8/20/2019 The dated cistophori of Ephesus / Fred S. Kleiner
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THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
MUSEUM NOTES
18
numismatic
Symy /VsOCIETYJJggpT /
THE
AMERICAN NUMISMATIC
SOCIETY
NEW
YORK
1972
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8/20/2019 The dated cistophori of Ephesus / Fred S. Kleiner
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8/20/2019 The dated cistophori of Ephesus / Fred S. Kleiner
3/27
THE DATED
CISTOPHORI OF EPHESUS
(Plates XI-XV)
Fred
S. Kleiner
Among
the
coinages
of the Hellenistic
world,
the
cistophori
are
perhaps the most remarkable. Exceptional in the choice of types
and
unique
in
weight
standard,
these
curious coins
pose
more
problems
than
they
solve.
Although
they
carry
the mint marks
of
over a
dozen
known cities and
often bear
dates,
there is
still no
general agreement
on
when the
coinage
was
begun1
nor
why
its
peculiar
weight
standard was
adopted.2
Moreover,
ome
of the
most
widely
held views
regarding
he
cistophori
re
open
to
question.
One
such view
concerns
the
dated issues
of
Ephesus
and is the
subject
of this
paper.
The
larger questions concerning
the
beginning
and
purpose of the cistophoric coinage must be discussed elsewhere at
greater ength.3
It is
universally
accepted
that the
cistophori
of
Ephesus
were
undated
prior
to the formation f the Province of Asia
in
134/133
b.c.,
and
that thereafter n
"almost unbroken"
series of
dated
coins was
issued for
sixty-seven years.
Both
assumptions
are
surprising
n
light
of the
recorded evidence.
Of
the
sixty-seven
years
of
dated
emissions,
only
twenty-four
ere known to Pinder.4
Head
was
able
1Themostrecent iscussionslacethebeginningf thecistophoricoinage
about
188
b.c. and connect he
istophori
ith
he
enlargement
f
the
Attalid
kingdom
n
Asia Minor fter he
Treaty
of
Apamea.
H.
Seyrig,
RN
1963,
pp.
22-31
C.
Kraay,
Greek oins
nd
History
Oxford, 969), p.
8-9.
I
would
place
the date still
ater,
a. 166
b.c.,
after umenes I's
greatvictory
ver
the
Galatians,
nd
after he reation
f
free
ort
t
Delos,
which
ignificantly
altered
he
patterns
ftrade
n
the
Hellenistic orld.
2
The
cistophorus
as been
variously
escribed s
a silver
piece
of
reduced
Rhodian
r
Chian
weight,
s a didrachm n the
Aeginetan
tandard,
nd
as
threeRomandenarii r three
Attic
drachms.
ompilation
f
approximately
1000
pecimens
truck efore 28b.c. reveals
hat he
istophoric
etradrachm
was ntended o
weigh
2.60
grams
t thetime f ts
nception.
8A studyofthecistophoricoinageof Asia Minorbased on the notesof
Sydney
. Noe s
currently
n
preparation
y
the uthor.
4
M.
Pinder,
Uber
die
Cistophoren,
bh.Berlin
855,
p.
533-635,
os.
25-54.
17
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8/20/2019 The dated cistophori of Ephesus / Fred S. Kleiner
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i8 FRED S. KLEINER
to add eleven
to that
list,5
and
since then
only
seven
other
years
have been
published, raising
the
total
to a mere
forty-two,
r
sixty-
two
per
cent.
By
contrast,
the
published
record of
the
pre-133
cistophori
of
Ephesus
includes four ssues
with dates
ranging
fromA
(year 1)
to
AK
(year
21).
Both
groups
require
reexamination.
I. REGNAL DATES
An
example
of an
early
Ephesian cistophorus
dated
year
A
(Plate
XI,
6)
was
known
to
Imhoof-Blumer
and illustrated
in
his
study
of the
coinage
of
Pergamům.6
More
recently,
two
additional
specimens
have been
published:
one
by
Nekriman
Olçay;
the second
in an
auction
catalogue
of
1964.7
All
these
pieces may
be
distinguished
from
the later
year
1
pieces
dated
from the formation
of the
Province of
Asia
in
134/133
B.c.
by
the
symbol
in
the
right
field
of
thereverses.The later serieshas a torch as the invariable civicbadge
of the
city
of
Ephesus;
the earlier
pieces
have
a double
cornucopiae
as
symbol.
