*n
HNSTRF
HT>>SM + Cor the
natura%istic
inuirer/
rea%it& is not
a fi#ed
entit& but
rather a
construction
of the
peop%e
participating
in the
research-
rea%it& e#ists
*ithin a
conte#t/ and
man&
construction
s arepossib%e+
7/23/2019 The Significance of Research in Nursing Lesson Plan
10/21
0mi
n
'#p%icate the
concept of
scientific
research as
suggested b&Nies*iadom
& "011$
Traditiona% scientific research is characteri(ed b& se)era% features+
The researcher uses s&stematic/ order%&/ and ob9ecti)e methods of
see.ing information+ The scientific method uses empirica% data/ *hich
are data gathered through the sense organs+
>nformation is gained in the form of data or facts that are obtained inan unbiased manner from some aspect of the rea% *or%d
"Nies*iadom&/ 011$+
The researcher tries to e#ercise as much contro% as possib%e o)er the
research situation/ to minimi(e biased resu%ts++
The researchers opinions and persona% biases shou%d not inf%uence
the findings of a stud&+ There are man& simi%arities bet*een scientific
research and the prob%emso%)ing approach that is fami%iar to a%%
nurses+ 8oth processes in)o%)e identif&ing a prob%em area/
estab%ishing a p%an/ co%%ecting data/ and e)a%uating the data+
The purposes of these t*o acti)ities are/ ho*e)er/ uite different
"Nies*iadom&/ 011$+
rob%em so%)ing attempts to see. a so%ution to a prob%em that e#ists
for a person or persons in a gi)en setting+ The purpose of scientific
research is much broader+ >t see.s to obtain .no*%edge that can be
genera%i(ed to other peop%e and to other settings+
Cor e#amp%e/ the nursing staff might be concerned about the best
approach to teaching Mrs+ Smith/ a b%ind patient/ ho* to operate aninsu%in pump "Nies*iadom&/ 011$
This *ou%d be an e#amp%e of an immediate prob%em that needs a
so%ution+ Scientific research/ in contrast/ *ou%d be concerned *ith the
best approach to use in teaching b%ind peop%e/ in genera%/ ho* to
operate insu%in pumps+ Scientific research is concerned *ith the
abi%it& to genera%i(e research resu%ts "Nies*iadom&/ 011$+
Teacher *i%%
as. one student
from each ro*
to e#p%ain the
concept ofscientific
research- heJshe
can ca%% on ro*
members for
assistance
Teacher *i%%
e#p%ain the
concept of
scientific *ith
the aid of
o*eroint
presentation/
*hite board and
mar.ers
according to the
content
Teacher *i%%
random%& as.
persons to
e#p%ain the
concept of
ne student
from each ro*
*i%% attempt to
e#p%ain the
concept ofscientific
research/
heJshe can ca%%
on ro*
members for
assistance
Students *i%%
sit/ %isten/ as.
uestions
*here
necessar& as
teacher
e#p%ains the
concept of
scientific
research
according to
the contents
Students *i%%
e#p%ain the
concept of
scientific
research
Students
*i%% be ab%e
to correct%&
e#p%ain the
concept ofscientific
research b&
using .e&
terms such
as KThe
researcher
uses
s&stematic/
order%&/ and
ob9ecti)e
methods of
see.ing
information+
The
scientific
method uses
empirica%
data/ *hich
are datagathered
through the
sense
organs=
7/23/2019 The Significance of Research in Nursing Lesson Plan
11/21
scientific
research
according to the
content
according to
the content
5min Describe the
purposes of
nursing
research
according to
;er%inger/
"1@B$-
man/
;rugman/ 2
Cin./ "003$-
o%it 2
8ec./
"014$+
Research ma& be c%assified/ according to the genera% purpose of the
stud&/ as basic and app%ied research+
)AIC REEARC#*P"RE REEARC#is concerned *ith
generating ne* .no*%edge
APPLIED REEARC#is concerned *ith using .no*%edge to so%)e
immediate prob%ems+
8asic research is conducted to de)e%op/ test/ and refine theories and
generate ne* .no*%edge ";er%inger/ 1@B- man/ ;rugman/ 2 Cin./
003- o%it 2 8ec./ 014$+
Sometimes it is said that basic research see.s K.no*%edge for
.no*%edges sa.e+= Ehether basic research see.s to generate or
de)e%op theories/ immediate app%ication of the resu%ts usua%%& does not
occur+ >n fact/ &ears ma& pass before the socia% usefu%ness of theresu%ts of the research is determined or ac.no*%edged+
