THE IBANAG REVOLT (Isabela-Cagayan) 1763
The defeat of the Spaniards in the hands of the british, which destroyed the myth of invincibility of the colonizers, and the rebels’ exploits of silang in ilocos and palaris in pangasinan, fanned the flames of rebellion to Isabela and Cagayan
The natives of ilagan declared their independence on february 2, 1763 and refused to pay the tribute
The revolt spread to Cabagan and Tuguegarao Under the leadership of two local chiefs:1. Juan Marayag2. Dabo The rebels killed some tribte collectors and
commited acts of violence against the friars But the rebellion did not last long, for
Lieutenant Governor Manuel De Arza and his loyal Filipino mercinaries came and suppred it
(Tagalog Religious Revolt) In 1840 to 1841, Apolinario dela Cruz,
better known as Hermano Pule to his followers, staged the first major tagalog religious revolt in the Phillipines
Apolinari dela Cruz wanted to be a priest so he went to a manila to study theology
But he was not allowed to enter a monastic order because he was an indio
Disillusioned, he worked as a servant at the hospital of San Juan de dios.
HERMANO PULE REVOLT
There through self-study, he learned about Catholic doctrines and The Bible
He founded the Cofradia de san Jose, ( Confraternity of St. Joseph) when he returned to Lukban, Quezon in 1840
The most important feast day of the religious group was March 19th the feast of St. Joseph
The Spanish authorities and Friars consequently proceeded to persecute and harass the Confradia members
In self- defense, Pule gathered his followers at Barrios Isabang on the slopes of Mt. Banahaw
Octovio de San Jorge commanded Cofradia’s army 4,000
The Confradia army defeated the government forces of 300 men under Alcalde mayor juan ortega of Tayabas, which was sent to crush their rebel base
The Alcalde mayor was killed in this attack
The initial victory of the cofradia members againts the government forces gave them rich booty of cannons, rifles, and ammunition
To avenge the shameful defeat of spanish army in the hands of the confradia, Governor General Marcelino Oraa, sent a stronger army composed this time of veteran spanish and pampango soldiers to tayabas
On All Saints Day, the spanish/Filipino forces overwhelmed the Confradia defenders and forced them to flee their camp
The more than 100 Filipino revolts and uprisings againts spanish rule ended in dismal failure
The principal causes of failure were:The absence of national consciousness the lack of leaders to unite the whole
archipelago The archipelagic nature of the phillipines
prevented a steady communication among the provinces
FAILURE OF THE REVOLTS
Furthermore, the superiority of Spanish arms ( for example, the use of artillery) in many instances, contributed to the succesful suppresion of the revolts
Lastly, in some occasions, the betrayals and worst, assasinations of rebel leaders by their compariots led to the failure of the revolt
The word “ challege’ should be the more appropriate term rather than “ resistance” of the Muslims in relation to their response to spanish hegemony
The Muslims have been different from those of Luzon and the Visayas in their response to spanish rule on two reasons:
They were unified by a well-established religion
they had a better-organized political system
MUSLIMS’ RESPONSE TO SPANISH RULE
The arrival of the first Spanish expedition in Mindanao was met with stiff resistance
Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa in 1578 led the first Spanish force againts jolo, which was defended by sultan Pagarigan Buddimon, and his Tausog warriors
The muslim Wars (1578-1898) were characterized by peridic punitive expiditions to Mindanao and Sulu, which were initially foiled by the muslim defenders.
INITIAL BATTLES
In 1596, Figueroa obtained the exclusive right to colonize Mindanao
In buwayan, howeve, the spanish forces were fiercely repulsed by Rajah Sirongan and his man
In the battle, Datu Ubal, the brother f Sirongan killed Figueroa
u
The first Spanish attempt to colonize Mindanao aroused great hostility of the Muslims againts Spaniards band Filipino Christians
The first Moro raid was led by the joint forces of Rajah Sirongan and Datu Sali of maguindanao
The muslim counter-expedition was composed of 50 war vessels with 3,000 waririors
THE MORO OUNTER RAIDS
The Muslim marauding expeditions were repeated in 1600 on a grater scale (70 vessels and 4,000 warriors).