Nevertheless,
oth varietieshave
two
features
n
common:
the
placement
of
the date
and ethnic
to the
left,
and the inclusion
of
a
bee between
the
opposed
heads of
the
serpents.
This
format,
as well as the detail
of
the
bee,
may
indicate that the two varieties
of
year
A
are not
too distant
in time.
Year
B
(Plates
XI,
7;
XII,
1)
was
known
to
Pinder8 and several
pieces
of this
variety
are included
in
catalogues
of
major public
and
private collections.The issue differs romthat of year A and from
the later series
in
two
respects
the
B is
placed
to
the
right
and the
symbol
in
the
right
field is
a bust
of Artemis
Ephesia
wearing
a
lofty
headdress. One
specimen
published
by
Nekriman
Olçay9
shares
an
obverse
die with
pieces
of
year
A
(Plate
XI,
6-7).
6
B. V.
Head,
NC
1880,
p. 149-151.
6
F.
Imhoof-Blumer,
Die
Münzen er
Dynastie
on
Pergamon,"
bh.
Berlin
1884,
Pl.
IV,
7.
7
N.
Olçay,
Istanbul
Arkeoloji
Müzeleri
Yilligi
11-12
(1964),
pp.
58-63
(Turkish)
nd
171-177 English),
no.
42.
Kress
Sale, Munich,
June1964,no. 286.
8
Pinder, Cistophoren,"
o.
19.
9
Olçay,
no.
58.
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8/20/2019 The dated cistophori of Ephesus / Fred S. Kleiner
5/27
DATED CISTOPHORI OF EPHESUS 19
There
are
no
known
early Ephesian
cistophori
dated
to
years
P-I0,
but several are recorded
for
year
K
(20) (Plates
XI,
1-2;
XII,
2).
This issue
was also listed
by
Pinder10 nd is
represented
n
a few of
the
published
collections.
n
this
case
the K is
placed
to
the left and
the
symbol
n
the
right
field s
a
profile
ust of Artemisthe
huntress.
The last
series,
AK
(21
Plate
XI,
3-5)
is
likewise
represented
n
Pinder11 nd
in
several
published catalogues.
It bears
many
points
of
resemblancewithyear A. A double cornucopiaeis again the symbol
in
the
right
field;
the A is
to the
left;
and
in
a
few
examples
a bee
is
placed
between the
serpents'
heads.
Moreover,
the
style
of
many
of the
obverse
and
reverse dies of the two
years
is so
close that
it
seems
almost certain that some of the dies of
years
A
and
AK
were
executed
contemporaneouslyby
the
same
man,
rather
than
twenty
years
apart.
The
similarity
s so
striking
that one of Mr.
NewelTs
pieces,
where the K has been
erased,
is almost
indistinguishable
rom
the
pieces
marked
year
A.12The
significance
f this observation will
soon become apparent.
The
following
s
a
corpus
of all
specimens
of
these
four
years
known to me.13 For
each
denomination,
Arabic
numerals indicate
10
Pinder,
Cistophoren,"
o.
24.
Cf.
he
perceptive
emarksfE. H.
Bunbury,
NC
1883,
p.
183,
note
3:
"There s one coin described
y
Dr. Pinder nd
by-
Mr.
Head in his
ist
with he etter
K
in
the
field,
which
hey
do not
regard
as a date
. . .
because the coin
n
question
. .
wants he
ong
torchwhich
appears
o be characteristicf
heusual eries
earing
ates.
Notwithstanding
this variation
t
appears
o me more
probable
hat the etter
K
is
intended
for
date."
11
Pinder, Cistophoren,"o.23.12 eries b,4-b.
13
wish
to
thank he
following
urators or
upplying
asts or
photographs
of
he
material nder heir are:
M.
Jessop
rice nd G. K.
JenkinsLondon);
G.
Le Rider
(Paris);
H.
Bioesch
(Winterthur)
M. Comstock
Boston);
O. Morkholm
Copenhagen);
.
Kraay
(Oxford);
H.-D.
Schultz
Berlin);
N.
Olçay Istanbul);
H.
von
Aulock;
G. Pollard nd M.
Hendy Cambridge);
G.