8asic research often uses %aborator& anima%s as sub9ects+
App%ied research is directed to*ard generating .no*%edge that can be
used in the near future+ >t is often conducted to see. so%utions to
e#isting prob%ems "8urns 2 ?ro)e/ 010- ;er%inger/ 1@B- o%it 2
8ec./ 014$+ >t appears that the ma9orit& of nursing studies ha)e been
Teacher *i%%
as. t*o
students to
describe one
purpose each
for nursing
research
Teacher *i%%
describe the
purposes for
nursing
researchuti%i(ing
o*eroint
presentation
Teacher *i%%
T*o students
*i%% attempt to
describe one
purpose each
for nursing
research
Students *i%%
%isten and
fo%%o* on
o*eroint
presentation asteacher
describe the
purposes for
nursing
research
T*o students
Students
*i%% be ab%e
to correct%&
describe the
purposes for
nursing
research b&
using terms
such as/ K
8AS>H
R'S'ARH
, is
concerned*ith
generating
ne*
.no*%edge
A!>'D
R'S'ARH
7/23/2019 The Significance of Research in Nursing Lesson Plan
12/21
e#amp%es of app%ied research+ Man& of these studies ha)e focused on
nursing inter)entions for patients and their fami%ies+ The distinction
bet*een basic and app%ied research is rea%%& not as c%ear cut as it ma&
seem "Nies*iadom&/ 011$+
Sometimes the findings of basic research are app%ied rather uic.%& in
the c%inica% setting/ *hereas the findings of app%ied research actua%%&
%ead to basic studies+ Man& studies contain e%ements of both basic and
app%ied research because theor& is being tested that *i%% ha)e
immediate imp%ications for nursing+ The distinction bet*een basic and
app%ied research ma& ha)e more to do *ith financia% support for the
pro9ect than *ith the purpose of the stud&+ >n this sense/ basic research
ma& imp%& that the researcher is pro)ided support to *or. on a
particu%ar pro9ect *ithout ha)ing to indicate the immediate practica%
usefu%ness of the findings+ A%though nursing research is genera%%& of
the app%ied t&pe/ *hich is more %i.e%& to recei)e funding than basic
research/ nurses must search for funding "Nies*iadom&/ 011$+
as. t*o
students *hose
surname begin
*ith the %etter
KE= to describethe purposes for
nursing
*hose
surnames
begin *ith the
%etter KE= *i%%
describe thepurposes for
nursing
research
, is
concerned
*ith using
.no*%edge
to so%)eimmediate
prob%ems+
State the
goa%s for
nursing
research ascited b&
Nies*iadom
& "011$
The importance of nursing research cannot be stressed enough+
Some of the goa%s for conducting research are to "a$ promote
e)idencebased nursing practice/ "b$ ensure credibi%it& of the nursingprofession/ "c$ pro)ide accountabi%it& for nursing practice/ and "d$
document the cost effecti)eness of nursing care+
PRO(OTE E&IDENCE+)AED N"RIN' PRACTICE
The ma9or reason for conducting nursing research is to foster
optimum care for c%ients+ ')idencebased nursing practice "'8N$
Teacher *i%%
as. four
students to state
one goa% ofnursing
research
Teacher *i%%
state the goa%s
for nursing
research using
Cour students
*i%% attempt to
state one goa%
of nursingresearch
Students *i%%
%isten and
fo%%o* on
o*eroint
Students
*i%% be ab%e
to correct%&
state thegoa%s of
nursing
research as
e)idenced
b& the use
of *ords
such as/
7/23/2019 The Significance of Research in Nursing Lesson Plan
13/21
means that nurses ma.e c%inica% decisions based on the best research
e)idence/ their c%inica% e#pertise/ and the hea%th care preferences of
their patientsJc%ients+ A%though '8N ma& be based on factors other
than research findings/ such as patient preferences and the e#pertise of
c%inicians/ the aim of '8N is to pro)ide the best possib%e care basedon the best a)ai%ab%e research "Nies*iadom&/ 011$+ The nursing
profession e#ists to pro)ide a ser)ice to societ&/ and this ser)ice
shou%d be based on accurate .no*%edge+ Research has been
determined to be the most re%iab%e means of obtaining .no*%edge+ As
pre)ious%& mentioned/ there are other means of acuiring .no*%edge/
