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The professional performance and the role of referees insoccer
Ph.D. thesis
Csaba Bartha
Semmelweis UniversityEducational and Sport Sciences
Supervisor: Dr. Pál Hamar associate professor, Ph.D.
Official reviewers: Dr. László Nádori professor emeritus, doctor ofHungarian Academy of Sciences
Dr. Péter Hegyi associate professor, Ph.D.
President of the final examcommittee:
Dr. Zsolt Radák professor, doctor of HungarianAcademy of Sciences
Members of the final examcommittee:
Dr. János Csapó professor, doctor of HungarianAcademy of SciencesDr. Katalin Keresztesi associate professor, CSc.Dr. Gábor Gáldi associate professor, Ph.D.
Budapest2006.
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INTRODUCTION
The career of all referees starts with an enrollment to a referee course, and expectedly the
referees able to finish it. According to the Referees Committee and the directors of the course,
the students complained that (after a successful exam at the end of the course) they are still
not aware of the practical sense of this profession. On one hand it is normal that just after the
first couple conducted games realize the referee how should he act as a referee and handle
most of the situations, but on the other hand it is a shame that the course is not preparing them
for the actual profession.
I think the main reason is lies in the facts that the candidates are not conscious of the main
tasks and role of the referees that they should be prepared for. Candidates are also not aware
of the multiple social purposes of their profession, and not to mention the distinctiveness of
their social status. The directors of the courses fail to convey those norms what are essential
for this profession. Beside of the above mentioned, the way how to achieve the norms are not
entirely clear to the candidates.
The profession of being a referee requires certain types of personality and person. During the
educational training they not only need to acquire the curricula –rules of the game-, but also
the ability of public speeches and performances. Referees have to appear for TV weekly or be
on the air in front of the football supporters. Probably this is one of the things that the
candidates miss the most from the course. The course should prepare them for the actual
situations and help to adapt the norms connected to this profession. So, possessing to the
above mentioned knowledge could raise the social rank of the referees.
AIMS
It is a well known fact among the sport game-professionals that the quality of conducting
games plays very important rule in the development of a certain sport. This also applies to the
football. Modern football claims for modern conduct of the game. I think my statement can be
proved easily, if we think thorough, that footballers and coaches have no chance to modernize
the game if the standard of the referees not follow the modernization process. Modern
conduction is only can be achieved if the referees are well prepared.
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The hypothesis of my descriptive research can be summarized as the following: What
components are essential for being a well prepared referee?
My primary aim was to answer to this comprehensive question. I have also set up an aim for
producing a professional functional material to the football referees which is based on
scientific researches. I also have the intention to give assistance to the development not only
to professional referees in the highest levels of qualification, but also to the young beginners
working in the lowest category of the referees.
In the course of my research I examine the physical and theoretical knowledge, and also the
psychic state of the referees. Beside of these, I inspect the social differences between the
referees. I pay attention to the purposive conduction of a game, and also to the pedagogic
methods. To examine the distress and the conflict handling of the referees made my research
complete.
Hypothesis:
1. I assume that the FIFA level and the national level referees and the assistant referees
have better conditional abilities – endurance, agility –, than the county level referees.
2. I presume that the FIFA level and the national level referees and the assistant referees
have better knowledge of the rules of the game, than the county level referees.
3. I assume that the FIFA level and the national level referees and the assistant referees
have better physical abilities – concentration of the attention, handling conflicts,
stature distress –, than the county level referees.
4. I presume that the FIFA level and the national level referees and the assistant referees
have more motivations to do this profession, than the county level referees.
5. I assume that the higher level referees have wider range and more affective
pedagogical methods, than the county level referees.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
Examined persons:
I examined the international referees of 17 countries, and the entire Hungarian referee
population (n=2500). The variegation of the tests and different methodology I used diverse
sampling methods.
European Football Associations – including the Hungarian Football Association – has various
levels of the football referee qualifications. The highest is the international – FIFA –, and the
lowest is the third-class county level qualification. The education and qualifications for the
referees and the assistant referees are different, but the permeability is possible in some
determined cases.
Methods of the examination
I used survey method for analyzing the social background of the football referees. The
questionnaire consisted of nine queries, which were either open or closed questions. I
executed the survey at the summer of 2004 at the professional training camp of the football
referees. The Hungarian and the English version of it both fulfilled the primary test criteria.
Measuring the conditional abilities and the fitness level of the referees I used the tests of the
International Football Association – “stop tests”–, which included a twelve-minute endurance
running test – Cooper-test –, a 200-meter and a 50-meter sprint tests. The assistant referees
did not have to perform the 200-meter running test according to the regulations of the
National Football Association. I used electric measuring system for the above mentioned tests
(Infragate Radiotelemetric Time Measuring system, Type: GUR-1). The examined candidates
started from a standing position in all cases. The dates of the examinations were: June 2002,
February-March, July of 2003. and February-March of 2004. The examination fulfilled the
primary criteria of a test, because after statistical calculations (ICC R), the correlations of the
values were between -1 and +1.