Dembski
(Vienna);
S.
Taner
(Ankara);
M. Oeconomides
Athens);
J.
Oleson
Dewing oll.);
A.
Robertson
Glasgow);
H. E. van Gelder
Hague);
and
H. Küthmann
Munich).
he
pieces
n
the ANS collection re llustrated
from asts
prepared
y
Mrs.
Persy
Coronis.
n
addition,
profited
rom
discussions
r
correspondence
ith C.
Boehringer,
.
Cahn,
P.
R. Franke
and,
above
all,
M.
Thompson,
withoutwhose assistance his
paper
could
neverhavebeenwritten. herebylso gratefullycknowledge grant rom
the American
hilosophical
ociety
which nabledme to visit he
collections
in
Istanbul,Ankara, zmir,
Bergama
nd Athens
n
May/
ne
1971.
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8/20/2019 The dated cistophori of Ephesus / Fred S. Kleiner
6/27
20 FRED S. KLEINER
obverse
dies,
numbered
consecutively
for ll series lower case letters
indicate reverse
dies
within a
single
series.
Tetradrachms
Obv.
Cista
mystica
with
half-open
id,
from which a
serpent
issues
to 1. all within
an
ivy
wreath.
Rev. Two coiled
serpents
with heads
erect;
between them an
ornamentedbow-case with
strap
at r.,
usually
containing
a
strung
bow at 1. E
8/20/2019 The dated cistophori of Ephesus / Fred S. Kleiner
7/27
DATED CISTOPHORI OF EPHESUS 21
Series
3:
To
r.,
double
cornucopiae;
above
1.,
A
(year 1);
above
center,
bee.
5-a.
*ANS-Strauss
12.35
t
(Plate
XI,
6)
;
ANS-ETN
(Asia
Minor
1928 hoard)
12.51
f;
ANS
12.45
Istanbul
(Yesil-
hisar
1963
hoard,
42)
12.65 t
I
Berlin 12.68.
5-b.
ANS
(Asia
Minor
1955 hoard) 12.59
t
Kress
130,
June
1964,
286.
Series
4:
To r.,
facing
bust of Artemis
Ephesia
with
lofty
head-
dress;
above
r.,
B
(year
2).
Pinder
19.
5-a.
Istanbul
(Yesilhisar
1963
hoard,
58) 12.67
/
■
6-b. Istanbul
(Yesilhisar
1963
hoard,
57)
12.60
f.
6-c.
*
ANS-ETN
(Asia
Minor
1928 hoard) 12.43
f
(Plate
XI,
7)
;
von
Aulock,
SNG
7842
12.65.
6-d.
London,
BMC
144
12.65 t;
Kress
130, June
1964,
285.
6-e. Berlin
12.52
(pierced)
Vienna
12.38
/
.
6-f.
Serrure,
April
1911,
43;
Kress
149,
November
1969,
243.
6-g.
Lockett, SNG
2813
(Naville
1,
April
1921, 2435)
12.64
t-
7-g.
ANS-ETN
(Asia
Minor
1928
hoard)
12.71
/
;
Paris
12.30
f.
7-h.
Von
Aulock,
SNG
1858
12.59.
7-i.
Helbing, April
1927, 1774
=
Helbing,
March
1920,
hi.
8-j.
*ANS-Strauss
12.65
t
(Plate
XII,
1);
Istanbul
(Yesilhisar
1963
hoard,
56) 12.74
t-
8-k.
Istanbul.
8-1.
Kress
120,
November
1961,
208.
9-m.
ANS-BYB,
SNG
1057 12.46
/
;
Kress
135,
March
1966,
188.
9-n. ANS-BYB, SNG 1058 12.58 / ; Istanbul
(Yesilhisar 1963
hoard,
60)
12.50
/
'
Commerce.
Didrachms
and
Drachms
Obv :
Club,
over which a lion's skin is
draped;
all
within a
wreath.
Rev.: Bunch of
grapes, placed
upon
a vine leaf. EOE in 1.
field;
other marks
as indicated.
Series i : As above.
1-a.
*Na ville
1,
April 1921, 2439
6.02
(Plate
XII,
2).
2-b.
""Copenhagen,
NG
315 2.83 f
(Plate
XII,
3).