such as through tradition/ authorit&/ and tria% and error+ The scientific
method/ ho*e)er/ has been determined to be the most ob9ecti)e/
s&stematic *a& of obtaining .no*%edge+ "Nies*iadom&/ 011$
EN"RE CREDI)ILIT, O$ T#E N"RIN' PRO$EION
>n the past/ nursing *as freuent%& thought of as a )ocation rather
than a profession+ >n fact/ the strugg%e to gain professiona% status has
been %ong and difficu%t+ ne of the criteria for a profession is the
e#istence of a bod& of .no*%edge that is distinct from that of other
discip%ines+ Nursing has traditiona%%& borro*ed .no*%edge from the
natura% and socia% sciences/ and on%& in recent &ears ha)e nurses
concentrated on estab%ishing a uniue bod& of .no*%edge that *ou%d
a%%o* nursing to be c%ear%& identified as a distinct profession+ Themost )a%id means of de)e%oping this .no*%edge base is scientific
research+ Through research/ nurses can determine *hat it is that the&
do and ho* the& do it that distinguishes them from other groups in the
hea%th care fie%d+ Nurses must demonstrate to the genera% pub%ic that
nursing ma.es a difference in the hea%th status of peop%e+
"Nies*iadom&/ 011$
o*eroint
presentation
and *hite
board/ mar.ers
Teacher *i%%
as. t*o
students in the
midd%e and t*o
at the sides to
of the
c%assroom state
the goa%s for
nursing
research
according to the
contents
presentation
and b%ac.board
as teacher
e#p%ain the
goa%s ofnursing
research
T*o students
in the midd%e
and t*o at the
side of the
c%assroom *i%%
state the goa%s
for nursing
research
according to
the contents
KSome of
the goa%s for
conducting
research are
to "a$promote
e)idence
based
nursing
practice/ "b$
ensure
credibi%it&
of the
nursing
profession/
"c$ pro)ide
accountabi%i
t& for
nursing
practice/
and "d$
document
the cost
effecti)eness of nursing
care+=
7/23/2019 The Significance of Research in Nursing Lesson Plan
14/21
PRO&IDE ACCO"NTA)ILIT, $OR N"RIN' PRACTICE
As nurses ha)e become more independent in ma.ing decisions about
the care of c%ients/ their independence has brought about a greater
need for accountabi%it&+ There is an o%d sa&ing that e)er& pri)i%ege isaccompanied b& a corresponding dut&+ The pri)i%ege of being
independent practitioners brings *ith it the dut& of being accountab%e
to those *ho are recipients of our care+ A%though nurses ha)e
genera%%& been g%ad to achie)e some degree of independence from the
medica% profession/ in some *a&s %ife *as easier *hen ph&sicians
*ere considered to be responsib%e for a%% aspects of hea%th care+ At
that time/ if a nurse made a medication error/ the ph&sician "and
sometimes the hospita%$ *as he%d responsib%e+ The idea of a %a*suit
being brought against a nurse *as a%most unthin.ab%e+
The genera% pub%ic has gained more .no*%edge of hea%th care/ and
e#pectations of nurses as pro)iders of care ha)e increased+ To be
accountab%e for their practice/ nurses must ha)e a sound rationa%e for
their actions/ based on .no*%edge that is gained through scientific
research+ Nurses ha)e the responsibi%it& of .eeping their .no*%edge
base current/ and one of the best sources of current .no*%edge is the
research %iterature+ The abi%it& to critiue research artic%es and
determine findings that are appropriate for practice is a s.i%% that is
needed b& a%% nurses "Nies*iadom&/ 011$+
DOC"(ENT T#E COT E$$ECTI&ENE O$ N"RIN'
CARE
8ecause of nursings humanistic and a%truistic tradition/ it has been
difficu%t for nurses to consider the cost effecti)eness of nursing care+
The goa% has been to he%p peop%e achie)e or maintain hea%th/
7/23/2019 The Significance of Research in Nursing Lesson Plan
15/21
regard%ess of cost+ 8ut the rea%it& of the hea%th care picture has forced
nurses to thin. in monetar& terms+ Some nurses are acuiring
additiona% education in business and finance to he%p them better
understand the financia% aspects of hea%th care+ Eith the increased
