Chapter 9: Global Perspectives on Selected Chronic Cardiovascular Diseases
Chapter 10: Global Perspectives on Diabetes and Respiratory and Orthopedic Chronic
Diseases
Chapter 11: Overview of Cancer
The Global Burden on Chronic (Non-communicable) Diseases
• In 2003 there was an estimated 56 million deaths worldwide
• 60% were caused by chronic non-communicable illnesses
• Global Alliance for Chronic Disease http://www.ga-cd.org/
Global Mortality RatesRefer to Table 9-1 page pg 237-240
United Nations World Health Organization Member States Grouped by Geographic Regions
and Mortality Strata(WHO, 2002)
What impacts Child and Adult
mortality?
Bolivia
Poverty• Poverty impacts longevity and subjects people to disease
in a variety of ways:
• Drink unclean water• Live in unsanitary conditions• Breathe air polluted by industrial emissions• Unclean fuels used for home heating and cooking• Contributing factor to mental stress• Family unit disintegration• Substance abuse• Excludes people for the educational process
Risk Factors
Age is a primary irreversible risk factor for chronic disease
developmentThe prevalence of these diseases inevitably increases within any
aging population
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors
• Chronological Age• Genetic Predisposition and Hyperlipidemia
Hyperlipidemia is an excess of fatty substances called lipids, largely cholesterol and triglycerides, in the blood.
• Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis (Arteriosclerosis is a general term describing any hardening and loss of elasticity)
• Hypertension• Obesity• Diabetes Mellitus• Alcohol and Tobacco Use
Two of the most common chronic conditions affecting adults and children in every country:
• Diabetes• Asthma
What lifestyles and environmental and social risk factors contribute to the development or worsening of these ?
DIABETES•TYPES OF DIABETES: Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, and Gestational Diabetes•It affects nearly every system of the body•Is a disorder of the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats
Age of Onset and Prevalence of Type 2 DiabetesA younger population has more recently been identified with type 2 diabetes and is increasing
• Overweight Children• Physical Inactivity
What are some prevention activities for
children?
ASTHMA“When you cannot breathe – nothing else matters”Asthma is a chronic episodic inflammatory disease of the airways that causes recurrent episodes of: WheezingBreathlessnessChest tightnessCoughing
ASTHMA•Diagnosis•Frequency and complexity of symptoms determines the degree of severity of asthma
• Mucus plug formation• Acute bronchoconstriction• Airway edema
•Asthma Treatment• Triggers
(environmental, exercise, cold….)
• Pharmacologic Treatments for Asthma
• Cost of Asthma Treatment
•Musculoskeletal Disorders
• Musculoskeletal diseases are the major cause of morbidity throughout the world
• Longer life expectancy• Very common
worldwide and include more than 150 different diseases and syndromes
Musculoskeletal DisordersThe main types are:
1. Rheumatoid arthritis
2. Osteoarthritis3. Osteoporosis4. Spinal disorders5. Major limb trauma6. Gout7. Fibromyalgia
In class assignmentResearch these Musculoskeletal Disorders
and share with the rest of the class the definition and impact of morbidity
Key Cancer and Public Health Concepts and DefinitionsCancer: Over 100 different diseases are covered by the term “cancer”
• Each has a unique profile in terms of the population at risk, symptoms and prognosis
• Increasing number of countries developing comprehensive cancer control programs• Increasing interest among international and national leaders and organizations in advocating for comprehensive policies• Increasing access to cancer control knowledge and best practice, which provides a good basis for advocacy
Comprehensive Cancer Control Approach
Cancer Burden refers to the size of a health problem in a
specified area 1. What is the global cancer
burden? Pg 301 & 308
2. What are the risk of getting cancer?
Pg 3023. What are the incidence of major cancers worldwide? Pg 3034. What are some global cancer prevention interventions? Pg 309-3115. What are examples of screenings for cancer? Pg 315-3216. Explain the expanding role of Cancer Registries. Pg 305-307
Cancer Care Considerations
•Goal is cure, prolongation of useful life, or improvement of quality of life
• Cancer Treatment: Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy
•Compilations of Cancer Information•National Comprehensive Cancer Network & Database http://www.health.gov/nhic/nhicscripts/Entry.cfm?HRCode=HR2859