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8/20/2019 The dated cistophori of Ephesus / Fred S. Kleiner
8/27
22 FRED S. KLEINER
Series
2b
or
3:
To
1.,
bee
on
side;
to
r.,
double
cornucopiae.
3-a.
*ANS-Stephens 6.15
t
(Plate
XII,
4).
4-b.
*Berlin
2.73
(Plate
XII,
5).
It will
be noticed that five of
the
pieces
come from
the
1963
Yesilhisar
hoard,
buried in
130
B.c.,14
nd five
others from he
1928
Asia Minor
hoard,
buried
in 128
b.c.
An
additional seven
pieces
dated
year
B
were
recorded
by
Newell
as
part
of the
1928
hoard,
but
have been dispersed.15 n both hoards, the
early
series of dated
pieces
are well
represented;
only
the latest
pieces,
dated
from the
formation of
the
Province of
Asia,
outnumber them.
The
former
series was
probably
struck
n
the
years
just
prior
to
134
b.c.,
which
accords well with the
similarity
n format
between
the two series
noted above.
This
assumption
is
confirmed
by
the evidence of the British
Museum's
piece,
dated
year
K,
which was
struck
over a
Macedonian
tetradrachm
of the
firstdistrict
(Plate
XI,
1).
Part
of
the
legend
MAK . . . nPß . . . and the end of the club are still visible beneath
the
cistophoric
obverse.
The
Macedonian series was
issued between
158
and
149
b.c.,16
nd the
cistophorus
of
year
20 must
postdate
158
and is
probably
somewhat later.
An
unpublished
hoard of
cistophori
and
tetradrachms
f
Prusias
I
and
II,
Eumenes
II,
Demetrius
I,
and
Side,
buried
ca.
150-140
B.c.,
does not
contain
any
dated
Ephesian
cistophori.17
The
range
of
possibilities
s thus
very
narrow,
and in the
period
between
158-150
and
134
B.c. there is
only
one
set of dates
that
14
The
lot of 100
cistophoricquired y
the stanbul
Archaeological
useum
contains
everal
ntrusions:
os.
30-37,69-70,
nd
91.
The
remaining
ighty-
nine
pieces
constitute he
largerpart
of
a hoard
of
104
pieces
found
t
Ye§ilhisar
n
1963.
The seven
Ephesian ieces,
nos.
62-68,
dated
132-130
.c.
are
n
excellent
onditionnd
indicate
hat
hehoardwas buried a.
130
b.c.
15
The
1928
hoardwas seen n several ots
during
928-29
by
E. T.
Newell
and G. F. Hill.
The London ot of
sixty-threeieces
was
published y
Hill
(NC
1929,
pp.
72-76)
and the burial
dated "soon
after
29
b.c." The entire
lot
of
158
pieces
has now been studied
by
the
author;
he
only significant
additions o
Hill's
record re
two
pieces
f
Ephesus
ated
year
C
(129/128.c.).
18
This
series
has been
discussedmost
recently y
P.
MacKay,
Ancient
MacedoniaFirst nternationalymposiumSalónica, 970), p. 256-264,with
previous
ibliography.
17
nformation
egarding
his
hoardwas
kindly
rovided
y
C.
Boehringer.
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8/20/2019 The dated cistophori of Ephesus / Fred S. Kleiner
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DATED CISTOPHORI OF EPHESUS 23
could
correspond
o
years
1,
2,
20,
and 21.
In
139/138
b.c. Attālus
II
died
during
his
twenty-first ear
as
king
of
Pergamům
and was
succeeded
by
Attālus
III. The
years
K
and AK
must refer
to the
twentieth
nd
twenty-first
ears
of the former's
reign (140/139
and
i39/i38),
and
A
and
B
to
the first wo
years
of his successor's
rule
(139/138
and
138/137).
This would
explain
why
pieces
marked
AK
and A
are so close
in
style
and format.
They
were issued
in
the
same
calendaryear,but commemoratedifferentegnalyears. This solution
would
also
provide
an
explanation
for the erased
K on
NewelTs
piece
(4-b). Apparently
the
Ephesian
mint had
struck,
but
not
yet
issued,
a series of AK
pieces
when
the
change
in rulers occurred.