cost of hea%th care/ a%% discip%ines *ithin the hea%th care fie%d ha)ebeen ca%%ed on to demonstrate their )a%ue in a do%%arandcents
fashion+ Honsumers ha)e become more cogni(ant of the cost of hea%th
care and are as.ing for e#p%anations of ser)ices the& recei)e
"Nies*iadom&/ 011$+ These consumers need to be made a*are of the
importance of nursing care in re%ation to maintaining the hea%th of
*e%% c%ients and in promoting the reco)er& and rehabi%itation of i%%
c%ients+ Nursing ser)ices can consume a %arge percentage of a
hospita%s budget+ Eith prospecti)e pa&ment s&stems determining the
amount of reimbursements that hospita%s recei)e/ nursing care
ser)ices are being c%ose%& e#amined+
>t is not difficu%t to determine that hospita%s cou%d cut costs b&
curtai%ing nursing ser)ices+ >f nursing care can be demonstrated to be
cost effecti)e/ hospita%s *i%% %oo. to other sources for Kcutting the fat+=
>f effecti)e nursing care can a%%o* c%ients to %ea)e hospita%s in better
condition and in %ess time than predicted/ hospita%s *i%% ma.e more
profit or/ in the case of nonprofit %oose %ess resources "Nies*iadom&/
011$+
'#p%ain the
ro%e of the
nurse in the
research
process
according to
Nies*iadom
Nurses prepared at the bacca%aureate %e)e% shou%d be ab%e to read
research critica%%& and determine if research resu%ts are read& for use
in c%inica% practice+ The& shou%d be ab%e to identif& c%inica% prob%ems
that need to be in)estigated+ 8acca%aureateprepared nurses shou%d
a%so assist e#perienced in)estigators to gain access to c%inica% sites+
The& shou%d he%p se%ect appropriate data co%%ection methods and
co%%ect data+ Cina%%&/ the& shou%d imp%ement research findings in their
Teacher *i%%
as. four
students to
e#p%ain one ro%e
each of the
nurse in the
research
Cour students
*i%% attempt to
e#p%ain one
ro%e each of the
nurse in the
research
process
Students
*i%% be ab%e
to correct%&
state the
ro%es of
nurse in the
research
7/23/2019 The Significance of Research in Nursing Lesson Plan
16/21
& "011$+ practice "Nies*iadom&/ 011$
)era%%/ there are man& ro%es that nurses can assume in association
*ith research pro9ects+ Some of these inc%ude the fo%%o*ing: rincipa%
in)estigator/ Member of a research team/ >dentifier of researchab%eprob%ems/ ')a%uator of research findings/ FserJconsumer of research
findings/ atientJc%ient ad)ocate during studies and
Sub9ectJparticipant in studies "Nies*iadom&/ 011$+
PRINCIPAL IN&ETI'ATOR
Nurses can and shou%d ser)e as principa% in)estigators in scientific
in)estigations+ To be a principa% in)estigator/ specia% research
preparation is necessar&+ >t might be possib%e for a beginning
researcher to conduct a sma%%sca%e sur)e& stud&/ but preparation
be&ond the bacca%aureate %e)e% is necessar& for independent
in)estigator status in most nursing research studies+
(E()ER O$ A REEARC# TEA(
Nurses can ser)e as members of a research team+ The& ma& act as
data co%%ectors or administer the e#perimenta% inter)ention of the
stud&+ As nurses increasing%& participate in research/ it is possib%e that
interest and enthusiasm to conduct their o*n in)estigations ma& gro*"Nies*iadom&/ 011$+
E&AL"ATOR O$ REEARC# $INDIN'
')er& nurse shou%d be in)o%)ed in the e)a%uation of research findings+
As research consumers/ nurses ha)e the ob%igation to become fami%iar
*ith research findings and determine the usefu%ness of these findings
process
Teacher *i%%
e#p%ain the
ro%es of thenurse in the
research
process using
o*eroint
presentation
and *hite
board/ mar.ers
Teacher *i%%
as. t*o
students in the
midd%e and t*o
at the sides to
of the
c%assroom
e#p%ain the
ro%es of the
nurse in theresearch
process
according to the
contents
Students *i%%
%isten and
fo%%o* ono*eroint
presentation
and b%ac.board
as teacher
e#p%ain the
ro%es of the
nurse in
research
T*o students
in the midd%e
and t*o at the
side of the
c%assroom *i%%
e#p%ain the
ro%e of the
nurse research
in the research
processaccording to
the contents
process as
e)idenced
b& the use