To measure the game-rule-knowledge – theoretical preparedness – of the referees I applied
survey method. I described real situations as I compiled the survey and I expected to get the
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right answers from them. My survey consisted of 25 questions; I gave 4 points for each right
answer, so it made to 100 points as the maximum. I have the survey filled with the Hungarian
and with the foreign referees at the summer of 2004 and 2005, respectively, at the
professional training camp. The international referees had to fill out the English version of the
test. The Hungarian and the English version of the test both fulfilled the primary test criteria.
The most general and widely applied test to survey the attention and the concentration is the
Toulouse and Pieron barrier-test. The referees had to consider four variation of a sign and
cancel from sign series. The tests were filled out by the referees at the professional training
camp on 2004 and in 2005. In all cases the examined peoples had four minutes in a staid and
calm circumstance to fill out the test. The pace and the correctness had equal weight in the
instructions.
I used quantitative survey method to measure the handling of a conflict. The survey name was
the Management Decision Making, In: Tutor Guide 1996. University of Humberside, and its
equal Hungarian version. I have filled out the test with the referees at the professional training
camp on 2004 and in 2005. It consists of twenty questions, and it measures the following
conflict-handling methods on a five-degree scale: contender, adaptive, preventive,
compromise seeker, cooperative personality. The test fulfilled the primary test criteria in all
aspects; all values of Cronbach alpha were above 0.79.
I used the standardized survey of Spielberger, and the Hungarian version of it – Sipos’s
standardized test – for measuring the distress constitution. I have only measured the distress
constitution, because I was curious of the referees’ distress aptitude, so how typical is the
distress of their characteristics. The tests were filled out by the referees at the professional
training camp on 2004 and in 2005, and Cronbach alpha values of the scale were above 0.81
in all cases.
Measuring the motivation anamnesis I used Nagykáldi’s “Sportmen motivation anamnesis”
survey from 1975, which fulfilled the primary test criteria in all aspects, too. The above
mentioned survey reveals the past, the present and the expected future motivation of a referee
in a certain sport. The tests were filled out by the referees at the professional training camp in
2004 and in 2005.
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We examined the verbal and non verbal communications of the referees with field-research in
the 2004/2005 football season. We inspected several football games, and registered the
communications of the football referees. At the verbal communications we paid attention to
the declarative, interrogative and imperative sentences. At the non verbal communication we
paid attention to the mimicry, countenance, the volume of the voice, hand gestures and
touches (physical contact). We not only examined the frequency of the verbal and the non
verbal communications, but also the effectiveness of them. The intensity of the
communication was categorized on previously determined five-step scale. The inspections
were carried out at such a way that four of us were at the side of the football field during the
games, and we also videotaped the TV telecasts. We jotted the observations down on the
worksheets we made beforehand.
Statistical analysis
I used basic statistical analysis at the sociological research, because I only used the results for
raw data. My aim did not include the demonstration of the differences between the various
level groups.
I have calculated the results of the conditional abilities and the attention tests using the mean
and dispersion. I compared the mean values of the different level groups of the referees with
parameter, one-way analyses of variance (one-way ANOVA). After calculating the significant
value of the F-test, I used post hoc test (Turkey HSD). The significance level was p<0.05. I
compared the game rule knowledge; the conflict handling and the results of the distress test
with a one parameter, one aspect analysis of variance. I used post hock test (Kruskall Wallis
ANOVA) to compare the differences between the groups. I compared and examined the
results of the motivation anamnesis and the verbal and the non verbal communication with a
Chi square test, because I was curious that the communication tools at the football matches
and the answers for the test were equally dispersed between the different level groups of
referees or not. The significance level was p<0.05. I always used Statistica for Windows 6.0,
Stat-Soft Inc. 2001 software for processing the data.
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RESULTS
Results of the conditional abilities of the football referees
The FIFA referees covered the longest distance (3046±127 meter) at the 12-minute run, and it
was followed by the group of the new generation with (2956±74 meter). The result of the
national first class referees (2939±136 meter) was not as good as the higher qualified classes,
but much better than the national third class (2833±141 meter). Among the groups of the
referees the shortest distance was covered by the third-class county level referees (2522±270
meter). There was no significant difference between the results of FIFA referees and the
national first class referees at 200-meter and the 50-meter sprint. However, I found significant
difference between the higher qualified and the first-, second- and third-class county level
referees (p<0.001). Both at the 200-meter run, and the 50-meter run, the FIFA, the national
first class and the group of the new generation referees achieved the best time results (200-m
sprint: 28.79±0.98 sec., 29.66±1.20 sec., 28.95±0.86 sec., 50-m sprint: 6.82±0.18 sec.,
6.84±0.29 sec. 6.91±0.15 sec.), while the third-class county referees achieved the weakest
results (200-m sprint: 32.80±2.92 sec., 50-m sprint: 7.64±0.46 sec.).
