The Immune System
Second Edition
Chapter 1
Elements of the Immune Systemand their Roles in Defense
Copyright © 2005 by Garland Science Publishing
Peter Parham
Figure 1-1Vaccine induced strong immunity
Humans are the only host
Most humans vaccinated
Figure 1-2
Figure 1-3 part 1 of 4Schistosoma mansoni – 5X
worm
Trypanosoma brucei– 1750Xprotozoan
Pneumocystis carinii– 720XFungus-SIDS
Figure 1-3 part 2 of 4Epidermophyton floccosum– 500X
Fungus-ringworm
HIV– 80,000Xvirus
influenza– 40,000Xvirus
Figure 1-3 part 3 of 4Candida albicans– 1,400X
fungusStaphylococcus aureus– 5,000X
bacteria
Mycobacterium tuberculosis– 15,000Xbacteria
Figure 1-3 part 4 of 4Listeria monocytogenes– 1,250X
Intracellular bacteria
Salmonella enteritidis– 6,500Xbacteria
Streptococcus pyogenes– 6,500Xbacteria
Figure 1-4
Entry points
Blue – barriersRed-mucosal membranes
Figure 1-5Innate Immune Response
Figure 1-6Innate Immune Response –
Inflammation
Figure 1-7Immune Response
1 2
Figure 1-8Acquired/protective
Immunity
Selection of correctLymphocyte
Development ofImmunological
Memory
Figure 1-9 part 1 of 6Types of Hematopoietic Cells
Figure 1-9 part 2 of 6
Figure 1-9 part 3 of 6
Figure 1-9 part 4 of 6
Figure 1-9 part 5 of 6
Figure 1-9 part 6 of 6
Figure 1-10
Where do these cells develop?
Figure 1-11
Figure 1-12
Figure 1-13
Pus
Figure 1-14
Macrophages
Engulf and degrade agentsSecrete cytokines
Figure 1-15
Stem cells (bone marrow)
B cells remain andmature
T cells leaveand mature in the
thymus
Primary and SecondaryLymphoid Tissues
Lymphatics collect lymph(plasma)
and return to bloodvia thoracic duct
throughsubclavian vein
Figure 1-16
Every minute –5 million lymphocytes
leave the blood andenter the secondary
lymphoid tissues
Figure 1-17
Figure 1-18
Figure 1-19
Filters the blood
-removes old red blood cells-acts as a lymph node and filters pathogens from the blood
Figure 1-20GALT - Process pathogens in these areas
BALT - bronchial-associated lymphoid tissueMALT - mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
Figure 1-21Adaptive Immunity - Vertebrates
Figure 1-22
Antigen - material that is antigenic - induces an immune responseEpitope – AA seq/structure of antigen against which response directed
Figure 1-23Gene rearrangement
-immunoglobulins-T-cell receptors
Figure 1-24
B Cells recognize native proteins
T Cells recognize peptides whenpresented via receptors called
major histocompatibility complexmolecules - MHC
Figure 1-25
From intracellular extracellular
molecules/pathogens
Figure 1-26MHC Class I
Intracellular antigens
Figure 1-27MHC Class II
Extracellular antigens
Figure 1-28
Selection for self - must match
MHC I/MHC II
Selection against self - must not match
self antigens
Figure 1-29
How do antibodies work?
Figure 1-30
Figure 1-31
The six remaining polio-endemic countries are: Nigeria, India, Pakistan, Niger, Afghanistan and Egypt.
As at 24 August 2004, this year there have been 602 cases reported globally, in the following endemic countries: Nigeria (476 cases), India (34), Pakistan (23), Niger (19), Afghanistan (3), Egypt (1).
Down from over 125 when the Global Polio Eradication Initiative was launched in 1988.Epidemiologists from the Global Polio
Eradication Initiative today confirmed the reinfection of Guinea and Mali, as well as three new cases in the Darfur region of the Sudan.
Figure 1-32
Unwanted immune responses-allergies
Figure 1-33Unwanted immune responses
-autoimmunity
Figure 1-34