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The Hawk Shimbol and the Two Personae: Yeats'sEsoteric Ideal in At the Hawk's Well
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https://doi.org/10.15017/2332603
åºçæ å ±ïŒæåžç 究. 86, pp.23-46, 1989-02-28. Faculty of Literature, Kyushu UniversityããŒãžã§ã³ïŒæš©å©é¢ä¿ïŒ
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Maybe a twelve month since
Suddenly I began
In scorn of this audience,
Imagining a man,
And his sun-freckled face .... 2
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24
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I call to the eye of the mind
A well long choked up and dry
And boughs long stripped by the wind .... 4
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and Youth, 1914) ã«æãããïŒåŠæ ¡æ代ã®ã€ã§ã€ãã®èªç»åã¯ïŒæããç¥ãã¬
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Pardon, old fathers, if you still remain
Somewhere in ear-shot for the story's end,
Old merchant skipper that leaped overboard
After a ragged hat in Biscy Bay .... 7
26
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28
At the Hawk's Wellã«ãããäºã€ã®ãã«ãœããšé·¹ã®è±¡åŸŽïŒæšåïŒ
(1926)ã®äžã§ïŒåé圢ã®ã¢ãã«ã«ãã£ãŠèª¬æããããïŒããã¯çµ±äžããåè£
ã«åãæŽå²ã®æµãã幟äœåŠçã«ç€ºãããã®ãšãããããé·¹ã®æ³ãããã®æŽå²èŠ³
ãåæ ããŠããïŒããã¯é·¹ã®è±¡åŸŽã«ãã£ãŠç€ºãããŠããã
è©©ã®ã€ã¡ãŒãžãšããŠåé圢ã®ã¢ãã«ãæãçŽæ¥çã«è¡šçŸãããŠããã®ã¯ïŒ
"The Second Coming"ã§ïŒãã®è©©ã«ãããŠé·¹åž«ãšé·¹ã®ã€ã¡ãŒãžãïŒæåã®åè£
ãè¡šããã®ãšããŠçšããããŠããããšã¯å žå³æ·±ãã
Turning and turning in the widening gyre
The falcon cannot hear the falconer ;
Thing fall apart ; the centre cannot hold ,
Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world .... 8
鷹垫ã®ããšãé¢ããé·¹ã¯ïŒåé圢ãæããªãã空ãžãšèãã鷹垫ãšé·¹ã®åè£
("The falcon cannot hear the falconer") ã¯ïŒãååšã®çµ±äžãã®ç Žå£ãæå³ãïŒ
é·¹ã®èã¯æ代ãšå ±ã«åè£æ¡æ£ããŠããæåãè¡šãããé·¹ã®æ³ãã«ãããã¯ããŒ
ãªã³ãšé·¹ã®å¥³ãåãã€ã¡ãŒãžãšããŠæããããšãã§ãããã¯ããŒãªã³ã¯äžçã§
æé«ã®é·¹ãæã€è ã§ããïŒé·¹ã人éã®å¥³ã«çãŸããåã§ããïŒãã¯ããŒãªã³ã®
åã¯ãCaulannã®çç¬ããæå³ãïŒæçè ãšããç¹ã«æŒããŠã鷹垫çååšã§ã
ããäžæ¹ïŒæ³ãå®ãé·¹ã®å¥³ã¯æããããšã®ã§ããªãé·¹ãšããŠæãããŠããã
And though I have good hawks, the best in the world
I had fancied, I have not seen its like. It flew
As though it would have torn me with its beak,
Or blinded me, smiting with that great wing.
Could I but find a means to bring it down
I'd hood it.10
29
åé圢ã®è±¡åŸŽã¯1917幎ã®12æ6æ¥ã«ã€ã§ã€ã倫人ã®èªåæèšã«ããåŸããã
ãšèšããããïŒããã¯ã€ã§ã€ãåºæã®è±¡åŸŽãšããããã§ã¯ãªããåé圢ã¯ç¥ç§
䞻矩ã«ãã°ãã°çŸããå圢çãªè±¡åŸŽã§ãã£ãŠïŒäŸãã°ééè¡ã§çšãããããœã
ã¢ã³ã®å°ç« ã¯ã€ã§ã€ãã®å³åœ¢ãšéåžžã«é¡äŒŒããŠããåãã®ç¥ç§çæç«éçšã«
ããããããïŒåé圢ã®ã¢ãã«ã¯ïŒã€ã§ã€ãã®ææ³ã«çªç¶çŸããïŒå šãæ°ãã
象城äœç³»ãšèããå¿ èŠã¯ãªãããããã£ãŠãé·¹ã®æ³ãã1917幎以åã«æžããã
ãšããäºå®ã¯ïŒãã®äœåã®èåŸã«ã€ã§ã€ãã®ç¬ç¹ã®æŽå²èŠ³ã§ããåé圢ã®æŠå¿µ
ãèŠãããšã®é害ã«ã¯ãªããªããå®éïŒåã®éå¹ã®éã«ç€ºãããé·¹ã瀺ãæš¡æ§
ã®ã€ããäžè§åœ¢ã®åžã¯ïŒã€ã§ã€ãã®æŽå²çãŽã£ãžã§ã³ã§ããåé圢ãæ瀺ãã
ãšèããããšãå¯èœã§ããããããã«ããïŒåè£ããçŸä»£ãšç¥è©±ç調åäžçãš
ãã察ç«é¢ä¿ãèŠãããšãªãã«ïŒãã®åãèå¯ããããšã¯å°é£ã§ããã
åé ã§ïŒ "Timeâ-Irish heroic age"ãšè¿°ã¹ããããïŒå®éã«èå°ã«æããã
å Žé¢ã¯ïŒè±éæ代ã®çæ³çãªèª¿åäžçã§ã¯ãªãïŒãšãªãªãã (T.S. Eliot) ã
ãã°ãã°æããããªçŸä»£ã®ç²Ÿç¥çèå°ã§ãããå¹²äžãã£ãæ³ïŒè£žã«ãªã£ãæšã®
æïŒæ³ãåããæ¯èïŒè °ã®æ²ãã£ãè人ïŒç°è²ã®ç³ïŒãããå šãŠã®ã€ã¡ãŒãžã¯
ã€ã§ã€ãã®æ³å®ããã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ãã®è±éæ代ã®ãã®ã§ã¯ãªããå³ã¡ïŒåé ã®èš
èã«ããããããïŒãã®åã®æ代è嚯ã¯çŸä»£ã§ãããšèãããããåé ã®èšè
ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒåŸã§ããäžåºŠè§Šããããšã«ããŠïŒããã«ç»å Žããã¯ããŒãªã³ã«æ³š
ç®ããŠã¿ããã圌ã¯é»éãšïŒå ã食ããè¡£æã«ã€ããŠããããéåã«ããã£ã
ãããªæ³¢ãè¶ããŠããã®å°ã«èŸ¿ãã€ããã®ã§ãããããã¯ããããæéãè¶ã
ãŠïŒç¥è©±ã®äžã®äººç©ãçŸä»£ã«çŸãããã®ããã§ãããã€ã§ã€ãã¯ãã®è¥è ãè
人ãšã¯å¥ã®äžçã«å±ãããã®ã§ããããšãïŒäºäººã®äŒè©±ã®ãªãã§ç€ºãããšããŠ
ãããäŸãã°ïŒ
.... If I may judge by the gold
On head and feet and glittering in your coat,
You are not of those who hate the living world.