The women FIFA referees covered the longest among the women referees at the 12-minute
run (2534±158 meter). The referees with national and the county level qualifications got
significantly (p<0.05) lower results (2336±15 meter, 2273±264 meter). Also the results of the
FIFA referees were the best among the women at the 200-meter and at the 50-meter sprint
(200-m sprint: 33.85±0.88 sec., 50-m sprint: 7.54±0.26 sec.). At 200-meter sprint both the
national and the county level referees had significantly (p<0.05) lower outcomes (200-m
sprint: 35.38±1.88 sec., 35.55±2.25 sec.). At the 50-meter sprint both the lower qualified
referee groups achieved not as good results as the FIFA referees, but conversely between the
results of the county and the higher qualified groups showed significant difference (p<0.01),
(50-m sprint: 7.81±0.24 sec., 8.18±0.60 sec.).
Looking at the results of the 12-minute run, between the FIFA men assistant referees, the
national first-class, and the group of the new generation (2950±107 meter, 2900±96 meter,
2894±76 meter) there was no significant difference, but the efficiency level of the county
assistant referees was much lower (2628±326 meter), and showed significant difference with
all the other higher qualified groups (p<0.001). The higher qualified FIFA assistant referees
and the national first-class assistant referees also achieved the best results at the 50-meter
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sprint (6.78±0.21 sec., 6.61±0.35 sec.), but the result of the group of the new generation
assistant referees (6.84±0.09 sec.) showed no significant difference contrast with the above
mentioned groups. The country level group also significantly (p<0.05) underachieved
(7.30±0.97 sec.) at this conditional and agility test in contrast with the higher qualified
referees.
The knowledge of the football rules of the referees
The FIFA referees got the best results (98 points) at the test that measures the knowledge and
the preparedness of the football referees concerning the rules. This showed significant
difference (p<0.01) in contrast to all the other level groups of the referees except the national
first class referees (95 points). The weakest knowledge of the football rules had the first-,
second- and third-class county referees (71 points, 66 points, 63 points), which significantly
differs (p<0.001) from all the other level groups of the men referees. The results of the new
generation (88 points) showed no significant difference with the national first-class referees,
but it showed significant difference (p<0.001) with the same quality national third-class
referees (75 points).
Both the FIFA and the national first-class women referees were exceptional (91 points) at the
test. The theoretical knowledge of the county level referees were the lowest (63 points), it is
significantly lower (p<0.001) than the other two higher qualified group of referees.
The FIFA men assistant referees got the best results (96 points), but the result of the national
first-class assistant referees achieved also remarkable results (95 points). Both the group of
the new generation assistant referees (85 points) and the county level assistant referees (68
points) had significantly (p<0.001) lower points than the higher qualified assistant referees.
Results of the attention examination of the football referees
Among the men referees, the FIFA group has got the best result (302.1±3.32). They followed
by the national first-class referees (280.8±3.52). The result of the new generation group of
referees (264.9±3.80) was better than the analogous national third-class referees (239.7±4.37),
but it lags behind the results of their higher qualified colleagues. The results of the county
class referees (county I-class 219.8±3.35), (county II-class 199.0±9.87), (county III-class
183.8±10.14) were notably lower than the results of the higher qualified referees, and the
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results were also far behind the previously tested referees which are well known from the
records. There were significant differences between all groups (p<0.001).
Among the women, the FIFA group has got the best result at the attention test (259.8±5.82).
The results of the women national first-class group was a slightly weaker (229.8±4.98), and
the result of the county level referees (198.0±7.32) lag behind from both of the other higher
qualified groups. The difference was significant between all cases (p<0.001) in favour of the
higher qualified groups.
The FIFA group achieved the best result among the assistant referees at the attention test
(308.2±3.00). The result of the national first-class assistant referees (294.9±6.11) was not as
good as the result of the internationals. The result of the group of the new generation assistant
referees (266.2±6.68) was behind at this cognitive ability. The result of the county level
assistant referees (209.3±5.63) was far behind all the other groups. There were significant
difference (p<0.001) between all groups.
The ability of the football referees in handling conflicts
It can be seen from the nonparametric statistical calculation that the FIFA level qualified
group of the referees has the less contender personality. Their result significantly differs
(p<0.001) from every other groups. The most contender group is the third-class county level
referees. The calculations showed significant difference (p<0.001) between all the other
higher qualified groups.