of *ords
such as/)era%%/
there are
man& ro%es
that nurses
can assume
in
association
*ith
research
pro9ects+
Some of
these
inc%ude the
fo%%o*ing:
rincipa%
in)estigator/
Member of
a research
team/>dentifier of
researchab%e
prob%ems/
')a%uator of
research
findings/
FserJconsu
7/23/2019 The Significance of Research in Nursing Lesson Plan
17/21
in the practice area+ 8eginning researchers shou%d critiue research
artic%es/ first *ith the he%p of an e#perienced researcher and
e)entua%%& on their o*n/ through the use of .no*%edge gained in a
structured research course "either in their basic nursing education
program or in a continuing education course$ "Nies*iadom&/ 011$
"ER*CON"(ER O$ REEARC# $INDIN'
Through the &ears/ nurses ha)e tended to carr& out nursing procedures
and pro)ide nursing care Kthe *a& *e)e a%*a&s done it+=
Hhange is difficu%t to bring about/ but research findings ha)e no )a%ue
if the& are not put into use+ After e)a%uating research findings/ nurses
shou%d use re%e)ant findings in their practice+ The primar& goa% of
nursing research/ as mentioned ear%ier/ is the impro)ed care of c%ients+
,o*e)er/ nurses must be 9udicious in their use of research findings+
The resu%ts of one sma%% stud& conducted *ith a samp%e of 15
)o%unteers *ou%d not pro)ide sufficient e)idence for a change in
nursing practice+ Research uti%i(ation and e)idencebased nursing
practice are re%ated because both processes p%ace emphasis on
research findings+ ,o*e)er/ research uti%i(ation focuses on the
imp%ementation of findings from specific research studies+The goa% of
research uti%i(ation is to see that the findings of research studies are
actua%%& put into p%a& in nursing practice "Nies*iadom&/ 011$+
PATIENT*CLIENT AD&OCATE D"RIN' T"DIE
A%% nurses ha)e the responsibi%it& to act as patientJc%ient ad)ocates
*hen their patientJc%ients are in)o%)ed in research+ This ad)ocac&
in)o%)es ma.ing sure that the ethica% aspects of research are uphe%d+
Nurses shou%d he%p ans*er uestions and e#p%ain a stud& to potentia%
mer of
research
findings/
atientJc%ien
t ad)ocateduring
studies and
Sub9ectJpart
icipant in
studies=
7/23/2019 The Significance of Research in Nursing Lesson Plan
18/21
participants before the stud& begins+ The& a%so might be a)ai%ab%e
during the stud& to ans*er uestions or pro)ide support to stud&
participants+
")-ECT*PARTICIPANT IN T"DIENurses ma& act as sub9ects or participants in research "Nies*iadom&/
011$+
Describe the
de)e%opment
of nursing
historica%%&
as offered b&
Simmons 2
,enderson/
"1@B4$-
Nies*iadom
& "011$
Nursing research *as ab%e to de)e%op and e#pand on%& as nurses
recei)ed ad)anced educationa% preparation+ The gro*th of nursing
research seems to be direct%& re%ated to the educationa% %e)e%s of
nurses+ A%though the first uni)ersit&based nursing program in the
Fnited States *as begun in 1@0@/ the number of such programs
increased )er& s%o*%&+ >n the ear%& part of this centur&/ nurse %eaders
*ere more concerned *ith increasing the number of nurses and
estab%ishing hospita%affi%iated nursing schoo%s than *ith estab%ishing
uni)ersit& programs+
8ecause nurses *ere not prepared to conduct research/ man& of the
ear%& nursing studies *ere conducted b& members of other discip%ines+
8eginning *ith the 1@3 stud&/ *hose fina% resu%ts *as tit%ed the
?o%dmar. Report/ nonnurses became in)o%)ed in stud&ing nurses and
nursing+ Socio%ogists *ere particu%ar%& interested in the K%earning/
%i)ing/ and *or.ing= e#perienced b& nurses "Abde%%ah 2 !e)ine/
1@B5$+
Research conducted b& socio%ogists and beha)iora% scientists added to
their respecti)e bodies of .no*%edge but did not necessari%& e#pand
nursings bod& of .no*%edge ",enderson/ 1@5B$+ As nurses recei)ed
ad)anced educationa% preparation and became ua%ified to conduct
research/ man& of the studies the& carried out *ere in nursing
education because most nurses before 1@50 recei)ed their ad)anced
Teacher *i%%
random%& as.