30
12
At the Hawk's Wellã«ãããäºã€ã®ãã«ãœããšé·¹ã®è±¡åŸŽïŒæšåïŒ
ãšããè人ã®èšèã¯ïŒè¥è ãè人ã®ããã«ææªã®æ³çã«äœããã®ã§ãªãããšã
æå³ããããããã¯ïŒ
You should be native here, for that rough tongue
Matches the barbarous spot. 13
ãšããã¯ããŒãªã³ã®èšèã¯ïŒè人ããã®èå°ã® 'native'ã§ããïŒãã®èšèãã
ã®åå°åæ§ 'rough'ã§ããããšïŒäžæ¹ïŒè¥è ã®èšèã¯è人ãšã¯å šãç°ãªã£ãé«
貎ãªãã®ã§ããããšãæå³ãããããã«ïŒã¯ããŒãªã³ã¯ "Ihave an ancient
house beyond the sea"ãšè¿°ã¹ãããã® "ancienthouse"ã¯ç±ç·ãã家ãšããæå³
ã§äœ¿ãããŠãããïŒè人ã®äœãäžçãšã®æéçå·®ç°ãæããããèšèã§ãã
ããè¥è ã¯ïŒ "Iam named Cuchulain, I am Sualtim's son"ãšåä¹ããïŒè人ã¯
ãã®æåãªåãè³ã«ããäºããªããåæã®è皿段éã§ã¯ïŒè人ã¯ã¯ããŒãªã³ã®
åãç¥ã£ãŠããããšã«ãªã£ãŠãããïŒåŸã«ãªã£ãŠçŸåšã®ããã«æ¹ãããããã
ã®æ¹èšã«ã¯ïŒé«è²Žãªè±éæ代ãå¿ãå»ã£ãç²éãªçŸä»£ã®äººé粟ç¥ãè¡šãããšã
ãæå³ãããããã«æããã
ã€ã§ã€ãã¯ãé·¹ã®æ³ãã¯ã¯ããŒãªã³ãé¡æãšããåäœã®å°å ¥ãšããŠã®æå³ã
æã€ãšè¿°ã¹ãŠããã«ããããããïŒå®éã«ã¯ã¯ããŒãªã³ãšããåããã®åã§äº
床ãã䜿ã£ãŠããªãã圌ã¯åºæåè©ãæå³çã«é¿ããŠïŒãã®ä»£ãã "Young
Man"ãšããè¡šçŸãçšãããããã¯ã¯ããŒãªã³ãæ®éçãªæå³ã§ã®è±éïŒãã
ãã¯è±éæ代ãè¡šããã®ãšãããããšãèãããããè人ã«ååãäžããããŠ
ããªãã®ãåæ§ã®çç±ã«ããã®ã§ãããããããã£ãŠïŒè¥è ãšè人ã®é¡è¿ã¯æŽ
å²ã«ãããè¥ãæ代ãšå¹Žèããæ代ïŒå³ã¡ïŒå€ä»£ãšçŸä»£ã®å¯Ÿè©±ã§ãããšèŠãã
ãšãã§ããã
31
ç¿
é·¹ã®è±¡åŸŽã瀺ã第äºã®æå³ã¯ïŒäººçã«ãããé¿ãåŸãªãèŠãã¿ïŒå³ã¡ïŒã€ã§
ã€ããè©©ã®ã¿ã€ãã«ã§ïŒ "Adam'sCurse"ãšåŒãã§ãããã®ã§ããã
ãé·¹ã®æ³ãã®ã»ããã£ã³ã°ã¯æããã«ãšãã³ã®åãšé¢ä¿ããããè±ç¥ã®æšã®
å®ãèœãšãæŠã®æšã¯ïŒãšãã³ã®åã«ãããäºã€ã®æšãæããããåã®æåŸã§æ¥œ
åž«ãã¡ã¯çªç¶ïŒ "Aoife ! Aoife ! "ãšå«ã¶ã Aoifeã¯ã¢ãã ã®åŠ»ã€ãŽã®ã²ãŒã«èª
圢ã§ãããè人㮠"nevertill you are lying in the earth / Can you know rest"ãš
ããèšèã¯åµäžçŽ 3ç« ããåããããã®ã§ãããã¢ãã ãšã€ãŽã¯æŽçœªåŸïŒãåœ
ã®æšãããåã£ãŠãã¹ïŒæ°žé ã«çããããšã®ãªãããã«ããšãã³ã®åããè¿œæŸ
ããïŒãšãã³ã®æ±ã«ã¯ïŒçåœã®æš¹ã®éãå®ããã®ãšããŠïŒã±ã«ãã ãšåãçã®
å£ã眮ãããããšãŒããšã«æžã®ã±ã«ãã ã¯åã€ã®é¡ãŒäžâãã®ãã¡äžã€ã¯é·²ã®é¡
ã§ããäž~ãšåã€ã®ç¿Œãæã£ãŠãããïŒã€ã§ã€ã㯠The King's Thresholdã«ãã
ãŠïŒãã®ã±ã«ãã ã«èšåããŠããå¡ïŒãšãã³ã®åã®çªäººã¯çåœã®æšã®éãå®
ããã®ã§ãããšåæã«ïŒçœªãã人éãåã³ãšãã³ã®åã«åž°ãããšãçŠæ¢ããã
ã®ã§ãããé·¹ã®å¥³ã¯ãã®å㧠"TheGuardian of the Well"ãšããŠçŽ¹ä»ãããŠã
ãããšãã³ã®åã® "guardian"ãšæ³ã® "guardian"ã§ããé·¹ã®å¥³ã®é¡äŒŒã¯ãããŸ