The adaptive strategy is the opposite of the contender, so it is no wonder that it characterize
the higher qualified groups. The FIFA group is the most adaptive group of referees in a
conflicting situation, and less adaptive are the county level groups. The result of the county
level group is significantly differs (p<0.05) from the FIFA group, the national first-class and
the group of the new generation referees.
The preventive attribution is not the characteristic of the FIFA referees, and there is a
significant difference (p<0.001) between them and all the other lower qualified groups. The
county level referees are the most preventive in situations. There is a significant difference
(p<0.05) not only between them and the international and the first-class group, but also the
group of the new generation.
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The characteristic of compromise seeking is much typical of the international referees and the
“top class” referees of Hungary. This conflict handling strategy of the FIFA referees showed
significant difference (p<0.05) between all the other groups and also with the national first-
class referees. The county level referees are not really compromise seeker, and their results
(p<0.01) showed significant difference with the higher qualified referee group.
The men FIFA referees are the most cooperative in a conflicting situation. Their results
showed the greatest significant difference (p<0.001) with other men group of referees. It is
clear that the country level qualified referees are the less cooperative with the other person in
a certain conflicting situation.
Looking at the result of the conflict solving strategy of the women, the only difference I found
is at the contender characteristic. The less contender type are the national first-class referees
and most contenders are the county level referees. There was a significant difference between
them (p<0.01).
Among the men assistant referees the fewer contenders are in the group of FIFA and the most
contenders are the ones who have county level qualification. Both groups (the FIFA and the
county level) showed significant difference with all the other groups – evidently with the
adequate prefix sign– (p<0.001).
According to the statistical research the characteristic of adaptiveness and compromise
seeking is typical of the international and the Hungarian national first-class assistant referees.
There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between their results with the group of the new
generation assistant referees and also with the county level referees.
The preventiveness less applies to the FIFA assistant referees among the examined groups. To
handle a conflict with being preventive is typical of the county level assistant referees. There
was a significant difference (p<0.05) between all groups.
The cooperative conflict handling method is mainly to the FIFA assistant referees and the
least to the county level assistant referees. There was significant difference (p<0.05) between
all the four groups I examined.
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Results of the distress examination of the football referees
The FIFA referees have the lowest distress index (26.9±1.5) among the men referee groups.
The county level football referees have the highest distress index (42.0±7.2). The result of the
county level football referees showed significant difference (p<0.01) with the other higher
qualified football referee groups. The distress level of the group of the new generation
(36.0±3.4) is higher than the distress level of the national first-class group (33.4±6.8), but
lower than the distress level of the similar qualified national third-class referees (37.3±5.5).
Only the results of the national first-class and the third-class showed significant difference
(p<0.001).
The FIFA referees had the lowest distress level among the women referees (34.5±0.9). The
distress level of the national first-class women referees (36.5±4.6) was slightly higher than the
distress level of the above mentioned group. The distress index of the county level referees
(40.5±5.8) was significantly higher (p<0.001) than both the other two higher qualified groups.
The FIFA assistant referees have got the lowest index (26.3±2.2) at the distress test and the
county level assistant referees got the highest (40.0±5.1). Both groups showed significant
difference (p<0.001) with the other two groups – evidently with the adequate prefix sign –.
The distress levels of the national first-class assistant referees (34.2±7.2) and the new
generation group (35.7±3.1) are almost equal.
Results of the motivation anamnesis examination of the football
The main genuine motivation of being a football referee is the personal determination, or the
reassurance of someone else leads us to make the decision to be a football referee. I found
statistically proven significant difference (p<0.05) between the results of men new generation
group of referees and the men national first-class and the international football referees
concerning the motivation. There was a significant difference (p<0.01) between the men FIFA
group and the country level group, but with the inverse difference at the men third-class
country level group. The motivation of the women national first-class referee group showed
significant difference (p<0.05) with all the other women groups, examining the genuine
motivation of being a referee. There was also a significant difference (p<0.05) between the
FIFA and the national first-class men assistant referees.
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The dispersion of the age of the men football referees conducting a real football game for the
first time is quite heterogenic. The result of the answers for this question showed significantly
difference between all referee groups (p<0.05). It is similar to the women football referees,
because between the age of conducting the first football game was significant difference
between the groups (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the men FIFA
assistant referee and the men new generation assistant referee groups. Comparing the other
assistant referee groups I found significant difference (p<0.05) between them.
There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the different level groups of the men
football referees concerning the first not officially conducted football game. The higher
qualified referees started their football referee career significantly (p<0.01) earlier than the
country level football referees. The age of the women referees for conducting a football game
for the first time (not officially) is very low. There was significant difference (p<0.05)
between all women football referee groups. There is statistical difference (p<0.05) between all
the men assistant referee groups concerning the date of their first conducted not official
football game.
