BYZANTIUM RENAMEDByzantium Greek city-state
renamed Constantinople, 330 A.D. –location amazing for trade!
Became capital city of Byzantine Empire
Trade continued, cultural diffusion HUGE
CRUSADERS & TURKS FIGHT
Crusades fought in Byzantine & invasions by Turks & Mongols common by 13th Century
Turkish people loyal to their tribes & clans, but not to a central government◦Wanted to take down Crusaders & break
up Empire to take over
GHAZISMany Anatolian Turks saw
themselves as GHAZIS – warriors for Islam (like Crusaders)
Followed strict code of conductRaided territoriesMuslim (believed in Islam)
OSMAN & OTTOMANSOSMAN most successful ghazi & a
Muslim
His followers OTTOMANS
Builds unified empire by conquering & controlling lands in Anatolia (Turkey)
Uses gunpowder
Among 1st to use cannons & muskets
OTTOMAN CANNON
OTTOMAN CANNON
ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF OSMANTakes over Byzantium area &
establishes OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1299Kind ruler to those he conquered
Allowed local rulers to remain in placeImproved lives of peasantsProtected religious preferencesTaxed people fairly (even non-Muslims)Rulers called SULTANS – “one with
power”
RISE OF TIMUR THE LAME (TAMERLANE)
TIMUR THE LAME: warrior from Asia
Conquered Russia, Persia, northern India, & burned Baghdad to ground
Butchered people in New Delhi & made pyramid of skulls
Halted expansion of Ottoman Empire until
1405
TIMUR THE LAME’S EMPIRE
TIMUR THE LAME VIDEO
MEHMET IISon of last captured sultan, MEHMET II new sultan1451 - builds fleet & massive army to
attack Constantinople (wanted control of Bosporus Strait for trade & prosperity)
1453 – captured Constantinople & renamed it ISTANBUL new capital of their empire
“Give me Constantinople!”
ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF MEHMET IIMehmet now called MEHMET THE
CONQUEROR
HAGIA SOPHIA (famous church) became a mosque
Islam religion became unifying force
BUT religious toleration encouraged & diverse population inhabited the city
HAGIA SOPHIA
CONQUERING CONSTANTINOPLE VIDEO
SELIM THE GRIMOverthrew father & murdered
brothersKilled all nephews & own kids,
but 1 sonCrazy guy, but effective!Defeated Safavids of Persia &
conquered Mecca, Medina, & Cairo (holy cities & intellectual cities)◦Happened at same time Cortez takes
over Aztecs
SULEIMAN I1520-1566 – Suleiman (“the lawgiver”)
– built strong empire militarily, economically, & socially – GOLDEN AGE
Gained more land in eastern Mediterranean, northern African ports, trade routes inside Africa, & central Europe
Efficient government structure w/social organization (held for 600 years!)
SULEIMAN’S EMPIRE20,000 personal slaves
30,000 JANISSARIES: force of people from conquered Christian territories
DEVSHIRME: practice of capturing young boys, educating them, converting them to Islam, and training them as soldiers
SULEIMAN’S ACHIEVEMENTSFreedom of worship
Binding the Ottoman Empire together
Simplified taxation system
Reduced government interference (bureacracy)
“Renaissance Man”
Art & Literature flourished
SULEIMAN VIDEO
SELIM IISuleiman killed best son &
drove away another 3rd incompetent son, SELIM II inherited throne
Ran corrupt government & it continued in family through generations
Defeated militarily in 1571 by Spain & Italy
WHAT HAPPENED TO THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE?Became customary to kill off good
sons & cut off rest from education produced long line of weak rulers & ruined empire
Empire crumbled slowly & finally dissolved with creation of Turkey after World War I