ã§ææãããªãã£ããïŒäººéã«äžãããããåªãããšããããŒããèããå ŽåïŒ
æãéèŠãªé¡äŒŒã§ãããäºã€ã® "guardian"ã¯å ±ã«äººéãš "immortality"ã®æ絶
ãè¡šããŠããããã§ããã
ã€ã§ã€ãã¯å¯Ÿç«ããçæ³çãªè©©çãã«ãœããšããŠïŒãèè ããšãè±éããæ³
å®ãïŒãå倧ãªè©©ã®ã¹ã¿ã€ã«ã®ãªãã«ã¯åžžã«èè ãè±éãããããšè¿°ã¹ã 15ãã€ã§
ã€ãã奜ã幟äœåŠçãªã¢ãã«ã§ã¯ïŒåè ã®äººçã¯çŽç·ã«ïŒåŸè ã®äººçã¯æ²ç·ã«
ããšãããããèè ãéã®å®æãç®æãïŒå€©ãæåããã®ã«å¯ŸãïŒåŸè ã¯å°é
äžå¯èœãªãã®ãæ±ããŠããŸããæ©ããèè ã®ç®æã倩ãçäœ ("sphere") ã§è¡š
ãããã®ã«å¯ŸãïŒè±éã®ããŸãããå°ã¯èºæç¶ã®åé圢 ("gyre")ã§è¡šãããã
32
At the Hawk's Wellã«ãããäºã€ã®ãã«ãœããšé·¹ã®è±¡åŸŽïŒæšåïŒ
å šãŠçãããã®ã¯ãã®èŠãã¿ã®éåã§ãã "gyre"ãåãïŒãæ»ãšèªçã®çœªãã§
ãã茪廻ãç¹°ãè¿ããèè ã®ã¿ããã®åªãã®ç°ããéæŸãã㊠"sphere"ã«è³
ã16ããé·¹ã®æ³ãã«ãããè人ãšè¥è ã®é¢ä¿ã¯ïŒã€ã§ã€ãã®äœåã«ãã°ãã°èŠ
ãããèè ãšè±éãšãã察ç«é¢ä¿ãæããããäŸãã°ïŒãã®äºäººã®é¡éã¯ïŒã€ã§
ã€ãã«å°ãªããã圱é¿ãäžããããŒãã¥ã®ããã¡ã©ãã¥ã¹ãã©ã¯ããèšã£ãã
ã®è±éçååšã§ãããã¡ã©ãã¥ã¹ãã©ãšçœé«ªã®èè ã®å±±äžã§ã®é è¿ã1æ¹åœ¿ãã
ãããããïŒäººéã«äžãããããåªãããšããèŠç¹ããè人ãšè¥è ãèŠããªãïŒ
äºäººã¯ãããã欺ããã ("deceived") åªãã®äººçãçããŠããïŒãã®ç¹ã«ã
ããŠïŒè人ã¯èè ã§ã¯ãªãã Mythologiesã«ãããŠïŒã€ã§ã€ãã¯ïŒè©©äººãè±éã
å ±ã«æ¬ºãããïŒãã èè ã®ã¿ã人çã«èãåããŠãããæ ã«æŸæµªããããšã欺
ãããããšããªããšãã£ãŠããå¹è人ã¯ïŒèžãé·¹ã®å¥³ã«æ¬ºããããã® ("One
whom the dancers cheat") 18ã§ããïŒæ±ãããã®ãèŠãã ãäºç¡ãæŸæµªãããã®
ã§ããã
Why wander and nothing to find ?19
ã€ã§ã€ãã¯èè çãªäººçãšè±éçãªäººçã®äž¡æ¹ã«åŒãããŠãããïŒèªå·±ã®ãã«
ãœããšããŠåžžã«è±éçä»®é¢ãéžæãããã€ã§ã€ããèè çä»®é¢ãè©©ã«ãããèª
己衚çŸãšããŠçšããããšã¯ãªãããé·¹ã®æ³ãã®è人ã¯ïŒå€©äžãç®æãèè ã§ã¯
ãªãïŒã¯ããŒãªã³åæ§å°äžã1æ¹çš®ãæŸæµªè ã§ããããã®ç¹ã«ãããŠãé·¹ã®æ³ã
ã®äžæ¯ãªå±±äžã¯ãšãã³ã®åãšããããã¯ïŒåªãããã«ã€ã³ãæŸæµªã®æ«èŸ¿ãã€ã
ãåå°ïŒã§ãã³ã®æ±ã®ãæŸæµªã®å°ããããæããããã®ãããã
ã€ã§ã€ãã®å ŽåïŒäººéã«äžãããã "curse"ãšããããŒãã¯ïŒèæžã®æèã
é¢ããŠéã®åçïŒèŒªå»»ã®æŠå¿µã«çµã³ã€ããè人ã®æŸæµªã®å¹Žæã§ãã50幎ãšãã
æ°åã¯ã€ã§ã€ãã®æ³ã瀺ããšåæã«ïŒçãšæ»ã®ãµã€ã¯ã«ïŒãŸãæŽå²ã«ããããµ
ã€ã¯ã«ã§ãããã人éã«äžãããããåªãããšéããããšã®ã§ããªã茪廻ãäž
å¿çäž»é¡ãšããPurgatory(1939) ã«ãããŠïŒ 50幎ã¯èŒªå»»ã®åšæãè¡šããæ°åãš
33
ããŠçšããããŠããããã®åã¯å°å¹Žãšãã®ç¶èŠªã§ããè人ã®å¯Ÿè©±ã«ããæã£ãŠ
ãããå°å¹Žãè人ã«ããããïŒãã®éã¯ä»¥åã«ãæ¥ãããšãããããã ããšè
ããšïŒè人ã¯äžæ¬ã®æ¯ãæšã瀺ãããã®æšã¯50幎åã¯éã ãšèã£ãŠããã®ã§ã
ãã
I saw it fifty years ago