All groups of the men referees reported outstandingly good experiences during the conduction
of the football games. The referees in higher qualified groups had significantly (p<0.05) better
experiences and positive memories than the county level referee groups. The positive
experiences not keeping off from the women football referees either. Similarly to the men’s
group they there are significantly lot women referees who had good memories and
experiences of the football games. The assistant football referees also had quite good
memories during the games. The proportion of the occurrence of positive experiences were
significantly higher (p<0.01) at the FIFA and the national first-class referees than at the new
generation and at the county level groups.
The men referees have also quite a bit of displeasing experiences during their career. The
FIFA qualified football referees and the group the new generation had high frequent negative
experiences during the games, which significantly differed (p<0.05) from all the other group
of the referees. Remarkably interesting, that the woman FIFA referees had significantly more
(p<0.01) bad experiences than the national women first-class referees and the women county
level referees. Looking at the football assistant referees, we can state that the higher qualified
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assistant referees reported of much more disappointing memories during the games than their
lower qualified colleagues.
The present motivation of all groups of men referees – except for the group of the new
generation – lies in the affection of the football sport. This aspect of the motivation
significantly higher marked than all the other alternatives. The group of the new generation
has high fondness towards the football too, but the majority of them ticked the “going up to
the higher level of qualification”. The motivation of the women referees showed significant
difference (p<0.05) between all three groups. There was significant difference between the
men FIFA assistant referees and the group of the new generation men in contrast with the
national first-class and the county level assistant referees at the result of the motivation
examination.
The majority of the men referees prefer complex and exciting football games. While the 94%
of the international and the 96 percent of the Hungarian first-class referees favour the difficult
and spectator attracting and high staked games, only the 80 percent of the county level
referees like similar situations. The difference of these proportions showed significant
deviation (p<0.01). The women FIFA and the women national first-class referees showed
high willingness to conduct an important game in front of a lot of spectators. There was a
significant difference (p<0.01) of the affinity of conducting a difficult and a high number
viewer games between the higher qualified assistant referees and the county level qualified
assistant referees.
There was significant difference (p<0.05) between all group of men referees and men
assistant referees concerning their future career. There was also a great difference (p<0.05)
between the groups of the women referees concerning the motivation for the future.
The qualified FIFA men referees and assistant referees hope the most financial allowances
from their sport referee career. There is a significant difference (p<0.05) between the
motivation index of the men group who can conduct of an international football game and all
the other level men referees. The motivation of the county level women referees is
significantly higher (p<0.01) than the two higher qualified groups of women referees.
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The result of the verbal and non verbal communications of a football referee
The FIFA referees were the one who used declarative sentences the most, and they were also
the most effective. It showed significant difference (p<0.05) between the other groups of
referees. County level referees used declarative sentences significantly less time (p<0.01) than
the other groups of referees, and their effectiveness was not satisfactory either.
Both the FIFA and the national first-class referees used interrogative sentences with the same
frequency. This statement is also applied to the group of the new generation and the county
level referees. Although the prevalence of the interrogative sentences were almost the same,
the effectiveness of them showed significant difference (p<0.05) between all groups of
referees.
In my opinion the imperative sentence is the most important among the verbal communication
methods. My assumption has been proven by my examinations, because the imperative
communication mode was used at the most cases. The FIFA referees took the most advantage
of the imperative sentences, and they were also the most effective. Their accomplishment
were significantly different (p<0.05) from all the other groups of referees. The result of the
county level referees was significantly lower (p<0.01) than all the other groups.
The higher qualified groups of the referees used mimicry significantly (p<0.05) more times
and they were much more effective than the metacommunication skills of the lower qualified
members of the referees.
At the examination of the countenance –as a non verbal communication channel – we were
paying attention to the intensity, and the effectiveness. The effectiveness of the countenance
of the FIFA and the Hungarian front-rank qualified referees were significantly better (p<0.05)
than the effectiveness of the lower qualified colleagues of them.
There is a tight connection between the volume and tone of the voice, and the disclosure of
the communication modes. The volume and the tone of the voice of the FIFA and the national
first-class referees were significantly (p<0.01) more effective than the yield of the lower
qualified groups of referees. There is a significant difference between the group of the new
generation and the county level referees in favour of the previously mentioned.
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The movements or gestures of the hands help to modulate the verbal communication. The
FIFA referees used this communication in most cases, and they also were the most effective.
The results showed significant difference (p<0.01) in contrast with the lower qualified
referees. There was no significant difference between frequency of using hand gestures of the
national referees, the new generation and the county level referee groups. Concerning the
effectiveness of the above mentioned, there was significant difference (p<0.05) between all
groups in favour of the higher qualified referees.
Examinating the frequency of touch (physical contact) of the FIFA group, the national team
and the group of the new generation referees there was no significant difference between
them, but there was significant difference (p<0.01) between all groups and the county level
referee group. Concerning the efficiency the FIFA and the national first class football referees
were significantly (p<0.05) more effective than the county level referees.
