The ‘s of GHGs
Josh Silverman Angela KoraOffice of Environmental Pacific Northwest National
Policy and Assistance Laboratory
‘s of GHGs
should you care about GHGs?
are GHGs?
do you measure GHGs?
A.
B.
C.
New Executive Order 13514: GHG Accounting and Reporting
Administration has established requirements for reducing Federal sector GHG emissions.This will require DOE to conduct regular, comprehensive GHG emissions inventories, establish GHG reduction goals, and establish and manage programs to achieve the reductions.This requirement will likely flow down to the site level, but implementation strategy is still under development.
GHG reduction activities are already required under existing policy and regulatory framework (DOE O 430.2B, O 450.1A, EISA)
Reporting Federal GHG Emissions
FEDERAL: E.O. 13514NATIONAL: EPA finalized its GHG reporting rule 9/09; data collection in 2010, reporting begins 2011. EPA proposed rules on PSD and CAA permitting under developmentNATIONAL: Proposed American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (ACESA) – Waxman/MarkeyREGIONAL: e.g. RGGISTATE and LOCAL: e.g. CaliforniaGHG REGISTRIES: e.g. Climate Registry
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Source: World Resources Institute (WRI) www.wri.org
Where are you in this process?
Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) allow sunlight to enter the atmosphere freely. GHGs absorb and re-radiate some of the heat that would otherwise return to space. The primary GHGs include
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)Methane (CH4)Nitrous Oxide (N20)Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)Nitrogen Trifluoride (NF3)
What are GHGs?
Source: Parks Canada http://www.pc.gc.ca/
Kyoto GHGs + 1
1100 year time span2Not a Kyoto GHG, but regulated in proposed American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (aka Waxman/Markey)
Greenhouse Gas Global Warming Potential1
Current Concentration
Common Sources
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
1 384 ppm Fossil fuel combustion, land use and land use changes
Methane (CH4)
25 1735-1857 ppb
Cattle, waste water treatment (WWT), landfills, rice fields, natural gas
Nitrous Oxide (N20)
298 320-321 ppb Agriculture, mobile & stationary combustion, WWT, incineration
Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)
22,800 6.03-6.40 ppt Aluminum production, semiconductors, health imaging
Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)
124-14,800 3.2-197 ppt Refrigerant leaks, fire extinguishers, solvents
Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)
7,390-12,200 77-246 ppt Magnesium casting, transformers, switches, electron microscopes, other research equipment
Nitrogen Trifluoride(NF3)2
6,800 454 ppt Semiconductor manufacturing
Organic GHGs and some industrial gases: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/pns/current_ghg.htmlHigh GWP gases: http://www.epa.gov/highgwp/scientific.html
GHG Emissions
• SCOPE 2: Direct GHG emissions from purchased utilities• Electricity• Heat• Steam
• SCOPE 1: Direct GHG emissions owned or controlled by Federal agency • Stationary External Combustion• Stationary Internal Combustion• Fleet Vehicles• Fugitive Emissions
• SCOPE 3: Indirect GHG emissions• Employee commuting• Business travel•Waste• Production & transport of purchased material• Other
How do you measure GHGs?
Select measurement protocol/GHG accounting principles
Which metrics will be used?Define inventory boundaries –organizational and operational
What should be included?Identify data sources needed for selected metrics
Who will you need to contact to get access to the needed data?
Calculate and report GHG emissions inventoryUse compiled data to set goals for GHG reduction
How will your site reduce its GHGs?
GHG Inventory Protocols/Guidance
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EPA Climate Leaders
Guidance
ISO 14064 Standards
CCAR Reporting Protocol
Public Sector Standard
WBCSD/WRI GHG Protocol
The Climate Registry Protocol
Scopes 1, 2, and 3
Source: World Resources Institute (WRI) www.wri.org
…and PURCHASED STEAM
…and FUGITIVE EMISSIONS…and EMPLOYEE COMMUTE
NF3
Transportation of Materials Purchased
Scopes 1, 2, and 3
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Business Travel
Employee Commuting
Upstream Emissions Downstream EmissionsOrganization Emissions
Fleet Vehicles
On-site Fuel Combustion Waste Transportation and Disposal
Production of Raw Materials Purchased
Scope 1 emissions
Scope 3 emissions
Scope 2 emissions
Distribution of ProductsProcessing of Materials Purchased
Outsourced Support
Product Use
Fugitive Emissions
> 4,100 staff
> 2 million sq foot campus in Richland
PNNL at a Glance
We deliver solutions
to America's most
intractable problems in
energy, national security
and the environment.
Through the power of
our interdisciplinary
teams, we advance
science and technology
to make the world a
better place.
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Washington, D.C.
Business Travel (Air and Car Rental)
Employee Commuting
Upstream Emissions Downstream EmissionsCorporate Emissions
PNNL Fleet Vehicles
Production of Electricity Consumed
On-site Fuel Combustion (NG, propane)
Waste Transportation and Disposal
Scope 1 emissions
Scope 3 emissions
Scope 2 emissions
Example: PNNL 2007 Carbon Footprint
Fugitive Emissions
Adding in 2008
PNNL Inventory (in progress)
PNNL’s initial inventory calculations used the WRI/WBCSD GHG Protocol
Defining Organizational Boundariesfor Multiple Reporting Requirements
EPA/State Sites
E.O. Boundaries
Washington, D.C.
