Copy and complete this chart.Labor Unions
Union Year Important People
Characteristics/Significance
National Labor Union (NLU)
Colored National Labor Union (CLU)
Knights of Labor
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
American Railway Union (ARU)
Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies)
Copy and complete this chart. Strikes
Strike Year People Cause Effects
Great Strike of 1877
Haymarket Affair XHomestead Strike
Pullman Company Strike
StrikesStrike Year People Cause Effects
Great Strike of 1877
1877 Pres. Rutherford B. Hayes
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad workers protested their second wage cut in two months
The strike spread to other railroad lines, stopping traffic for over a week, impeding interstate commerce; Federal troops ended the strike
Haymarket Affair
1886
XProtest police brutality on strikers; Bomb was thrown into a police line
Police fired on workers; police officers and workers died; Public began to turn against the labor movement
StrikesStrike Year Peopl
eCause Effects
Homestead Strike
1892 Henry Clay Frick
Wage cuts at Carnegie’s Steel Company’s Homestead plant; scabs were brought in and violence irrupted
Three detective and nine workers killed; Plant was closed until the strike was broken up by the National Guard
Pullman Company Strike
1893 Eugene V. Debs
Workers were laid off; pay cuts without a decrease in the cost of housing; Pullman refused to negotiate with workers; ARU boycotted Pullman trains
Scabs were hired and violence irrupted; Federal troops sent in; Debs jailed; Workers fired & blacklisted
Labor UnionsUnion Year Important
PeopleCharacteristics/Significance
National Labor Union (NLU)
1866 William H. Sylvis
First large-scale nations labor union; some local chapters refused African Americans; 1868 got Congress to legalize an eight-hour day for government workers
Colored National Labor Union (CLU)
1869 Isaac Meyers
Emphasized cooperation between management and labor; political reform important; Disbanded because Knights of Labor formed
Knights of Labor
1869 Uriah Stephens
Open to all workers, regardless of race, gender or degree of skill; equal pay and 8 hour work day; Believed strikes should be the last resort & advocated for arbitration
Labor UnionsUnion Year Important
PeopleCharacteristics/Significance
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
1886 Samuel Gompers
Skilled workers; Focused on collective bargaining; Used strikes as a major tactic; Won higher wages and shorter workweeks
American Railway Union (ARU)
1894 Eugene V. Debs
Specific to the railroad industry and included skilled and unskilled laborers; Won higher wages by using strikes
Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies)
1905 Eugene V. DebsWilliam “Big Bill” Haywood
Radical socialist labor union that wanted government control of business and property and equal distribution of wealth; Included miners, lumberers, cannery and dock workers; Included African Americans
Create and complete this chart. The Expansion of Industry
Invention
Year Inventor Significance
Steam Engine Drill
Bessemer Process
Light bulb
Typewriter/ Telephone
The Expansion of IndustryInventio
nYear Inventor Significance
Steam Engine Drill
1859 Edwin Drake
Drill for oil; oil used in industry
Bessemer Process
1850 Henry Bessemer & William Kelly
Removed the carbon from iron to produce steel, which was more flexible, lighter, and rust-resistant; Railroad boom, bridges, skyscrapers
Light bulb
1876 Thomas Edison
Inexpensive, convenient source of energy used in factories (factories could be located anywhere, not just near water & workers could work all hours, not just in the day
Typewriter/ Telephone
1867/ 1876
Christopher Sholes/ Alexander Graham Bell
New jobs for women
The Age of the RailroadsMany different
Regions of AmericaWere now linked
Long distanceTravel now Possible for
Many Americans
Formation of Standard time
zones
Rapid GrowthOf Railroads
Iron, steel, coal, Lumber, and glass
Industries grew becauseThe railroad needed
Their products
Trade among cities,Towns, and settlements
Increased. Communities Grew and prospered
New towns created (ex. Pullman factory,
Which created sleeping carsFor trains, had a town
Built around it toSupport its workers
Some people becameVery rich from
Profits made in the Railroad industry
Answer these questions in your notebook.
1. What factors made the Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire in NYC so lethal?
2. What was the Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907-1908?
Immigration Read about what it was like to
come through the inspection stations at Ellis Island and Angel Island.
Write a letter home to a friend or family member telling them about your experience at either Ellis Island or Angel Island. (This can be done for homework.)
Civil Service Reform
Copy and answers these questions in your notebook.
1. What is patronage? Why is it bad?
2. What happened to President Garfield?
3. What did the Pendleton Civil Service Act do?
Vocabulary1. Munn v. Illinois2. Interstate Commerce
Act3. Andrew Carnegie4. Vertical integration5. Horizontal integration6. Social Darwinism7. John D. Rockefeller8. “Robber Barons”9. Sherman Antitrust Act10. Industrial Workers of
the World11. Mary Harris Jones12. Ellis Island
13. Angel Island14. Melting pot15. Nativism16. Chinese Exclusion
Act17. Urbanization18. Americanization
movement19. Tenements20. Mass transit21. Settlement houses22. Jane Addams23. Political machine24. Boss Tweed
Emergence of Big BusinessThe late 19th century witnessed the
emergence of big and powerful businesses, which monopolized their industry.
The leaders of these businesses were called “Robber Barons” due to their unscrupulous business practices.