In
order
to avoid
restriking
he
now misdated
coins,
the K
was
simply
removed,
rendering
the
pieces
indistinguishable
from
those
shortly
to be
struck
from he new
year
A dies.
There
does
not, however,
seem
to be
any
special
reason
why
the
series did not
begin
until the twentieth
egnal
year
of
Attālus
II and
was abruptlyhalted in the second year ofAttālus III, norwhy the
dates
appear
on
the
coins
of
Ephesus
and not
of
Pergamům
itself.
Perhaps
the
celebration
of Attālus II's twentieth
year
on
the
throne,
coinciding
with his
eightieth birthday,
was
sufficient
eason
for
beginning
the series. The cessation
in
138/137
must remain un-
explained.18
n
any
case,
the
identification
of
Ephesian
cistophori
commemorating
he
regnal
years
of
two
Pergamene
kings
once
again
attests to the
political hegemony
of
Pergamům
at
this
time,
and
to
its influenceon
(or
control
over)
the
issuance
of silver
coins
by
its
possessionsin Asia Minor.
II. PROVINCIAL
DATES
The
following
s a list
of all issues
of dated
Ephesian cistophori
after
134
b.c. known to me.
Fifty-seven
f the
sixty-sevenyears
are
represented,
s well as all three
cistophoric
denominations.
Previously
unpublished
ssues are indicated
by
an
asterisk
and
are illustratedon
Plates
XII-XV.
18 t is unlikelyhatany piecesmarked ,A orE were ver struck. everal
hoards buriedbetween
130
and
128
b.c. do
not
contain
ny
such
pieces,
although
, AK,
A
and
B
are well
represented.
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8/20/2019 The dated cistophori of Ephesus / Fred S. Kleiner
10/27
24 FRED S. KLEINER
Tetradrachms
Obv.: Cista
mystica
with
half-open
lid,
from
which a
serpent
issues
to 1. all within an
ivy
wreath.
Rev.'
Two
coiled
serpents
with heads
erect;
between them an
ornamentedbow-case with
strap
at
r.,
usually
containing
a
strung
bow
at 1. EOE in 1.
field;
torch n
r.
field;
other
marks as indicated.
1. Above
center, bee;
to
1.,
A
(year
i
=
134/133).
Pinder
25;
von
Aulock,
SNG
7844.
2.
Above
center,
bee;
to
1.,
B
(year
2
=
133/132).
Pinder
26;
Cam-
bridge,
SNG
4431
de
Luynes
2597.
3.
Above
center, bee;
to
1.,
T
(year
3
=
132/131).
Pinder
27;
von
Aulock,
SNG
7846.
4.
To
1.,
T.
London,
BMC
156; Copenhagen,
SNG
317;
von
Aulock,
SNG
7845
Glasgow,
Hunter 26.
5. Above center, bee; to 1., A (year 4 = 131/130).Copenhagen,
SNG
319.
6. Above
center,
A. Pinder 28
Copenhagen,
SNG
318
;
von
Aulock,
SNG
7847.
7.
Above
center,
E
(year
5
=
130/129).
London,
BMC
157; Copen-
hagen,
SNG
320;
von
Aulock,
SNG
i860;
Cambridge,
McClean
8087;
Aberdeen,
SNG
272.
*8.
To
1.,
lyre;
to
r., NE;
above
center,
E. ANS-Strauss 12.60
/
(Plate
XII,
6).
*9. Above center,stag r. to 1., E. ANS-Strauss 12.67 / (Plate
XII,
7).
*10.
Above
center,
stag
r.;
to
1.,
C
(year
6
=
129/128).
ANS-ETN
12.73
t
(Plate
XII,
8).
11.
Above
center,
Artemis
Ephesia;
to
1.,
Z
(year
7
=
128/127).
London,
BMC
158.
12.
Above
center,
stag
r.;
to
1.,
H
(year
8
=
127/126).
Pinder
29;
von
Aulock,
SNG 1861.
*13.
Above
center,
Artemis
Ephesia;
to
1.,
0
(year 9
=
126/125).
London 11.72 f (Plate XIII, 1).
*14.
Above
center,
cornucopiae;
to
1.,
0. London
10.70
f
(Plate
XIII,
2).
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8/20/2019 The dated cistophori of Ephesus / Fred S. Kleiner
11/27
DATED CISTOPHORI OF EPHESUS 25
*15.
