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Behavior
Models of information behavior
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Classic IR Model: Paradigm Shift?
Document Query InformationNeed
DocumentRepresentation
Match
Transparent
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Belkin (1984)
• User’s information need: Anomalous State of Knowledge
• Difficult for user to specify information needs
• Interview to elicit problem statements to determine the user’s ASK
• After ASK determined, formulate query in system’s language
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Belkin (1984)
A Cognitive Communication System for Information Retrieval
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Berrypicking (Bates, 1989)
• Berrypicking focuses is on the sequence of searcher behaviors
• Query is evolving• Searchers may use different
search strategies in a single query
• Implications for design of information systems
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Berrypicking
Q0
Q3
Q2
Q1 Q5
Q4
T T
TT T
E
T=thought, Q=query variation, E=exit, =documents, information
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Ellis (1989)
• Information-seeking patterns of social scientists
• Six characteristics:– Starting– Chaining– Browsing– Differentiating– Monitoring– Extracting
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Ellis (1989) – Searching Methods
• Starting: Looking for information in a new area on on a new topic.
• Chaining: Searching by following citation connections between materials.
• Differentiating: Selecting information sources based on their orientation and intended audience.
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Ellis (1989) – Searching Methods
• Monitoring: The continuous monitoring of developments in a field of study
• Extracting: Going through a particular source selectively identifying relevant material from that source
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Ellis (1989)
• Behavioral Model of Information Seeking
Diagrammatic presentation suggested by Wilson, 1999
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Kuhlthau (1991)• six stages in the information
search process• incorporated in three realms
– affective - feelings– cognitive - thoughts– physical - actions
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Kuhlthau (1991)• Stages
– initiation - the first awareness of a lack of knowledge or understanding
– selection - identifying the general topic of the approach to be pursued
– exploration - investigating information on the general topic, to improve orientation sufficiently to form a focus for resolving the problem
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Kuhlthau (1991)– formulation - forming a focus for the
information encountered– collection - extends and supports the
focus and selects information pertaining specifically to the focus
– presentation - completing the search and preparing to present or otherwise use the findings
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Stages in ISP Feelings Thoughts Actions Appropriate task
1.Initiation Uncertainty GeneralVague
Seeking background information
Recognize
1.Selection Optimism Identify
1.Exploration Confusion/ frustration
Seeking relevant information
1.Formulation Clarity Narrowed/clearer Formulate
1.Collection Sense of direction/ confidence
Increased interest Seeking Gather relevant or focused information
1.Presentation Relief/ satisfaction or disappointment
Clearer or focused Complete
Kuhlthau’s model of the information search process
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Dervin - Sensemaking
Situation Uses(Helps)
Gap faced
Gap bridged
Questions answered, ideasformed, resourcesobtained
Strategies usedinfo values sought
DiscontinuityCondition
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Sensemaking moment
Situation
Gap Use (Help)
Circlingtheexperience
Each momentis potentially asensemaking moment
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Dervin (1992)
• Rooted in communications theory• User-centered approach to study of
information seeking and use• Application of sense-making theory
in practice:– Neutral questioning reference
interview-technique
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Wilson (1999)• Fewer models of information
behavior than information seeking behavior
• Information seeking behavior is a consequence of a need perceived by a user
• May involve other people through information exchange
• Introduces concept of information use
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Wilson’s Model of Information Behavior (1999)
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Personal Information Collection
• A personal subset of the information world
•A collection of information sources and channels that we as individuals have acquired, cultivated, and organized over time and in response to a range of stimuli
•Where we turn first when we need information to do a task or pursue an interest
– Mental construct, thing, and process
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Personal information collection is
• A Mental Construct– Against information overload and
fragmentation– For attention and memory– To have information on hand when it is
needed– Other reasons – fun, collecting etc
• Personal information environment• Personal information space• Information farming
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Personal Information Collection is a
– A Set of Things•Content in various forms
(documents, web pages, mail, notes, calendars, address books, etc.)
•Structures for representing and organizing this information (folder hierarchies, piles, lists, etc.)
•Pointers to information (people, links, favorites, etc).
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Personal Information collection is
• A set of processes (embedded in information events)– Selecting– Keeping/ leaving– Re-finding– Maintaining
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EPIC (Exploring Personal Information
Collection) Model Information
events
Personal Information Collection
1. selecting2. keeping/leaving3. re-finding4. maintaining
Link to information user
Link to information use
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Information Events
• When an individual makes contact with an information source or channel – The result of intentional information
seeking, information encountering, or being given information by another person
• The individual will choose to use, ignore, or delay use of the information
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Selecting
• Distinguishing and selecting useful information – The assumption of a personal information
collection is that the individual will select and keep useful information and discard information that is not useful
• How– Personal Anticipate Information Need (PAIN)– Imperfect sensitivity
• False positives • Incorrect rejections
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Keeping/ leaving• Keep
– interventions to acquire and include the information source or channel in the personal information collection• Filing; Storing a document in a folder; Making
a Bookmark or Favorite; Send email to others or to self
• Leave– Leave the information source or channel
in situ• I can find it again when I need it• Part of the mental construct of the personal
information collection– E.g. regularly used website
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Re-finding and maintaining
• Ultimate purpose and critical test of the personal information collection
• Depends upon– Information literacies– Memory– Keeping and maintaining processes
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Maintaining
• Re-evaluating the usefulness of information sources and channels that have been included in the personal information collection – Re-organizing information– Removing false positives– Updating or upgrading taxonomies
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EPIC (Exploring Personal Information
Collection) Model Information
events
Personal Information Collection
1. selecting2. keeping/leaving3. re-finding4. maintaining
Link to information user
Link to information use
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EPIC Model linked to Wilson’s 1999 Model of HIB
Information user
Need
Information-seeking behavior
Information exchange
Satisfaction or non-satisfaction
Information use
Demands on information systems
Success
Demands on other information sources
Other people
Failure
Information transfer
Information events
Personal Information Collection
1. selecting2. keeping/leaving3. re-finding4. maintaining
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EPIC Model linked to Leckie et. al’s 1996 model of the Information-
Seeking Behavior of Professionals
Work roles
Tasks
Characteristics of information needs
Sources of informationAwareness of
information
Outcomes
Feedback Feedback
Info
rmat
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is s
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t
Information events
Personal Information Collection
1. selecting2. keeping/leaving3. re-finding4. maintaining