Trusts Standard Oil Company was the
nation’s first trust. A trust is a business arrangement
in which a number of companies unite into one system.
They want to destroy all competition & create monopolies.
Monopolies A monopoly is when a business has
complete control over an industry’s production, quality, wages paid, and prices charged.
The Sherman Anti-trust Act prevented the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfere with free trade.
Andrew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie founded a steel
company in Pittsburgh, PA (THINK: Pittsburgh Steelers).
Steel was important to the railroad industry.
He was a millionaire philanthropist who began the public library system.
He used vertical and horizontal integration to build his steel empire.
Vertical Integration A business buys out all of its
suppliers EX: McDonalds would buy out the
makers of:Buns (Merita Bread Company)Ketchup (Heinz)Meat (Smithfield Meats)French Fries (Idaho)
Horizontal Integration A business buys out all of its
competitors For example, McDonald’s would buy
out:Burger KingKFCTaco BellSonic
Social Darwinism Social Darwinism was a philosophy of
this time period which drew from Darwin’s theory of evolution.
Put in terms of society, Social Darwinism states that it is acceptable for businesses to be big and controlling, because society is all about the “survival of the fittest”.
The weak help the strong survive & thrive.
Problems for Workers Many problems were faced by workers
in factories: Long hours Low pay No benefits (health insurance, sick
leave) Dangerous working conditions Child labor
Video Questions- “A Child on Strike”
1. What was your reaction to Camella Teoli’s accident?
2. What labor practices are taken for granted today that were not afforded to people living in 1910?
Workers Unite Workers united and formed labor unions,
which demanded improved working conditions
Labor unions would strike (work stoppages by union members as a form of protest)
Key labor unions included: National Labor Union Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies) American Railway Union American Federation of Labor (founded by Samuel
Gompers) Knights of Labor
New Immigrants Assimilate
Immigrants came to America to work in factories.
They often faced culture shock, confusion & anxiety resulting in becoming a part of a new culture that you do not understand.
America became a melting pot, a mixture of different people and cultures who blend together and abandon their native language and culture.
Immigration Stations Ellis Island, New York (Statue of
Liberty) was the inspection station for European immigrants.
Angel Island, San Francisco, CA was the inspection station for Asian immigrants.
In 1887, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed which banned entry of all Chinese immigrants, except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials.
Video Questions- “From China to Chinatown: Fong See’s American Dream”
1. How did Fong See overcome the difficulties facing Asian immigrants in America during his lifetime?
2. What did Lisa See learn about living in a diverse society from her great-grandfather’s experience?
Urban Problems
Problems Causes- Explain the Problem
Solutions
1. Housing Shortages
2. Transportation
3. Water
4. Sanitation
5. Crime
6. Fire
Urban Problems Problems Causes Solutions
1. Housing Shortages
So many people came to the cities with few housing options:
1. House of the outskirts of town- but, how would they get into the city for work?
2. Tenements that were crowded & unsanitary
NYC passed a law that set standards for plumbing and ventilation
2. Transportation
A large number of people needed to move within the city
Mass transit developed, such as street cars & electric subways
3. Water Need for safe drinking water as populations grew, because there was inadequate piped water or none at all; Diseases spread
Built public waterworks to handle more people; Filtration was introduced
Urban Problems Problems Causes Solutions
4. Sanitation Horse manure piles; sewage in open gutters; smoke from factories; no trash collection
Sewer lines & sanitation departments established
5. Crime Poverty led to crime such as pick pocketing and theft
Established police forces
6. Fire Limited water supply; Wooden dwelling; Use of candles & kerosene heaters posed fire hazards; Deadly fire in Chicago & after the San Francisco earthquake
Full time fire departments established; Automatic fire sprinklers invented; Replace wood buildings with brick, stone, and concrete
Urban Reforms A movement called the Social Gospel
preached salvation through service to the poor
Settlement houses were created, as community centers for people in urban areas, especially immigrants.
Settlement houses provided educational, cultural, and social services.
The Gilded Age The time period from 1877-early
1900s is known as the “Gilded Age”. Writer Mark Twain coined this term. Gilded is something covered in a
thin layer of gold to make it look nice & shiny.
This expression was used to imply that the time period appeared to be prosperous, but that appearance was just covering up the poverty and corruption of society.
Political Machines A new power structure emerged in the
cities to take control, called political machines.
The political machine was an unofficial entity that kept a certain political party in power.
Political machines were headed by a “boss” who may or may not hold a political office himself.
The Purpose of the Political Machines
Political machines provided services to the city, such as police & fire departments.
In exchange for votes, the political machines would provide jobs and other services for immigrants.
Government Corruption Many political machines and
government officials became corrupt as their power grew.
Graft (using political influence for personal gain) & “kickbacks” (taking money from government construction projects) were common.
Ex. Boss Tweed built a NYC Courthouse which actually cost $3 million, but the taxpayers were charged $13 million
TEST REVIEW Industrialization-Immigration-Urbanization Industrialization: new technologies led to
industrialization; robber barons; Rockefeller & Carnegie; Social Darwinism; monopolies; horizontal/vertical integration; trusts- Sherman Antitrust Act= no monopolies
Immigration: Ellis/Angel Island; discrimination; melting pot/assimilation; why they came?; exploitation (problems) of worker; emergence of labor unions
Urbanization: urban problems; reforms; settlement houses; political machine