Above
center, tar;
to
1.,
(year
10
=
125/124).
Athens
411. 1969
12.6o
'
(Plate
XIII,
3).
*16. Above
center,
ound
shield;
to
1.,
IA
(yearn
=
124/123).
Berlin
12.57
/
(Plate
XIII,
4).
17.
Above
center,
Dioscurus
pileus
surmounted
by
star;
to
1.,
IB
(year
12
=
123/122).
Pinder
32
(Vatican
IB was misread
by
Pinder
as
KA)
Cambridge,
McClean
8093.
18. Above center, caduceus; to 1., II". Berlin 12.49 t (pierced);
unpublished.
*19.
Above
center,
aduceus;
below
C-
ĀIN-C;
to
1.,
T.
A. S.
Dewing
Coll.
(Plate
XIII,
5);
below
1.,
C-ÄI;
below
r.,
N -OF*
Berlin
12.64
t-
All three
varieties of
year
IT are struck
from
the same
obverse
die.
*20.
Above
center,
orch;
to
1.,
A
(year
14
=
121/120).
ANS
12.48
/
(Plate
XIII,
6).
21. Above
center,
torch;
to
1.,
IE
(year
15
=
120/119). Cambridge,
McClean 8088.
22.
Above
center,
ornucopiae;
to
1.,
C
(year
16
=
119/118).Copen-
hagen,
SNG
321.
*23.
Above
center,
bunch
of
grapes;
to
1.,
IS
(year
17
=
118/117).
London
12.46
f
(Plate
XIII,
7).
*24.
Above
center,
cornucopiae;
to
1.,
10
(year
19
=
116/115).
New
York,
Private
Coll.
(Plate
XIV,
1).
*25.
Above
center,
ear
of
grain;
to
1.,
AK
(year
21
=
114/113).
ANS-Strauss
12.29
'
(Plate
XIV,
2).
26. Above center, ear of grain; to r., KA. Copenhagen, SNG
322.
27.
Above
center,
yre;
to
1.,
BK
(year
22
=
113/112).
Von
Aulock,
SNG 1862
Cambridge,
McClean
8089.
28.
Above
center,
Helios head
facing;
to
1.,
~K
year
23
=
112/111).
Cambridge,
McClean
8090-91.
*29.
Above
center,
gorgoneion;
to
1.,
AK
(year
24
=
in/no).
ANS
12.50
Î
(Plate
XIV,
3).
*30.
Above
center,
winged
caduceus;
to
1.,
EK
(year
25
=
110/109).
Hague 5691a 12.36 t (Plate XIV, 4).
31.
Above
center,
winged
caduceus;
to
1.,
CK
(year
26
=
109/108).
Cambridge,
McClean
8092.
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8/20/2019 The dated cistophori of Ephesus / Fred S. Kleiner
12/27
26 FRED S. KLEINER
32.
Above
center,
palm
branch;
to
1.,
KH
(year
28
=
107/106).
Copenhagen,
SNG
323.
33.
Above
center, trident;
to
1.,
K©
(year 29
=
106/105).
Copen-
hagen,
SNG
324.
34.
Above
center,
bunch
of
grapes;
to
1.,
A
(year
30
=
105/104).
Cambridge,
McClean
8094-95.
*35.
Above
center, wreath;
to
1.,
bee,
above which AA
(year
31
=
104/103).ANS 12.61 t (PLATEXIV, 5).
36.
Above
center,bucranium;
to
1.,
AB
(year
32
=
103/102).Copen-
hagen,
SNG
325.
37.
Above
center, owl;
to
1.,
Ar
(year
33
=
102/101).
Cambridge,
McClean
8096.
38.
Above
center,
tripod;
to
1.,
AA
(year 34
=
101/100).
Pinder
33;
London,
BMC
159;
von
Aulock,
SNG
7848;
ANS-BYB,
SNG
1059
Cambridge,
McClean
8097.
*39.
Above
center,
tripod;
to
1.,
AE
(year
35
=
100/99).
ANS-ETN
12.39 t (Plate IV, 6).
*40.
Above
center,
crested helmet
r.;
to
1.,
AC
(year
36
=
99/98).
ANS-ETN
12.27
t
(Plate
XIV,
7).
