The following types of muscle tissue and nervous tissue are covered in this activity:
1. Skeletal muscle (muscles attached to the skeleton)
2. Smooth muscle (muscles lining hollow organs)
3. Cardiac muscle (heart)
4. Nervous tissue (nervous system)
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Figure 4.10a Muscle tissues.
(a) Skeletal muscleDescription: Long, cylindrical,multinucleate cells; obviousstriations.
Function: Voluntary movement;locomotion; manipulation of theenvironment; facial expression;voluntary control.
Location: In skeletal musclesattached to bones oroccasionally to skin.
Photomicrograph: Skeletal muscle (approx. 460x).Notice the obvious banding pattern and thefact that these large cells are multinucleate.
Nuclei
Striations
Part ofmuscle fiber (cell)
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Figure 4.10b Muscle tissues.
(b) Cardiac muscleDescription: Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate atspecialized junctions (intercalated discs).
Function: As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control.Location: The walls of the heart.
Photomicrograph: Cardiac muscle (500X);notice the striations, branching of cells, andthe intercalated discs.
Intercalateddiscs
Striations
Nucleus
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(c) Smooth muscleDescription: Spindle-shapedcells with central nuclei; nostriations; cells arranged closely to form sheets.
Function: Propels substancesor objects (foodstuffs, urine,a baby) along internal passage-ways; involuntary control.
Location: Mostly in the wallsof hollow organs.
Photomicrograph: Sheet of smooth muscle (200x).
Smoothmusclecell
Nuclei
Figure 4.10c Muscle tissues.
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Figure 4.9 Nervous tissue.
Photomicrograph: Neurons (350x)
Function: Transmit electricalsignals from sensory receptorsand to effectors (muscles andglands) which control their activity.
Location: Brain, spinalcord, and nerves.
Description: Neurons arebranching cells; cell processesthat may be quite long extend fromthe nucleus-containing cell body;also contributing to nervous tissueare nonirritable supporting cells(not illustrated).
Dendrites
Neuron processes Cell body
Axon
Nuclei ofsupportingcells
Cell bodyof a neuron
Neuronprocesses
Nervous tissue
Various membranes are also covered:
1. Cutaneous membranes
2. Synovial membranes
3. Mucous/Mucosae membranes
4. Serous membranes (parietal and visceral layers)
a. Peritoneum – abdominal organs
b. Pericardium – heart
c. Pleura – lungs
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Figure 4.11a Classes of membranes.
Cutaneousmembrane(skin)
1. Cutaneous membrane (the skin)covers the body surface for protection.
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2. Synovial membranesline the joint surfaces/cavity. This membrane is very thin, and produces synovial fluid for bone movement.
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Figure 4.11b Classes of membranes.
Mucosae ofnasal cavity
Mucosae oflung bronchi
Mucosae ofmouth
Esophaguslining
3. Mucous membranes line body cavitiesopen to the exterior (lubricate and protect)
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ParietalPericardium(outer)
VisceralPericardium(inner)
4. Serous membranes line body cavities closed to the exterior. Serous fluid secreted allows the organs to glide against other structures without causing friction.
ParietalperitoneumVisceralperitoneum
ParietalpleuraVisceralpleura