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The Japanese Internment: Is NOT protesting “American”?SwiftlyafterthePearlHarborattack,about115,000outof127,000Japanese-Americanswere“interned”duringWorldWarII,thoseinHawaiiornotontheWestCoastwereexcluded.Some80,000were2ndor3rdgeneration;70,000wereAmericancitizensandnotasingleJapaneseAmericanwaseverfoundguiltyofsabotage/espionage.

Foreachset,highlighttheonelinethatMOSTshareshis/hers/theirbeliefonwhatisAmericaninthatmomentintime.Thenscoreyourbelieffrom-10to10.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt - December 8, 1941 Yesterday,December7th,1941-adatewhichwillliveininfamy-theUnitedStatesofAmericawassuddenlyanddeliberatelyattackedbynavalandairforcesoftheEmpireofJapan.

TheUnitedStateswasatpeacewiththatnation,andwasstillinconversationwithitsgovernmentanditsEmperorlookingtowardthemaintenanceofpeaceinthePacific.

Indeed,onehourafterJapaneseairsquadronshadcommencedbombingintheAmericanislandofOahu,theJapaneseAmbassadortotheUnitedStatesandhiscolleaguedeliveredtoourSecretaryofStateaformalreplytoarecentAmericanmessage.And,whilethisreplystatedthatitseemeduselesstocontinuetheexistingnegotiations,itcontainednothreatorhintofwarorofarmedattack.

ItwillberecordedthatthedistanceofHawaiifromJapanmakesitobviousthattheattackwasdeliberatelyplannedmanydaysorevenweeksago.DuringtheinterveningtimetheJapaneseGovernmenthasdeliberatelysoughttodeceivetheUnitedStatesbyfalsestatementsandexpressionsofhopeforcontinuedpeace.

TheattackyesterdayontheHawaiianIslandshascausedseveredamagetoAmericannavalandmilitaryforces.IregrettotellyouthatverymanyAmericanliveshavebeenlost.Inaddition,AmericanshipshavebeenreportedtorpedoedonthehighseasbetweenSanFranciscoandHonolulu.

YesterdaytheJapaneseGovernmentalsolaunchedanattackagainstMalaya.LastnightJapaneseforcesattackedHongKong.LastnightJapaneseforcesattackedGuam.LastnightJapaneseforcesattackedthePhilippineIslands.LastnighttheJapaneseattackedWakeIsland.AndthismorningtheJapaneseattackedMidwayIsland.

Thefactsofyesterdayandtodayspeakforthemselves.ThepeopleoftheUnitedStateshavealreadyformedtheiropinionsandwellunderstandtheimplicationstotheverylifeandsafetyofournation.

AsCommander-in-ChiefoftheArmyandNavyIhavedirectedthatallmeasuresbetakenforourdefense,thatalwayswillourwholenationrememberthecharacteroftheonslaughtagainstus.

Nomatterhowlongitmaytakeustoovercomethispremeditatedinvasion,theAmericanpeople,intheirrighteousmight,willwinthroughtoabsolutevictory.

IbelievethatIinterpretthewilloftheCongressandofthepeoplewhenIassertthatwewillnotonlydefendourselvestotheuttermostbutwillmakeitverycertainthatthisformoftreacheryshallneveragainendangerus.

Hostilitiesexist.Thereisnoblinkingatthefactthatourpeople,ourterritoryandourinterestsareingravedanger.Withconfidenceinourarmedforces,withtheunboundingdeterminationofourpeople,wewillgaintheinevitabletriumph.SohelpusGod.

IaskthattheCongressdeclarethatsincetheunprovokedanddastardlyattackbyJapanonSunday,December7th,1941,astateofwarhasexistedbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheJapaneseEmpire.”

“How To Tell Japs From The Chinese” article published in Life magazine, December 22, 1941

In the first discharge of emotions touched off by the Japanese assaults on their nation, U.S. citizens have been demonstrating a distressing ignorance on the delicate question of how to tell a Chinese from a Jap. Innocent victims in cities all over the country are

many of the 75,000 U.S. Chinese, whose homeland is our stanch ally.… To dispel some of this confusion, LIFE here adduces a rule-of-thumb… that distinguish friendly

Chinese from enemy alien Japs.

The typical Northern Chinese, represented by Ong Wen-hao, (left, above), is relatively tall and slenderly built. His complexion is parchment yellow, his face long and delicately boned, his nose more finely bridged. Representative of the Japanese people as a whole is Premier and General Hideki Tojo (left, below), … a broader, more massively boned head and face, flat, often pug, nose, yellow-ocher skin and heavier beard. Chinese public servant, Ong Wen-hao, is representative of Northern Chinese group with long, fine-boned face and scant beard Southern Chinese have round, broad faces, not as massively boned as the Japanese…. Chinese sometimes pass for Europeans…

Japanese warrior, General Hideki Tojo, current Premier… Typical are his heavy beard, massive cheek and jaw bones…. squat …with flat, blob nose. An often sounder clue is facial expression, shaped by cultural, not anthropological, factors. Chinese wear rational calm of tolerant realists. Japs, like General Tojo, show humorless intensity of ruthless mystics.