Before the thunderbolt had riven it,
Green leaves, ripe leaves thick as butter,
Fat, greasy life, 20
50幎åã¯ïŒèã£ãŠãããïŒããŸã¯æ¯ãæãŠãŠããæšã¯ãé·¹ã®æ³ãã®è人ã1æ¹åœ¿
ãããã圌ããŸãïŒ 50幎åã¯ã¯ããŒãªã³åæ§è¥ãæŸåºãšããŠïŒå¥œéã®é¢šãšæã
ããã®ã«éãããŠïŒãã®æ³ã®ããšã«ãã£ãŠããã®ã§ããã
I came like you
When young in body and in mind, and blown
By what had seemed to me a lucky sail.21
åäžã®ã€ã¡ãŒãžãéããããšã«ããïŒäžã€ã®äœåãšä»ã®äœåãçµã³ã€ããæ¹æ³
ã¯ïŒã€ã§ã€ãããã°ãã°çšãããã®ã§ããïŒ Purgatoryãšãé·¹ã®æ³ãã®é¢ä¿ã¯åœ
ç¶èæ ®ã«å ¥ããããã¹ãã§ããã Purgatoryã§è¿°ã¹ãããïŒäººã¯åªãã®äººçãäž
床ãšãããïŒäœåºŠãç¹°ãè¿ããšããããŒãã¯ïŒè人ãšè¥è ã®é¢ä¿ã«ãããŠã¯ãŸ
ããå³ã¡ïŒã¯ããŒãªã³ã50幎åã®è人ã®å§¿ã§ããã®ãšåæ§ïŒè人ã¯50幎åŸã®ã¯
ããŒãªã³ã®å§¿ã§ããã
è人ãšè¥è ã®é¢ä¿ãããã«æ確ã«ããã®ã¯ïŒè人ãèªãïŒäººçã®åªãã«ã€ã
ãŠã®å ·äœçãªèª¬æã§ããã
34
At the Hawk's Wellã«ãããäºã€ã®ãã«ãœããšé·¹ã®è±¡åŸŽïŒæšåïŒ
The old are cursed already. The curse maybe
Never to win a woman's love and keep it ,
Or always to mix hatred in the love ;
Or it may be that she will kill your children,
That you will find them, their throats torn and bloody,
Or you will be so maddened that you kill them
With your own hand. 22
äžäººã®å¥³ã®æãåŸãããšã®ã§ããªããšããåªãã¯ïŒã€ã§ã€ããšã¢ãŒãã»ãŽã³ã®
é¢ä¿ãæ瀺ããããŸãïŒçã£ãŠèªåã®åãèªãã®æã§æ®ºãåªããšã¯ïŒã¯ããŒãª
ã³ãã€ãŒãã¡ãŒã«çãŸããå®ã®åã³ã³ã© (Conla) ãçä¹±ããŠæ®ºããšããäŒèª¬
ãæããŠãããè人ã¯çŸåšã®ã€ã§ã€ãã®å®äººçã«ãããèŠãã¿ãšïŒéå»ã®ã¯ããŒ
ãªã³ã®çä¹±ãå ±ã«èªãã®åªããšããŠèªã£ãŠãããã¯ããŒãªã³ã®æªæ¥ã«å¯Ÿããäº
èšã¯ïŒè人ã®éå»ã®çµéšã§ããããã¯ããŒãªã³ã®æªæ¥ã¯è人ã®çµéšã®ãªãã«å
å ãããŠããã®ã§ããããã®ããã«ããŠèŠããªãïŒã€ã§ã€ãèªèº«ãæ瀺ããè
人ã¯ïŒã¯ããŒãªã³ã®ããã°èŒªå»»ã«ããçãŸãå€ãããšããæå³ãæã£ãŠããã
ç ããçŸä»£ã«çãŸããè人ããŸãïŒã¯ããŒãªã³ãšåãé·¹ã®è¡ãåŒããŠããã®ã§
ããã
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ãšãå€ã230
35
1916幎ïŒã€ã®ãªã¹ã®æ¯é äžã§èŠããã§ããã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ãã®ç¬ç«ãç®æããŠïŒ
ãããªãã¯ã»ãã¢ã¹ (PatrickHenry Pearse, 1879-1916) ããäžå¿ãšããçŽ
700åããããªã³ã®ãªãŒã»ã³ãŒãã«è¡ã®äžå€®éµäŸ¿å±ã«ç«ãŠãããïŒç¬ç«å®£èšæ
ãæ²ããããã¢ã¹ã¯ç¥è©±ïŒäŒèª¬ãé¡æãšãïŒç¬ç«ã®å€¢ãããã詩人ã§ïŒã¯ããŒ
ãªã³ãåŽæããŠããããšã§ç¥ãããŠãããç«ãŠããã£ã700åã¯ã¿ãªã¯ããŒãª
ã³ã«ãªã£ãå¿ã§æŠã£ããšãããèèµ·ã¯ããã«é®å§ããïŒ 15åã®æå°è ãåŠåã