In 1602, the joint forces of Rajah Sirongan and Datu buisan of mindanao successfully raided the bicol and Southern Tagalog regions, the Calamanianes and cuyo
Due to the failure of the earlier expiditons, Governor Juan Cerezo de Salamanca decided to establish a military base in Zamboanga
In 1636, a fort was built ubder the supervision of Father Melchor de Vera, a Jesuit
A year after the construction of Fort Pilar, Tagal, a brother of kudarat (Corralat) of maguindanao raided the visayas
FORT PILAR
Kudarat, the son of Datu Buisan became the Sultan Of maguindanao in 1620
At first, he tried to foster friendship with the spaniards and also with the Dutch, who were then aiming for colonial foothold in southeast Asia
The Spaniards in 1627 began to gain victories againts the Moros
Governor General Hurtado de Corcueca with 250 Spanish soldiers and 100 Pampangos in eleven sampans left Manila and proceeded to Zamboaga
SULTAN KUDARAT
Kudarat began his protracted struggle againts spanish domination with the aid and support, given later by the maranaws and other muslims groups
Calling the Maranaw datus to a meeting he admonished them:
“ Allow yourselves to be subjects today and tomorrow you will be at the oars; I at least will be a pilot, the biggest favor they will allow chief. Do not allow their sweet words, and their promises facilitate their deceit, which little by little enable them to control everything.”
On June 24,1645 a treaty was signed by Kudarat and francisco Atienza, the Commandant of Zamboanga
Sultan Kudarat, the charismatic leader of the Mguindanaos and worthy successor of the great Sirongan was the first among his people
to declare a jihad (holy war) againts the spaniads
Governador-General Corcuera returned to Mindanao in January 1638, and began his spirited offensive against Jolo
The Maranaos became the next target of Corcuera in 1639
The Maranaous fiercely fought the Spaniards, and at one time they almost annihilated a second Spanish edition launched against them, led by Pedro de Castro
SULTAN AMD MARANAW RESISTANCE
During the second half of 18th entury, the Muslims intensified their attacks on Christin communities in the Visayas and luzon
Toward the last half of the 19th century, the Muslim raids declined
One reason for the decline was the establishment of more spanish forts and watchtowers along the coasts of Mindanao, the Viayas and North Western Luzon
HEIGHT AND DECLINE OF MORO RAIDS
In 1848, Govenor Narciso Claveria, backed by steamships defeated the samals at Balanguingui
In 1850, Governor Antonio de Urbiztondo attacked and captured Jolo
In 1874 Governor Jose Malcmpo with powerful invasion forces, ocupied the city
He established a permanent outpost in Jolo that held out until the last days of Spanish Rule
The captured of Jolo forced Sultan Jamalil A’lam to sue for peace and relocate his capital to Maimbung
In dire need of funds for his sultanate and to finance future resistance againts spanish occupation, Sultan A’ lam leased on january, 1878 his territory of sabah, in North Borneo to Baron gutav Von Overbeck and Alfred Dent, proprietors of British North Borneo Trading Company
LEASE OF SABA
The Moro Wars proved that even if on the several instances the Muslims were defeated, they were able to consolidate their forces and retaliated, as opportunity wanted it against their enemies
In fact, they carried offensives in their enemies’ territories
The Moros wee bold and daring warriors, who knew how to maximazine the terrain to their advantage
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MORO WARS
During their time they also knew how to exploit the Southeast Asian political situation, and this greatly aided them in forming alliances and mutual agreements with others, which strengthened their positions
Briefly, the Moro response to spanish domination is very clear: the Muslims preferred to perish as freeman in battle than be subjected to vassalage