Chinese journalist, Joe Chiang, found it necessary to advertise his nationality to gain admittance to White House press conference. Under Immigration Act of 1924, Japs and Chinese, as members of the "yellow race," are barred from immigration and naturalization.

World War II propaganda posters, United States Information Service, 1941–45

Korematsu v. United States Majority / Minority Decision, 1944 FredKorematsu,anAmericancitizenunabletoenlist,struggledtobeemployedduringWWIIduetoJapaneseracism.Whenorderedtoaninternmentcamp,he

refused,wasjailedandlatersenttoacampinUtah.HefoughthiscaseuptotheSupremeCourt.Notuntilthe1970sdidhebegintoreceiveawardsandrecognitionforhisefforts.

“Weupholdtheexclusionorderasofthetimeitwasmadeandwhenthepetitioner(Korematsu)violatedit.Indoingso,wearenotunmindfulofthehardshipsimposedbyituponalargegroupofAmericancitizens.Buthardshipsarepartofwar,andwarisacombinationofhardships.Allcitizensalike,bothinandoutofuniform,feeltheimpactofwaringreaterorlessermeasure.Citizenshiphasitsresponsibilitiesaswellasitsprivileges,andintimeofwartheburdenisalwaysheavier.”--JusticeBlack(MajorityOpinion)“Idisagree,therefore,fromthislegalizationofracism.Racialdiscriminationinanyformandinanydegreehasnojustifiablepartwhateverinourdemocraticwayoflife.ItisunattractiveinanysettingbutitisutterlyrevoltingamongafreepeoplewhohaveembracedtheprinciplessetforthintheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates.Allresidentsofthisnationarekininsomewaybybloodorculturetoaforeignland.YettheyareprimarilyandnecessarilyapartofthenewanddistinctcivilizationoftheUnitedStates.TheymustaccordinglybetreatedatalltimesastheheirsoftheAmericanexperimentandasentitledtoalltherightsandfreedomsguaranteedbytheConstitution.”--JusticeMurphy(MinorityOpinion)

Pickthe2photographsthatstickwithyouthemostandreexaminethembeforeconcludingbelow.

#1Thephotographof…… showspeoplewhobelievedbeing“American”onthisdaymeant…thephotographerbelievedbeing“American”onthisdaymeant…#2Thephotographof…… showspeoplewhobelievedbeing“American”onthisdaymeant…thephotographerbelievedbeing“American”onthisdaymeant…

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WartimeordersfromthePresidentdo/don’tchangewhatitmeanstobe“American”because….Themost“American”peopleinthiseventarethe…ORTheleast“American”peopleinthiseventarethe…TheJapaneseAmericanswereacting/notacting“American”bylargelynotpublicallyprotestingtheseeventbecause…

ThisstoreownedbyamanofJapaneseancestryisclosedfollowingevacuationordersinOakland,California,inAprilof1942.AftertheattackonPearlHarbortheowner

hadplacedthe"IAmAnAmerican"signinthestorefrontwindow.(APPhoto/DorotheaLange)

JapaneseheadsoffamilyandpersonslivingaloneformalineoutsideCivilControlStationlocatedintheJapaneseAmericanCitizensLeagueAuditoriuminSanFrancisco,

California,toappearfor"processing"inresponsetoCivilianExclusionOrderNumber20,onApril25,1942(NARA)

HowtheevacuationofJapanesefromSeattlewouldaffectasecondgradeclassinalocalschoolisshowninthesetwoviewsinSeattle,Washington,onMarch27,1942.At

thetopisacrowdedclassroomwithmanyJapanesepupilsandatthebottomisthesameclasswithouttheJapanesestudents.(APPhoto)

AfarewellletterpostedinawindowofT.Z.Shiota,animporterinSanFrancisco'sChinatown,inAprilof1942,priortoevacuationofresidentsofJapaneseancestry.Thefinalparagraphreads:"Atthishourofevacuationwhentheinnocentssufferwiththebad,webidyou,dearfriendsofours,withthewordsofbelovedShakespeare,

'PARTINGISSUCHSWEETSORROW'."