ãããèèµ·ã®æå°è ãã¡ã¯ã€ã§ã€ããå人çã«ããç¥ã£ãŠãã人ãã¡ã§ãã£ãã
ãã®åŸïŒåŸ©æŽ»ç¥èèµ·ãèšå¿µããŠäžå€®éµäŸ¿å±ã«ã¯ãªãªããŒã»ã·ã§ããŒã (Oliver
Sheppard) ã«ããã¯ããŒãªã³ã®é åã建ãŠãããããã®äºä»¶ã¯ã€ã§ã€ãã®åµ
äœæèã«éèŠãªåœ±é¿ãåãœãïŒãã®åœ±é¿ã¯ïŒç¹ã«ã¯ããŒãªã³ãé¡æã«ããè©©ã
åã«çŽæ¥çã«çŸãããçŸä»£ã«çŠãã¯ããŒãªã³ã®è±éåã¯äžçš®ã®éåã垯ã³ãŠè©©
人ãé äºããäžæ¹ã§ïŒå·åŸ¹ãªè©©äººã®ç®ã¯ïŒè±éçèèµ·ã®ãªãã«ïŒæ¿æ²»ã®èã«ãªã£
ã人ã ã®ç²Ÿç¥çäžæ¯æ§ãèŠéããªããéµäŸ¿å±ã«å»ºãŠãããã¯ããŒãªã³ã®é åã¯ïŒ
圌ã«ãšã£ãŠã¯ã¯ããŒãªã³ã®æ»ïŒå³ã¡ã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ãã®æ°æçè±éäŒèª¬ã®çµçã象
城ãããã®ãšããŠæ ã£ãã®ã§ãããã€ã§ã€ããæ»ã®çŽåã«æžããTheDeath of
Cuchulainã®æåŸã§åœŒã¯ããäžåºŠïŒãã®éµäŸ¿å±ã®é åã®æå³ãåãã
What stood in the Post Office
With Pearse and Connolly ? 24
ãé·¹ã®æ³ãã¯1913幎ãã1916幎ã«ãããŠæžãäžãããããã®ã§ïŒåã®åæŒã¯
1916幎㮠3æã§ããã埩掻ç¥è起㯠4æ24æ¥ã§ããã®ã§ïŒäºä»¶ãèµ·ãããšãã«
ã¯åã¯ããå®æããŠããããã®åŸçŸåšã®åœ¢ã«ã»ãªããŸã§èšæ£ãããéšåã¯ããäž
éšã§ããããããïŒããã€ãºã ã®ãªãã«æœãçŸãšææãšããããŒãã¯ïŒã€ã§ã€
ãã®äœåã«åãããååšããŠãããã®ã§ïŒ "Easter1916"ã§çªç¶çŸããããã§
ã¯ãªããäŸãã°ïŒæåã®åTheCountess Cathleen (1892) ã«ãããŠïŒãã§ã«ãã®
äž»é¡ã¯æ±ãããŠãããããã¯é£¢é¥ã®ããã«éã売ãæž¡ããã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ãã®äººã
36
At the Hawk's Wellã«ãããäºã€ã®ãã«ãœããšé·¹ã®è±¡åŸŽïŒæšåïŒ
ãåãã¿ïŒèªåã®éã売ãããšã«ãã£ãŠäººã ãæã£ããã£ã¹ãªãŒã³äŒ¯çµå€«äººã®
è±éçè¡çºãèªã£ãåã§ãããã€ã§ã€ãã¯ïŒã¢ãŒãã»ãŽã³ãæ¿æ²»ççä¿¡ãšææª
ã®èã«ãããŠããŠïŒãã®éãç Žæ» ãããã«ã¡ãããªããšå¿é ãïŒãã®æããã
ã®åãçã¿åºãããšèšã£ãŠãã汜ã€ã§ã€ãã¯ïŒãã®æãã§ã«äººã ãæããã
è±éçè¡çºã®ãªãã«ïŒéãç Žæ» ããããšããéæ§ãæœãã§ããããšã«æ°ã¥ããŠ
ããã®ã§ããã
ã€ã§ã€ããæ¿æ²»çãªåé¡ã«æ·±ãé¢å¿ãå¯ããããã«ãªã£ãã®ã¯ïŒã€ã®ãªã¹ã«
ããã 5幎éã®ç眮ç掻ãšãã©ã³ã¹ã§ã®é·ã亡åœã®åŸïŒ 1884幎ã«åž°åœãããžã§
ã³ã»ãªãŒã¬ã¢ãªãŒ (JohnO'Leary) ãšã®åºäŒããéããŠã§ããããªãŒã¬ã¢ãªãŒ
ã¯åœŒã«ããã¹ã»ããŒãŽã£ã¹ (ThomasDavis)ã®è©©éã貞ããŠïŒãããã®è©©ããã£
ããã§èªåã¯ãã·ã§ããªãºã ã®éåã«åå ããããã«ãªã£ããšãã£ããã€ã§ã€
ãã¯ïŒããŒãŽã£ã¹ã®ã€ãŸããªãè©©ã§ããã®è±éç人ç©ãåããããšãã§ãããš
ããããšã«éåžžã«æåãããšèšã£ãŠãã26ãåœæã€ã§ã€ãã¯20æ³ã§ãã£ããã€ã§
ã€ãã¯ç涯ã®åµäœç掻ã«ãããŠïŒæ¿æ²»çãªãã®ãšã¯ãã€ãè·é¢ã眮ãããšããŠ
ãããïŒåœŒèªèº«ã¯åžžã« IRB27ã®äžå¡ã§ããããšãæèããŠãã汜詩äœããå