All five previously set up hypothesis verificated.
CONCLUSIONS
The leading concept of my examinations was the multipleness. That is why I was completing
my search from the following aspects: conditional, game-rule knowledge, attention, ability of
the concentration, handling conflicts, psychical (distress, motivation) and communication.
The results of my research supported the results of the international researchers that the
referees primarily need aerobe endurance, and the assistant referees principally need anaerobe
stamina. I found significant difference between the higher qualified referees and assistant
referees, and the lower qualified groups concerning the field tests such as Cooper test, 200-
meter running test and the 50-meter sprint test for the benefit of the higher qualified. There
was a significant difference between all groups at the 12-minute running test, whilst the
county level football referees were statistically milder at the sprint tests. We can draw the
inference from it, that in the point of conditional abilities the groups of the new generation
referees form an imaginary boundary between the groups of the football referees. The
capability of disjunctiveness of the “stop test” has been proven by the results of my
examinations.
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The basic and mostly expected characteristic of a football referee is the professional
knowledge of the football rules. Not only the knowledge of the rules is important, but also the
right application of them vital for the referees. At the football rule knowledge tests I took
cognizance of that the FIFA referees and assistant referees, the national first class referees and
the assistants had significant advantages. The result of the new generation group was divide
line again, because there are significant difference with all the higher and the lower qualified
referee groups.
There is a distinguished role of the attention and the concentration at the football field. There
was a significant difference between several groups of referees and assistant referees in favour
of the higher qualified, concerning the attention tests. There is also a significant difference
between the corresponding men and women groups for the benefit of the men with the
exception of the county level groups. The cognitive ability of the group of the new generation
at this area is quite satisfactory, but to achieve a higher qualified level they need to improve at
this area, too.
The verdicts of the referee at the football games often lead to conflicts, because the decision is
always negative to one of the team. I have various tests done with the referees and assistant
referees. According to the tests it can be stated that the higher qualified groups have more
adequate problem solving tools for the controversial situations than the county level referees.
The contender and preventive conflict solving modes characterize the lower qualified groups,
and the adaptive, compromise seeker and cooperative strategy apply to the higher qualified
referees and assistant referees. The pedagogical and psychological abilities of the women
referees significantly differ from the requirements of the referees.
The referee, whose level of distress is high, less suitable for conducting a football game. The
distress level of the FIFA, the national first team referees and the assistants is significantly
lower than the distress level of the county level referees. The examinations proved that the
professional selection of the new generation group is appropriate, because the psychical
indicator of them is not significantly differs from the elite groups of referees.
One of the major premises of the pedagogy science is that the fulfillment of an action is
possible if and only if the dynamism of the system is ensured. Thus the effective conducting
of a football game occurs only if the referee possesses with interior tension. The results of the
17
motivation tests have proved that the FIFA and the national first class football referees have
higher motivation qualities connected to their conduction of a game than the county level
referees. Beside of this the achievement of the tests verified that the higher qualified men and
women referees and assistant referees begin to conduct a football game at a significantly
earlier age than their lower qualified colleagues.
The verbal and the non verbal communication are both quite important tool at conducting a
football game. Communications used at a proper time with a proper effectiveness could
highly contribute to the fair play spirit of a game. The FIFA and the national first class
referees were more effective using verbal and non verbal communication than the group of
the new generation and the county level referees. So, we can jump to a conclusion that the
conscious and effective communication is vital for the professional improvement of the new
generation.
In short conclusion it can be stated that the present modern football requires referees who are
conditionally – both ability of endurance and agility – well prepared, possesses the knowledge
of the football game rules, has good concentration skills, low distress level, and good
communication skills with other people. The above mentioned requirements do not fit to most
of the referees, unfortunately. Those who suits to these requirements will be the most
excellent ones.
They could become like Sándor Puhl or P. L. Collina. They could also become the bases of
the Hungarian football referees in the future.
18
REFERENCES
1. Bartha, Cs. (2003): A fejelés technikájának hatékonyságvizsgálata a labdarúgásban.
Módszertani Lapok, Testnevelés. 10(3): 27-31. p.
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iskolai labdarúgás tanításáról, tanulásáról. Tanulmánykötet I. IV. Országos
Sporttudományi Kongresszus. 250-254. p.
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mai modern labdarúgásban. Futball Tréner. 1: 6-8. p.
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női hallgatók szemszögéből. Iskolai testnevelés és sport. 23: 16-19. p.
8. Bartha, Cs. Rigler, E. Berkes, P. (2004): Investigation on shooting accuracy and
distance guessing with soccer players. Hungarian Review of Sport Science. 4: 16-18.