students to
describe the
de)e%opment of
nursing
historica%%&
Teacher *i%%
describe the
de)e%opment of
nursing
historica%%&
using
o*eroint
presentation
and *hiteboard/ mar.ers
Teacher *i%%
as. t*o
students in the
midd%e and t*o
Students *i%%
attempt to
describe the
de)e%opment
of nursing
historica%%& one
Students *i%%
%isten and
fo%%o* on
o*eroint
presentation
and b%ac.board
as teacher
describes the
de)e%opmentof nursing
historica%%&
T*o students
in the midd%e
and t*o at the
side of the
Students
*i%% be ab%e
to correct%&
state the
goa%s of
nursing
research as
e)idenced
b& the use
of *ords
such as/
KNursing
research
*as ab%e to
de)e%op and
e#pand on%&
as nursesrecei)ed
ad)anced
educationa%
preparation+
The gro*th
of nursing
research
7/23/2019 The Significance of Research in Nursing Lesson Plan
19/21
degrees in education+ ,o*e)er/ e)en during the ear%& ha%f of this
centur&/ the need for c%inica% nursing research *as e)ident
"Nies*iadom&/ 011$
A%though C%orence Nightinga%e recommended c%inica% nursingresearch in the mid100s/ her ad)ice *as not fo%%o*ed b& most
nurses unti% o)er 100 &ears %ater+ Some of the studies that she
recommended/ such as those concerning en)ironmenta% hea%th
ha(ards/ are being conducted toda&+ >t is on%& in recent &ears that
Nightinga%e has come to be appreciated for the tru%& e#traordinar&
*oman that she *as+ >f nurses had begun sooner to fo%%o* the
e#amp%e of their first %eader/ nursing *ou%d be much further a%ong in
estab%ishing a bod& of nursing .no*%edge+
8oth the number and the ua%it& of nursing studies ha)e increased
dramatica%%&+ There are man& note*orth& e)ents in the historica%
de)e%opment of nursing research "Nies*iadom&/ 011$+
Nursing research *as s%o* to de)e%op in the Fnited States as *e%% as
in the rest of the *or%d+ Some of this s%o* gro*th is re%ated to the
de)e%opment of nursing education+ Despite her s.i%% in independent
scientific in)estigation/ C%orence Nightinga%e deri)ed the foundation
for modern nursing education from the mi%itar& tradition/ *hich
emphasi(ed the concept of authorit&+ The authoritarian s&stem of
training *as a deterrent to the de)e%opment of inuiring minds"Simmons 2 ,enderson/ 1@B4$+
at the sides of
the c%assroom
to describe the
de)e%opment of
nursingresearch
historica%%&
according to the
contents
c%assroom *i%%
describe the
de)e%opment
of nursing
historica%%&according to
the contents
seems to be
direct%&
re%ated to
the
educationa%%e)e%s of
nurses+
A%though
the first
uni)ersit&
based
nursing
program in
the Fnited
States *as
begun in
1@0@/ the
number of
such
programs
increased
)er&
s%o*%&+=
E&AL"ATION
7/23/2019 The Significance of Research in Nursing Lesson Plan
20/21
1+ Ehat is nursing research+ >dentif& fi)e sources of nursing .no*%edge
3+ State the t*o paradigms used in nursing4+ Define scientific research
5+ ut%ine t*o purposes of nursing research
B+ State the goa%s of nursing research7+ Name t*o ro%es of the nurse in research
AN.ER
1+ A Ks&stematic inuir& designed to de)e%op .no*%edge about issues of importance to the nursing profession/ inc%uding nursingpractice/ education/ administration/ and informatics=+ TRAD>T>N/ 'O'RTS/ AFT,R>T>'S / H!>N>HA! 'O'R>'NH' AND TR>A! AND 'RRR
3+ ositi)ism and constructi)ism4+ App%ication of scientific method to the in)estigation of re%ationships among natura% phenomenon/ or to so%)e a medica% or
NFRS>N? R8!'M+5+ 8AS>H R'S'ARH, L for de)e%opment of ;no*%edge 2 A!>'D R'S'ARH, L used to so%)e a c%inica% prob%em
B+ Some of the goa%s for conducting research are to "a$ promote e)idencebased nursing practice/ "b$ ensure credibi%it& of the
nursing profession/ "c$ pro)ide accountabi%it& for nursing practice/ and "d$ document the cost effecti)eness of nursing care+
7+ )era%%/ there are man& ro%es that nurses can assume in association *ith research pro9ects+ Some of these inc%ude the
fo%%o*ing: rincipa% in)estigator/ Member of a research team/ >dentifier of researchab%e prob%ems/ ')a%uator of researchfindings/ FserJconsumer of research findings/ atientJc%ient ad)ocate during studies and Sub9ectJparticipant in studies
7/23/2019 The Significance of Research in Nursing Lesson Plan
21/21