äœã¯æ¿æ²»çè²åœ©ãæ¿ãïŒç¹ã«åæã®åã¯æåœéå家ãšããŠã®ã€ã§ã€ãã®ç¹åŸŽã
匷ãæãããããããããã·ã§ããªã¹ããšããŠã®è¡åãšïŒèžè¡å®¶ãšããŠã®è¡å
ã®èè€ã¯æ¬¡ç¬¬ã«å€§ãããªãïŒã€ãã«åœŒã¯å šãŠã®åäœã«çµ¶æãïŒæ¯æ²ãæžãããš
ãæ¢ãã決å¿ããã29ãå®é1910幎ãã1916幎ã®éïŒæ°ããæ¯æ²ã¯äžã€ãæžã
ããŠããªãããé·¹ã®æ³ãã¯ãã®æ²é»ãç Žã£ãŠæžãããåããŠã®åã§ããïŒã€ã§
ã€ããšãã·ã§ããªãºã ãšã®é¢é£ãèããããã§ã泚ç®ãã¹ãäœåã§ããã
ãã®åã®äžå¿çã·ã³ãã«ã§ããé·¹ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒè¶ èªç¶çãªãã®ã®å身ïŒç¥è
ãªãåïŒãããã¯ïŒäººã欺ãæœè±¡æŠå¿µïŒãååšã®çµ±äžããç Žå£ããèåœïŒå¹»æ³
ãªã©æ§ã ãªè§£éããªããããå€ãã®è§£éãçãåå ã®äžã€ã¯é·¹ã®è±¡åŸŽã®æã€æ
æ§æ§ã§ãããé·¹ã®å¥³ãšããè¶ èªç¶çãªéæ§ã®åã¯è人ãšè¥è ã欺ããã®ã§ã
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ãéåã§ãããïŒãã®ç¹ã«æŒããŠïŒé·¹ã¯ãœevil'ãªãã®ã§ãããïŒäžæ¹ïŒé·¹ã®å¥³
37
ã¯æ³ãå®ããã®ã§ããïŒç¥èãªååšã§ããããã¯ããŒãªã³èªèº«ã«ãé·¹ã®è¡ãæµ
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éãçãããã²ãšã€ã®åå ã¯ïŒãé·¹ã®æ³ãã®é·¹ã®ã€ã¡ãŒãžãšä»ã®äœåã«ãã°ã
ã°çŸããé·¹ã®ã€ã¡ãŒãžãç°ãªã£ãŠããããã«æããããšã§ãããä»ã®äœåã«ã
ããŠé·¹ã¯éåžžïŒé«è²ŽãïŒå€é«ã®ä¿¡å¿µïŒè±ç¥ïŒèªç±ãè¡šãïŒãããæªã®èŠçŽ ã垯
ã³ãããšã¯ãªãããšããããé·¹ã®æ³ãã§ã¯é·¹ã®æã€éªæªãªé¢ã匷調ãããŠããŠïŒ
人ãæããéæ§ããã®æ倧ã®ç¹åŸŽãšãªã£ãŠããããã®ããã«ãã®åã®é·¹ã¯ä»ã®
äœåã®é·¹ãšã¯å šãå¥ã®ãã®ãšèããã¹ãããšããçåãæèµ·ãããããã§ã
ãã
ãã®åé¡ã«äžã€ã®è§£æ±ºã®ç³žå£ãäžããã®ã¯ïŒã€ã§ã€ãã®ãã·ã§ããªãºã ïŒç¹
ã«ããã€ãºã ã®æŠå¿µã§ããã 1918幎ïŒã€ã§ã€ãã¯ã¬ãã£ãŒã»ã°ã¬ãŽãªãŒã®æ¯åïŒ
ãããŒãã»ã°ã¬ãŽãªãŒ (RobertGregory) ã®æ»ãé¡æã«ããŠïŒ "AnIrish Air-
man Forsees his Death"ãæžãããããã«è¡šãããããã€ãºã 㯠"Easter1916"
ã§è¿°ã¹ãããç Žå£çãªããã€ãºã ãšæ確ãªå¯Ÿç §ããªããŠãããåŸè ã®ããã€ãº
ã ãïŒæ¿æ²»çç念ãé§ãç«ãŠãææªãçã¿åºããææã®çŸãã§ããã®ã«å¯ŸãïŒ
åè ã®ããã€ãºã ã¯ïŒæ³ã«ã倧åã«ãïŒåœ¹äººã«ãïŒæåŒãã倧è¡ã«ãçžãããª
ãå€é«ã®ç²Ÿç¥ãçã¿åºããã®ã§ããã
Nor law, nor duty bade me fight,
Nor public men, nor cheering crowds,
A lonely impulse of delight
Drove to this tumult in the clouds .... 30
ãé·¹ã®æ³ãã®é·¹ã¯ãã®äºã€ã®ããã€ãºã ã®æ§è³ªãå ±ã«å å ããŠãããããã¯å€
代ããè±éã«æµããè¡ã§ããïŒåæã«äººã®éãç Žå£ãžãšèªãéæ§ã®åã§ãããã
è人ã¯ã¯ããŒãªã³ã«é·¹ã®å¥³ã®éåããã説æããã
38
At the Hawk's Wellã«ãããäºã€ã®ãã«ãœããšè¬ã®è±¡åŸŽïŒæšåïŒ
The Woman of the Sidhe herself,
The mountain witch, the unappeasable shadow.