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9. Berkes, P. Bartha, Cs. (2004): A kultúra és testkultúra értelmezési dimenzióinak
tudományági perspektívái. Új Pedagógiai Szemle. 10: 51-58. p.
10. Bartha, Cs. Puhl, S. Hamar, P. (2005): Labdarúgó játékvezetők kondicionális
képességeinek összehasonlító vizsgálata. Kalokagathia. 4: 79-86. p.
11. Bartha, Cs. Puhl, S. Hamar, P. (2005): Magyar labdarúgó játékvezetők elméleti
felkészültségének vizsgálata. Sporttudományi Szemle. 1: 12-14. p.
12. Bartha, Cs. Tóth, J. (2005): A labdarúgó edzőszemélyisége. Futball Tréner. 1: 18-
21. p.
13. Bartha, Cs. Tóth, J. (2005): Labdarúgó játékvezetők speciális bemelegítése. Futball
Tréner. 2: 8-12. p.
14. Bartha, Cs. Puhl, S. Hamar, P. (2005): Comparison of European soccer referres’
conditional abilities. The 10th Annual Congress of the EUROPEAN COLLEGE OF
SPORT SCIENCE. CD.
19
15. Hamar, P. Leibinger, É. Bartha, Cs. Soós, I. (2005): Investigation on content of
Hungarian school physical education in european comparison. The 10th Annual
Congress of the EUROPEAN COLLEGE OF SPORT SCIENCE. CD.
16. Bartha, Cs. Petridis, L. Puhl, S. Hamar, P. Castagna, C. (2006): Fitness test results of
Hungarian and international level soccer referees and assistants. Journal of Strength
and Conditioning Research. (in press) IF: 1.0.
17. Bartha, Cs. (2006) : Európai labdarúgó játékvezetők konfliktuskezelőképességének
vizsgálata. Tanulmánykötet. I. Országos Labdarúgó Konferencia. (in press)
18. Bartha, Cs. Puhl, S. Hamar, P. (2006): Labdarúgó játékvezetők figyelemvizsgálata
Pieron teszttel. Tanulmánykötet. V. Országos Sporttudományi Kongresszus. (in press)
19. Bartha, Cs. Majoross, K. Puhl, S. Hamar, P. (2006): Labdarúgó játékvezetők és
játékvezetőasszisztensek konfliktuskezelőképességeinek összehasonlító vizsgálata.
Alkalmazott Pszichológia. 1: 90-100. p.
20. Bartha, Cs. Puhl, S. Hamar, P. (2006): Magyar élvonalbeli labdarúgó játékvezetők
szakmai teljesítményének vizsgálata. Magyar Edző. 1: 16-19. p.
21. Bartha, Cs. Puhl, S. Hamar, P. (2006): Labdarúgó játékvezetők és játékvezető
asszisztensek alkati szorongásának vizsgálata. Sporttudományi Szemle. (in press)
22. Bartha, Cs. Hamar, P. Puhl, S. Szomoru, E. (2006): Labdarúgó játékvezetők és
játékvezetőasszisztensek figyelemvizsgálata Pieron teszttel. Olimpia. (in press)
23. Bartha, Cs. Petridis, L. Puhl, S. Hamar, P. (2006): Fitness test performance in female
soccer referees of different competitive levels: a field study. Journal of Coimbra
Network on Excercise Sciences. (in press)
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CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS
1. Bartha, Cs.: A fejelés technikájának hatékonyság vizsgálata az iskolai testnevelésben.
Házi Tudományos Diákköri Konferencia, Semmelweis Egyetem Testnevelési és
Sporttudományi Kar (TF). 2002. november 21. Budapest. Absztrakt kötet. 21. p.
2. Bartha, Cs.: A fejelés technikájának hatékonyság vizsgálata az iskolai testnevelésben.
XXVI. Országos Tudományos Diákköri Konferencia, Testnevelés és Sporttudományi
Ph.D. szekció. 2003. április 10-12. Győr. Absztrakt kötet. 89. p.
3. Bartha, Cs. Rigler, E.: Távolságbecslés és találati pontosság vizsgálata
labdarúgásban. III. Országos Neveléstudományi Konferencia. 2003. október 9-11.
Budapest. Absztrakt kötet. 389. p. (poszter)
4. Bartha, Cs. Hamar, P.: Testnevelés szakos végzős női hallgatók véleménye az iskolai
labdarúgás tanításáról, tanulásáról. III. Országos Neveléstudományi Konferencia.
2003. október 9-11. Budapest. Absztrakt kötet. 405. p. (poszter)
5. Bartha, Cs. Rigler, E.: Labdarúgók rúgáspontossága és rúgásbiztonsága
távolságbecslésük alapján. IV. Országos Sporttudományi Kongresszus. 2003. október
17-18. Szombathely. Absztrakt. Sporttudományi Szemle 2003. 3. szám. 34. p.
