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Page 1: The First Americans

NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBES IN THE US

The First Americans

Page 2: The First Americans

Last Ice Age

Glaciers covered N. America

NomadsWalked from Asia

across the Bering Strait

Some societies were very simple Others very complex

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“Bone Pit” 1908-African-American

named George McJunkin uncovered very large animal bones in Folsom, New Mexico

Called it the “bone pit” Self-taught in ancient bones,

minerals, arrowheads, geology, natural history

Wrote to scientists about discovery

1922-scientists began research after his death

Bones 9,000 yrs old Some had flint in shape of

spear points-Folsom point

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Clovis Point

Clovis, New Mexico in the 1930’s

Clovis point more than 4,000 yrs older than Folsom

Thought to be 1st Americans-more evidence that other groups arrived at the same time

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Southwestern Cultures

Hohokam-ArizonaMogollon-SE Arizona

& SE New MexicoAnasazi-4 corners

area on flat-topped mesas

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Hohokam

Desert areas, irrigation canals (hand-dug)

Grew cotton for cloth, pottery, and jewelry from seashells

Snaketown-meeting place w/ball courts, dance platforms

Abandoned in 1450-lack of water

“the vanished ones”

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Mogollons

Don’t know what they called themselves-Don Juan Mogollan-Spanish governor of New Mexico in 1700s (Mt. Range)

Shelters on high ground & underground

Kivas-underground for religious ceremonies & official business

New form of pottery-clay bowls w/ geometric designs

Carvings-1000s of animals, human faces & masks

No other people created so many artistic images

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Anasazi

Master builders “Golden Age” from AD

850-1150 Planned community-roads,

ceremonial buildings “wagon wheel”-center was

Chaco canyon in New Mexico (even though they didn’t use the wheel)

Cliff dwellings-pueblos Signal fires to

communicate w/other villages (obsidian rock to reflect message by firelight)

1150 AD-culture vanishes Drought, lack of resources,

leaders lost power possibly

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Woodland Culture

East of Mississippi, Great Lakes region, and East Coast

Hunter-gatherers Mound builders-burial

chambers w/small log rooms Pipes& tobacco & artwork

found inside Adena mounds found in Ohio

on private property (700 BC-100 AD)

Hopewell-mounds found in Ohio in shape of snake

Snake mound-curves for a ¼ mile, mouth is swallowing a huge egg

Symbol of growth and change Artifacts in mound show

trading w/ other cultures

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Cahokia

Illinois-by 1200 AD more than 20,000 people

Largest settlement of Mississippians in N. America

Located where 3 rivers come together-Mississippi, Missouri, & Illinois

Planned city w/ palisade (wooden fence)

Mound builders Monk’s mound-found in early

1800s 1500-vanished, unsure why

Possibly disease or wars

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Iroquois

Between 1200-1400 AD powerful Woodland culture in upper NY developed

Descended from Mississippians

6 tribes create “Great Law of Peace”-democracy

Great leaders-Hiawatha & Seneca Famous for important speeches

Most powerful Native Americans when Europeans arrive

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Great Plains

Between Mississippi river & Rocky Mts.

Sioux, Cheyenne, Comanche & Blackfoot

Rode horses while hunting buffalo-after 1500s when horses introduced to N. America by Europeans

Settlements before 1500s near streams or rivers, dome-shaped buildings, farmers mostly

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Pacific CoastAbundant natural

resources Salmon, seafood, wildlife,

nuts & berries, vegetablesPuget Sound in modern-

day Washington stateCedar-used to store dried

foods, houses (longhouses-up to 100 ft.), shoes, tools, clothes, canoes

Potlatch “throw into the air”-celebration where host gave many gifts to guests-only Pacific tribes did this

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Inuit

Modern-day Alaska & northern Canada

Were called “Eskimo”-eaters of raw meat

Call themselves Inuit-real people

Harsh frozen environment

Igloos-homes of snowSea mammals & caribou

for foodArt-carvings of soapstone

or ivory