She is always flitting upon this mountain-side,
To allure or to destroy. When she has shown
Herself to fierce women of the hills
Under that shape they offer sacrifice
And arm for battle. There fall a curse
On all who have gazed in her unmoistened eyes .... 31
é·¹ã®å¥³ãäžéµã®æ°ã®èã女éã«ãã®å§¿ãçŸããšïŒå¥³éã¯ç ç²ãæ§ãæŠè£ ãããš
ããåŸåã®èšè¿°ã¯ïŒåŸ©æŽ»ç¥èèµ·ã«ä»£è¡šããããããªæåœçæŠåéäºïŒãããã¯ïŒ
ã¢ãŒãã»ãŽã³ã®ããã«æ¿æ²»éåã«ç涯ãæ§ãã人ãã¡ã®çãæ¹ãæããããè
人ã®ãã®èšèã¯1916幎ã«æžãå ãããããã®ã§ïŒåŸ©æŽ»ç¥èèµ·ãæèããŠæ¿å ¥ã
ãããã®ãããããªããé·¹ã®å¥³ã¯ "mountainwitch"ãšåŒã°ããŠãããïŒããã
埩掻ç¥èèµ·ãæ瀺ããèšèã§ããã TheDeath of Cuchulainã§ã€ã§ã€ãã¯ïŒåŸ©æŽ»
ç¥èèµ·ã«èšåãïŒ
What comes out of the mountain
Where men first shed their blood ? 32
ãšåããé·¹ã®æ£²ã "moutain"ã¯ïŒè人ãä¿äžãé¢ããŠäžäººå€ç¬ã«ç掻ããå Žæ
ã§ãããšåæã«ïŒç Žå£çãªããã€ãºã ãçãå Žæã§ãããã
ïŒ
å°æ°ã®æŽç·Žããã芳客ã ãã察象ã«ããå圢åŒãã€ã§ã€ãã¯æ¥æ¬ã®èœã®ãªã
ã«èŠãã ãããšèšã£ãŠãããïŒããã¯ã€ã§ã€ãã®èœã«å¯Ÿãã誀解ã§ãã汜æ
39
èäŒãšã®æ¯èŒã«ãããŠèœã¯ç¢ºãã«è²Žæçã§ãããïŒã€ã§ã€ããèããããã«è²Ž
æã®ããã ãã®èžè¡ã§ãããšããããã§ã¯ãªããèœã«é¢ããã€ã§ã€ãã®æ å ±æº
ã¯ãšãºã©ã»ããŠã³ãã§ããïŒããŠã³ãã¯ãã§ãããµ (Fenollosa) ãéããŠèœ
ãç解ããããã§ãããµãšããŠã³ãã«ãã "Nohor Accomplishment"ã¯èœã以
äžã®ããã«çŽ¹ä»ããŠããã
These plays or eclogues were made only for the few for the
nobles ; for those trained to catch the allusion. 34
ãããïŒ æ¥æ¬ã®èœã¯ç¿æ¥œããçºçãããã®ã§ïŒåžžã«å€§è¡ãšç¹ãããä¿ã¡ãªãã
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éèçŒã®ãªã倧è¡ã«å¯ŸããŠã©ã®ããã«å¯ŸåŠãã¹ãããšããåé¡ã«ã€ããŠæ¬¡ã®ã
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颚æ«ã®ã¿ãªãã°ïŒãŸãïŒè«žäººã®è€çŸéãããããã®ããã«ïŒèœã«åå¿ãå¿
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寺ã»ç°èã»é æ¥ã»è«žç¥ã®ç¥çŠã«è³ããŸã§ïŒãããªã¹ãŠïŒèããåŸããããïŒ
壜茻ã®é¹äººã®çºæãšã¯ç³ãã¹ãããããã°ïŒãããªãäžæãªããšãïŒè¡äºº
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40
At the Hawk's Wellã«ãããäºã€ã®ãã«ãœããšé·¹ã®è±¡åŸŽïŒæšåïŒ
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ã®äŒçµ±çãªèœãã¢ãã«ã«ãããšãããããããïŒã€ã§ã€ããç解ãïŒæ³åãã
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ããšã«ãã£ãŠïŒé·¹ã®è±¡åŸŽãåæããŠãããïŒå®ã¯ãããã®äžã€äžã€ã®æ§æèŠçŽ
ãããããã¯åã®å°éå ·ã«éããïŒäºæ¬¡çãªæå³ããæã£ãŠããªãããã®åã
ãèªãããšããã ãã«éç¹ã眮ããŠèããã°ïŒæ§æèŠçŽ ãšããããã®æ矩ã ã
ãèããã°ããããã®å ŽåïŒãã®åã®äž»åœ¹ã¯ã¯ããŒãªã³ãããã¯è人ãšããã
ãšã«ãªãïŒã¯ã©ã€ããã¯ã¹ã¯ã¯ããŒãªã³ãæåã®å«ã³ããããŠéå ŽããæåŸã®
å Žé¢ãšããããšã«ãªãã 38ããããäºå®ã¯å šãç°ãªãããé·¹ã®æ³ãã¯ãèžãæ
ã®ããã®æ¯æ²ãã®æåã®ãã®ã§ããïŒäž»åœ¹ã¯èžãæã§ããé·¹ã®å¥³ã§ãããåæŒ
ã®æïŒé·¹ã®åœ¹ã¯çŸä»£èèžã®å é§ã§ããïŒæ¥æ¬äººã®äŒè€ééãæŒããããžã§ãŒãã»
ããŒã³ (JosephHone) ã¯äŒè€ééã "atraditional dancer of Japan"ãšããŠçŽ¹ä»
ããŠããã39, ããã¯èª€ãã§ïŒåœŒã¯æ¥æ¬ã«ããé ïŒæèäŒãå°ãåŠãã ããšã
ãã£ããïŒèœã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒå¹Œãé ïŒèœæ°éãã®äŒ¯ç¶ã«é£ããããŠãšãã©ãèŠã«
è¡ã£ãããšããããšããçšåºŠããç¥ããªãã£ããäŒè€ã®åæ³ã«ãããšïŒã€ã§ã€
ããšãã®æ¥æ¬ã®çŸä»£èèžã®å é§è 㯠ã¬ãã£ãŒã» ãªãã ã¢ã¬ã« (Lady
Ottoline Morrell) ã®ããŒãã£ã§åºäŒã£ãããã®æïŒäŒè€ã¯äžæç¡ãã§äžæ¥éäœ
ãé£ã¹ãŠããªãã£ãã®ã ãïŒç¡çããé£ããŠããããŠïŒã·ã§ãã³ã®æ²ã«åãã
ãŠèžã£ããšããã圌ã¯ãã以åã«ãããã³ãïŒ ããã¥ãã·ãŒããšãäŒã£ãŠãã
ã®ã ãïŒæ¬æ Œçãªä»äºã¯ã€ã§ã€ãã®ãé·¹ã®æ³ããåããŠã§ãã£ããã€ã§ã€ãã¯
圌ã®æèœãéåžžã«é«ãè²·ãïŒ "FourPlays for Dancers"ã®äžã§ããæžããŠããã
41
I have been elaborating my poem in London where alone I can find the help
I need-Mr Dulac's mastery of design and Mr Ito's genius of move-
ment. .. 40
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ãªã€ã§ã€ãã®æ°ããé«èžçãªèžè¡èŠ³ïŒèžè¡ç貎æ䞻矩ãšãåŒã¹ãç«å Žã®å®£èšã§
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1 . See Joseph Hone, W. B. Yeats (Harmondsworth : Penguin Books, 1943), p. 160.