(poszter)
6. Bartha, Cs. Hamar, P.: Testnevelés szakos végzős női hallgatók véleménye az iskolai
labdarúgás tanításáról, tanulásáról. IV. Országos Sporttudományi Kongresszus. 2003.
október 17-18. Szombathely. Absztrakt. Sporttudományi Szemle 2003. 3. szám. 12. p.
(poszter)
7. Rigler, E. Bartha, Cs.: Rúgáspontosság és távolságbecslés vizsgálata labdarúgóknál.
34. Mozgásbiológiai Konferencia. 2003. november 20-21. Budapest. Absztrakt kötet.
18. p.
8. Bartha, Cs. Hamar, Pál.: Néhány gondolat az iskolai labdarúgás tanításának,
tanulásának problematikájáról. 34. Mozgásbiológiai Konferencia. 2003. november 20-
21. Budapest. Absztrakt kötet. 19. p.
9. Bartha, Cs. Puhl, S. Hamar, Pál.: Labdarúgó játékvezetők kondicionális
képességeinek összehasonlító vizsgálata. IV. Országos Neveléstudományi
Konferencia. 2004. október 20-22. Budapest. Absztrakt kötet. 359. p. (poszter)
10. Bartha, Cs. Puhl, S. Hamar, Pál.: Labdarúgó játékvezetők elméleti felkészültségének
vizsgálata. 35. Mozgásbiológiai Konferencia. 2004. december 2-3. Budapest.
Absztrakt kötet. 18. p.
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11. Bartha, Cs. Majoross, K.: Labdarúgó játékvezetők konfliktuskezelőképességének
összehasonlító vizsgálata. XVII. Országos Tudományos Diákköri Konferencia. Ph.D.
szekció. 2005. március 23-24. Nyíregyháza. Absztrakt kötet. 84. p.
12. Bartha, Cs.: Labdarúgó játékvezetőasszisztensek konfliktuskezelő képességének
összehasonlító vizsgálata. Ph.D. Tudományos Napok. 2005. április 14-15. Absztrakt
kötet. 38. p. (Szekciódíjas előadás).
13. Bartha, Cs. Puhl, S. Hamar, P.: Comparison of European soccer referees’ conditional
abilities. The 10. Annual Congress of the EUROPEAN COLLEGE OF SPORT
SCIENCE. 13-16 July 2005. Belgrade. Serbia. Abstrakt book. 268. p.
14. Hamar, P. Leibinger, É. Bartha, Cs. Soós, I.: Investigation on content of hungarian
school physical education in european comparison. The 10. Annual Congress of the
EUROPEAN COLLEGE OF SPORT SCIENCE. 13-16 July 2005. Belgrade. Serbia.
Abstrakt book. 223. p.
15. Bartha, Cs .: Európai labdarúgó játékvezetők konfliktuskezelésének és
kommunikációjának vizsgálata. Pécsi Tudományegyetem TTK. Testnevelési- és
Sporttudományi Intézet. I. Országos Labdarúgó Konferencia. 2005. szeptember 23.
Pécs. Absztrakt kötet. 3.p.
16. Bartha, Cs. Puhl, S. Hamar, P.: Labdarúgó játékvezetők figyelemvizsgálata Pieron
teszttel. V. Országos Sporttudományi Kongresszus. 2005. október 27-28. Budapest.
Absztrakt kötet. 12. p.
17. Hamar, P. Leibinger, É. Bartha, Cs. Ozsváth, K.: Testnevelői vélemények a
tantervelmélet időszerűkérdéseiről. V. Országos Sporttudományi Kongresszus. 2005.
október 27-28. Budapest. Absztrakt kötet. 23.p.
18. Bartha, Cs.: Labdarúgó játékvezetők és játékvezető asszisztensek alkati
szorongásának vizsgálata. Ph.D. Tudományos napok. 2006. április 13-14. Budapest.
Absztrakt kötet. 48. p. (Szekciódíjas előadás).
19. Bartha, Cs. Puhl, S. Hamar, P.: labdarúgó játékvezetők verbális és nem verbális
kommunikációjának vizsgálata. Mozgásbiológiai Konferencia. 2006. április 27-28.
Absztrakt kötet. 33. p.
Egyéb szakspecifikus előadások:1. Bartha, Cs.: Magyar labdarúgó játékvezetők kondicionális képességeinek és elméleti
felkészültségének összehasonlító vizsgálata. Budapesti Labdarúgó Szövetség
játékvezetői nap. 2005. január 30. Budapest.
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2. Bartha, Cs.: Európai labdarúgó játékvezetők szakmai teljesítményének vizsgálata.
Budapesti Labdarúgó Szövetség edzőtábora. 2005. július 23. Jászberény.