Matrix – GHG Example
KEY:
“solid” circle = direct role of specified operation/activity in completing specified GHG activity
“open” circle = supporting role in completing specified GHG activity
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● ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
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Tools Utilized
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PNNL used its EMS Core Team members* to identify data sources, and is using its EMS process to track progress and implement changes.
Scope and Emission Source Name Title ToolsScope 1
Facility Fuel: NG, Propane, Gas, Diesel, B5 Marc Berman* Energy Manager GHG ProtocolFleet Vehicles: Diesel, Gas, E85 Hipolito Velez* Fleet Manager GHG ProtocolFleet Vehicles: Jet Fuel Marc Berman* Energy Manager GHG Protocol
Fugitive Emissions: SF6, HFC, PFCRodger Woodruff/
Kevin Pfeifer
Air Quality/Refrigerants
Management EPA Climate LeadersScope 2
Purchased Electricity Marc Berman* Energy ManagerGHG Protocol/Clean Air-Cool
PlanetREC Purchases Marc Berman* Energy Manager GHG Protocol
Scope 3Business Travel: Air Data Tracy Stiles Travel Manager, TMP GHG ProtocolBusiness Travel: Rental Car Data Ken Blaine Travel Accounting GHG ProtocolBusiness Travel: Personal Car Data Ken Blaine Travel Accounting GHG ProtocolEmployee Commuting Vicki Watilo Survey Development GHG ProtocolWaste Disposal/Recycling Laurie True* Pollution Prevention EPA WARM
Data Collected
Data provided by members of environmental management team, others
Natural gas/propane use – total therms, gallons by buildingFleet vehicle fuel – total gallons diesel, gas, E85Electricity – kWh consumed by buildingRECs – kWh of RECs purchasedBusiness travel –miles traveled by air from travel agent, rental car gas receipts and personal car mileage reimbursement from travel expense reporting systemEmployee commuting – miles traveled by mode (bus, car, etc) from lab-wide commuting surveyWaste – estimated total pounds by waste type (e.g., office paper, mixed plastics) and disposal method (i.e. landfill, compost, recycle)
EPA Climate Leaders: http://www.epa.gov/stateply/resources/lowemitters.html
Scope 1 – Fugitive Emissions
Electricity – Which Emission Factors to use?
‐
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
MTCO2 ‐e using local emission
factor
MTCO2 ‐e using state emission
factors
MTCO2 ‐e using regional
emission factor
MTCO2 ‐e using national
emission factor
PNNL 2007 GHG Emissions from Electricity Use Based on Local, State, Regl, Natl Emission Factors
eGRID Sub-regions
Example Calculation: Business Air Travel
Short haul miles(> 300 miles)
Distance Traveled
X 0.229kg CO2 /
passenger mile
CO2 EmissionFactor
Calculated Emissions
Total MTCO2e
kg CO2‐e by flight length
Medium haul miles (<=300 and <700 miles)
Long haul miles
(>=700 miles)
0.277kg CO2 /
passenger mile
0.185kg CO2 /
passenger mile
X
X
0.0000104kg CH4 /
passenger mile
CH4 EmissionFactor
0.0000104kg CH4 /
passenger mile
0.0000104kg CH4 /
passenger mile
0.0000085kg N2O/
passenger mile
N20 EmissionFactor
0.0000085kg N2O/
passenger mile
0.0000085kg N2O/
passenger mile
Short haul(> 300 miles)
Distance Traveled
Medium haul
(<=300 and <700 miles)
Long haul (>=700 miles)
X
X
XShort haul
(> 300 miles)
Distance Traveled
Medium haul
(<=300 and <700 miles)
Long haul (>=700 miles)
X
X
X
+
+
+
+
+
+
=
=
=
GWP
25
25X
X
X
25
298
298
298
X
X
X
Short haul
kg CO2‐e
GWP
Medium haul
kg CO2‐e
Long haul
kg CO2‐e
+
+
=
CO2 Calculation CH4 Calculation N2O Calculation
1000 kg / MT
Conversion
/kg CO2e=
Example: PNNL 2008 CO2 Emissions(in progress)
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GHG Inventories at Multiple DOE Sites
Site 1
Site 4
Site 3Site 2
Site 5
Available Support
Briefings and General information
Public Sector Standard (PSS) (http://www.ghgprotocol.org/the-public-sector-works-with-ghg-protocol-to-develop-a-new-standard)Environmental Sustainability Network
DOE Training and Technical assistanceInventory and reporting tools
Where to Find Tools
EPA Climate Leaders:http://www.epa.gov/stateply/resources/lowemitters.html
GHG Protocol Tools:http://www.ghgprotocol.org/calculation-tools/service-sector
Clean Air-Cool Planet:http://www.cleanair-coolplanet.org/toolkit/inv-calculator.php
EPA WARM:http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/calculators/Warm_home.html
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Josh SilvermanOffice of Environmental Policy and [email protected](202) 586-6535
Angela KoraPacific Northwest National [email protected]