AsoldierandhismotherinastrawberryfieldnearFlorin,California,onMay11,1942.Thesoldier,age23,hadvolunteeredfortheArmyonJuly10,1941,andwas

stationedatCampLeonardWood,Missouri.Hewasfurloughedtohelphismotherandfamilypreparefortheirevacuation.Heistheyoungestofsixchildren,twoofthemvolunteersinUnitedStatesArmy.Themother,age53,camefromJapan37yearsago.Herhusbanddied21yearsago,leavinghertoraisesixchildren.Sheworkedina

strawberrybasketfactoryuntillastyearwhenherchildrenleasedthreeacresofstrawberries"soshewouldn'thavetoworkforsomebodyelse".(NARA)

AcrowdofonlookersinSeattlejamanoverheadwalktowitnessthemassevacuationofJapanesefromBainbridgeIsland,Washington,onMarch30,1942.Somewhatbewildered,butnotprotesting,some225Japanesemen,womenandchildrenweretakenbyferry,busandtraintoCaliforniainternmentcamps.Theevacuationwas

carriedoutbytheU.S.Army.(APPhoto)

IntheManzanarRelocationCenter,in1943,picturesandmementossitontopofaradiointheYonemitsuhome.(AnselAdams/LOC)

PortraitsofevacueeshousedintheManzanarRelocationCenterinCalifornia,takenbyAnselAdamsin1943.Clockwise,fromtopleft:Mrs.KayKageyama,Toyo

Miyatake(Photographer),MissTetsukoMurakami,MoriNakashima,JoyceYukiNakamura(eldestdaughter),CorporalJimmyShohara,AikoHamaguchi(Nurse),YoshioMuramoto,(electrician).Atitspeak,morethan10,000JapaneseAmericanswereheldinManzanar.(AnselAdams/LOC)

JapaneseAmericanevacueesmakecamouflagenetsfortheWarDepartmentintheManzanarRelocationCenter,inCalifornia,onJuly1,1942.(NARA)

These48JapaneseAmericansfromtheGranadaRelocationCenternearLamar,Colorado,reportedforpreinductionphysicalexaminationsattheDenverInduction

Station,onFebruary22,1944.

AfuneralisheldforJamesWakasaattheTopazRelocationCenterin,Utah,onApril19,1943.AmilitarypolicemanshotandkilledJamesWakasanearTopaz'sbarbedwirefenceonApril11,1943.FellowevacueesprotestedtheshootinganddemandedtherighttoholdapublicfuneralonthespotwhereWakasawasshot.Thesoldier

whoshotWakasawascourt-martialed,andlaterfound"notguilty".

AJapanesefamilyreturninghomefromarelocationcentercampinHunt,Idaho,foundtheirhomeandgaragevandalizedwithanti-Japanesegraffitiandbrokenwindows

inSeattle,Washington,onMay10,1945.(APPhoto)

ArefereeintraditionaldresswatchesoveraSumowrestlingmatchinfrontofJapanese-AmericansinternedatSantaAnita,California.(LOC)

JapaneseAmericansremovedfromtheirLosAngeleshomesattendadanceatthegovernment'scampatManzanar,California,onMarch23,1942.(APPhoto)

AduststormhitsManzanarRelocationCenter,inCalifornia,onJuly3,1942.(DorotheaLange/NARA)

In the first discharge of emotions touched off by the Japanese assaults on their nation, U.S. citizens have been demonstrating a distressing ignorance on the delicate question of how to tell a Chinese from a Jap. Innocent victims in cities all over the country are many of the 75,000 U.S. Chinese, whose homeland is our stanch ally.… To dispel some of this confusion, LIFE here adduces a rule-of-thumb from the anthropometric conformations that distinguish friendly Chinese from enemy alien Japs.

The typical Northern Chinese, represented by Ong Wen-hao, (left, above), is relatively tall and slenderly built. His complexion is parchment yellow, his face long and delicately boned, his nose more finely bridged. Representative of the Japanese people as a whole is Premier and General Hideki Tojo (left, below), … a broader, more massively boned head and face, flat, often pug, nose, yellow-ocher skin and heavier beard. Chinese public servant, Ong Wen-hao, is representative of Northern Chinese group with long, fine-boned face and scant beard Southern Chinese have round, broad faces, not as massively boned as the Japanese…. Chinese sometimes pass for Europeans; but Japs more often approach Western types.

Japanese warrior, General Hideki Tojo, current Premier, is a Samurai, closer to type of humble Jap… Typical are his heavy beard, massive cheek and jaw bones. Peasant Jap is squat Mongoloid, with flat, blob nose. An often sounder clue is facial expression, shaped by cultural, not anthropological, factors. Chinese wear rational calm of tolerant realists. Japs, like General Tojo, show humorless intensity of ruthless mystics.

Chinese journalist, Joe Chiang, found it necessary to advertise his nationality to gain admittance to White House press conference. Under Immigration Act of 1924, Japs and Chinese, as members of the "yellow race," are barred from immigration and naturalization.