The Industrial RevolutionSection 1: Origins of the Industrial RevolutionSection 2: The Factory SystemSection 3: New Methods and Business OrganizationsSection 4: Living and Working ConditionsSection 5: Socialism
Origins of the Industrial Origins of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution
Objectives:Explain why the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain.Describe how inventions in the textile industry led to other new inventions.Analyze the effects that developments in transportation and communication had on the spread of the Industrial Revolution.Video
The Agricultural Revolution Enclosure movement
Smaller landholdings combined into more efficient, larger holdings
Fewer subsistence farmers Farmers who farm only what they need to sustain life More commercial farming took place
Farming to make a profit
New farming methods Bronze and iron tools
Seed drill – planted seeds in straight rows (Jethro Tull) Advancement of plow
Crop rotation A few field would be left unfarmed for a year to let
them regain nutrients (video)
Factors of Production Land
All natural resources Capital
Money Tools Machinery Equipment Inventory
Labor Migration into cities Population growth
Video
The Textile IndustryNew inventions
Mechanization Most early machines were water powered
Effects of mechanization Supply increased Prices decreased Demand increased
Steam Engines, Iron, and Steel Iron and steel
Mechanization meant that more iron was needed
Henry Bessemer – came up with more efficient and better way to make steel
Pump air into pig iron when it was smelted
Other Industrialization Production of:
Shoes Clothing Ammunition Furniture
Printing, papermaking, lumber, and food processing all came about in mass quantities during this period
Vulcanization Basis of modern rubber industry
TransportationSteam engine
Locomotive Steamboat
Robert Fulton was the first build a successful steamboat
Video
The Communications RevolutionScientific researchBattery
First built by Alessandro Volta Batteries are measured in volts
Electricity Thomas Edison
Telegraph Samuel Morse
The Spread of IndustryCotton gin
Eli Whitney Separated cotton from seeds
Mechanical reaper Harvested the fields
Canals and railroads Improved transportation and movement of
peopleSteel industry
Needed for everything else to improve
The Factory SystemThe Factory SystemObjectives:
Explain how the increased use of machinery affected workers and working conditions.Identify the differences between the middle class and the working class.Analyze how the lives of women changed during the Industrial Revolution.
How Machines Affected WorkMechanization made jobs simpler and
less skilled Allowed people to master a few simple
tasks instead of entire process Video
The Wage System Costs of production
Overhead Materials Employee pay
Labor supply Available workers
Wages for other work Contract work not done in-house
Gender Higher wages for men Considered superior
The Lives of Factory WorkersMany rules to followCold and damp in winter, steamy in
summerFrequent accidentsShabby, cramped apartment buildings
Development of the Middle Class Industries and cities grewWell-educated middle class thrivedFamilies could rise in social (class)
standing Final break from class system and
feudalism
Effect of Industrialization on Women’s LivesWomen began working outside the
homeWomen gained independence In America – 19th amendment
Women’s suffrage
New Methods and Business New Methods and Business OrganizationsOrganizations
Objectives:Explain how and why the methods of production changed during the Industrial Revolution.Identify what caused corporations to emerge and the effects they had on business.Define the business cycle and explain how it affected society.
Capitalism and Changing Production MethodsDivision of labor and interchangeable
parts Unskilled labor lowered cost of production Interchangeable parts allowed speedy and
inexpensive repairs (video)The assembly line – mass production
Rise of the Corporation Sold stocks in companies to raise money to
run and expand business J.P. Morgan was one of the first corporations
Steel
Monopoly One corporation had almost complete control over
production or sale of a single good or service Cartels
Business combinations to control every stage of an entire industry
Business CyclesAlternating periods of prosperity and
decline One aspect of business often affects
others When business declines this is called a
depression
Living and Working ConditionsLiving and Working ConditionsObjectives:
Identify Adam Smith’s ideas and explain how they affected people’s views of industrialization.Explain the causes of reform movements.Analyze how workers tried to improve their lives.
Economic Theories Laws of economics
Law of supply and demand When a product is high demand prices go up The opposite happens when there is a surplus
A surplus is when there is too much of one product Ideal point is called a equilibrium point
Law of competition Competition drives prices down
Malthus and Ricardo Believed that human misery and poverty are
inevitable Laissez-faire
No government regulation of business
Reformers AriseHumanitarians
Work to improve conditions of othersUtilitarianism
Greatest happiness for greatest number of people
John Stuart Mill Government should work for good of all its
citizens
Early Reform LawsFactory Act
Improved work conditions for children Established child labor laws
Collective ActionStrikes
Workers protest by refusing to workUnions
Workers’ associations to bargain on workers’ behalf
SocialismSocialismObjectives:
Describe the type of society that early socialists wanted to establish.Explain how Robert Owen put his socialist beliefs into action.Explain what Karl Marx believed would happen to the capitalist world of the 1880s.Identify some of the competing ideas that arose out of Marxism.
SocialismUtopian socialists
Believed people could live peacefully with each other and work for the common good
Robert Owen “villages of cooperation” Built homes and schools for workers
The Theories of Karl Marx Believed production would
stop without workers Along with Frederick
Engles he wrote Communist Manifesto
Said that government should own everything and people should all be equal
Started a movement that would change history of the world
Variations of SocialismCommunism
Classless society Common ownership Government provides for people Command economy
Democratic socialism Socialist philosophy of government where
people still elect leaders