2. W. B. Yeats, Collected Poems of W. B. Yeats(London: Macmillan, 1967) , p. 167. ã€ã§
ã€ãã®è©©ããã®åŒçšã¯ãã¹ãŠãã®çã«ãããä»¥äž GPãšç¥ãã
3. W. B. Yeats, Ess⪠sand Introductions (London : Macmillan, 1961), p. 221.
4 . W. B. Yeats, Collected Plays of W. B. Yeats (London : Macmillan, 1969) , p. 208. ã€ã§
ã€ãã®åããã®åŒçšã¯ãã¹ãŠãã®çã«ãããä»¥äž CPLãšç¥ãã
5 . Harold Bloom, Yeats (New York : Oxford Univ. Press, 1970) , p. 295.
6 . W. B. Yeats, Autobiogaphies (London : Macmillan, 1955), p. 268.
7 . GP, p. 113.
8. GP, pp. 210-1.
9. Cf "On Bailes Strand,"CPL., p. 257.
10. CPL, p. 214.
11. See Richard Ellmann, Yeats : The Man and the Masks (London : Macmillan, 1949), p.
232.
12. CPL, p. 211.
13. CPL, p. 212
14. CPL, p. 141.
15. W. B. Yeats, Mythologies (London : Macmillan, 1962), p. 333.
16. See "Seven Propositions" quoted by Richard Ellmannin in his The /dentiãofYeats
(London : Faber and Faber, 1964), p. 236.
17. W. B. Yeats, Mythologies(London: Macmillan, 1962), p. 337.
18. CPL, p. 213.
44
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19. CPL, p. 210.
20. CPL, pp. 681-2.
21. CPL, p. 213.
22. CPL, p. 215.
23. ã¯ããŒãªã³äŒèª¬ã¯ïŒçŽå ååŸãããããèªãåºããããšæšå®ããïŒããŒãè»ãš
æ¿æŠãç¹°ãè¿ããã±ã«ãã®è±éïŒãŠã§ã«ãã³ã±ããªãã¯ã¹ã®åœ±é¿ãåããŠããã
Cf. äžæ©æŠåïŒãã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ãæåŠã¯ã©ãããããããïŒèª æå æ°å ç€ŸïŒ 195),p. 53.
24. CPL, p. 704.
25. See "The Circus Animals'Desertion," GP., pp.391-2.
26. Ellmann, p. 47.
27. IRB=Irish Republican Brotherhood
28. See Hone, p. 148.
29. CfäŒè€ééïŒãæãåºãèªãäžãé·¹ã®äºæžãåºæŒã®ããšãªã©ãïŒãæ¯èŒæåãïŒç¬¬
äºå·ïŒ 1956), p. 72.
30. GP, p. 152.
31. CPL, pp. 214-5.
32. CPL, p. 705.
33. A. N. Jeffares and A. S. Knowland, A Commentary on the Collected Plays of W. B. Yeats
(London : Macmillan, 1975), p. 85.
34. Fenollosa and Pound, Noh or Accomplishment (London : Macmillan, 1916), p. 5.
35. äžé¿åŒ¥ïŒã颚姿è±äŒãïŒæ±äº¬ïŒå²©æ³¢æžåºïŒ 1986), pp. 75-6.
36. ã€ã§ã€ããâertain Noble Plays ofJapan"ã§èšåããŠããæ¥æ¬ã®èžãæãšã¯äŒè€
ééã®ããšã§ïŒåœŒã¯èœæ¥œåž«ã§ã¯ãªãïŒçŸä»£èèžå®¶ã§ãããäŒè€ã®ä»ã«æ¥æ¬äººãšããŠïŒ
ã€ã§ã€ãã«èœãäŒããã®ã¯ïŒ 1915幎ïŒå¶ç¶ãã³ãã³ã«ããäŒè€ã®å人ïŒä¹ ç±³æ°ä¹å©ïŒ
è±éäºåãŒã§ããã圌ãã¯èœãåŠãã ããšãããïŒè¬¡æ²ã«è©³ããã£ãã
37. Seeå€å·ä¹ ïŒããã§ãããµã®æçŽãïŒãæ¯èŒæåãïŒç¬¬äºå·ïŒ 1956)
38. See Bloom, p. 295.
45
39. Hone, p. 293.
40. Essays and Introductions, p. 236.
41. Ibid, p. 224.
42. Ibid, p. 224.
43. W. B. Yeats, Letter of W. B. Yeats ed. Allan Wade (Rupert Hartt-Davis, 1954), p.
609.
44. Essays and Introductions, p. 230.
45. ãã¬ã³ã»ã³ãŒã«ããŠã§ã«ïŒãäŒè€ééãïŒïŒäžå·éä¹å©èš³ïŒæ©å·æžæ¿ïŒ 1985), p. 52.
46. Essays and Introductions, p. 224.
47. See Curtis Bradford, Yeats at Work (Southern Illinois Univ. Press, 1965), p. 215.
48. W. B. Yeats and T. Sturge Moore, Correspondence 1901 -1937, ed. Ursula Bridge
(New York : Oxford University Press, 1953), p. 156.
49. T. S. Eliot, "Ezra Pound," Poetry (Sept. 1946), p. 326.
46