*41.
Above
center,
crested helmet
r.;
to
1.,
AH
(year
38
=
97/96).
Commerce
12.27
(Plate
XV,
1).
*42.
Above
center,
crested helmet
r.;
to
1.,
A0
(year 39
=
96/95).
ANS
12.64
t
(Plate
XV,
2).
43.
Above
center,
andelabrum;
to
1.,
M
(year
40
=
95/94)-
ondon,
BMC 160 von
Aulock,
SNG
7849.
44. Above center, bee; to 1.,MA (year41 = 94/93). Von Aulock,
SNG
7850.
45.
Above
center, fulmen;
to
1.,
MA
(year
44
=
91/90).
Pinder
35-
46.
Above
center,
erpent
staff;
to
1.,
ME
(year
45
=
90/89).
Pinder
36;
Copenhagen,
SNG
326.
47.
Above
center,
headdress of
Isis;
to
1.,
MC
(year
46
=
89/88).
Pinder
34
and
37 Glasgow,
Hunter
27.
48.
Above
center,
filleted
trident;
to
1.,
MZ
(year
47
=
88/87).
London, BMC 161.
49.
Above
center,
head
of
Isis
facing;
to
1.,
MH
(year
48
=
87/86).
Pinder
38;
Copenhagen,
SNG
327;
von
Aulock,
SNG
7851.
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8/20/2019 The dated cistophori of Ephesus / Fred S. Kleiner
13/27
DATED CISTOPHORI OF EPHESUS 27
50.
Above
center,
Nike
holding
wreath in
r. to
1.,
M©
(year 49
=
86/85).
Pinder
39-40;
London,
BMC 162.
51.
Above
center,
eagle
on
fulmen;
to
1.,
N
(year
50
=
85/84).
Von
Aulock,
SNG
7852.
52.
Above
center,
Hermes
holding
wreath in r.
and caduceus
in 1.
to
1.,
NA
(year
51
=
84/83).
Pinder
41;
London,
BMC
163;
Copenhagen,
SNG
328-329;
von
Aulock,
SNG
7853.
53. Above center,headdress of Isis; to 1., NB (year 52 = 83/82).
Pinder
42;
London,
BMC
164; Copenhagen,
SNG
330.
54.
Above
center,
bow in
bow-case;
to
1.,
NT
(year
53
=
82/81).
Pinder
43;
London,
BMC
165; Cambridge,
SNG
4432.
55.
Above
center,
cornucopiae;
to
1.,
NA
(year
54
=
81/80).
Von
Aulock,
SNG
1863.
56.
Above
center,
Artemis
triding
.,
bow
in
1.,
drawing
arrow
with
r.;
to
1.,
NE
(year
55
=
80/79).
London,
BMC
166;
von
Aulock,
SNG
1864;
ANS-BYB,
SNG
1060;
Cambridge,
SNG
4433.
57. Above center,owl on palm branch; to 1.,NC (year56 = 79/78).
Pozzi Coll.
=
Naville
1,
April
1921,
2437.
58.
Above
center,
Priapus facing;
to
1.,
NX
(year
57
=
78/77).
Pinder
44;
Copenhagen,
SNG
331.
*59.
Above
center,
stag
r.;
to
1.,
EA
(year
61
=
74/73).
London
12.41
/
(Plate
XV,
3).
60. Above
center,
ear of
grain
between
opposed
cornucopiae;
to
1.,
Er
(year
63
=
72/71).
Pinder
45.
61.
Above
center,
palm
branch between
opposed
cornucopiae;
to
1.,
Er. Pinder 46.
62. Above
center,
covered
crater;
to
1.,
EA
(year
64
=
71/70).
Pinder
47;
London,
BMC
167; Copenhagen,
SNG
332-
333-
63.
Above
center,
gorgoneion;
to
1.,
EE
(year
65
=
70/69).
London,
BMC
169.
64.
Above
center,
ear of
grain
between
opposed cornucopiae;
to
1.,
EE.
Pinder
48
;
Cambridge,
SNG
4434.
65.
Above
center, poppy
between
opposed cornucopiae;
to
1.,
EE.
London, BMC 168.
66. Above
center,
palm
branch between
opposed
cornucopiae;
to
1.,
EE.
Pinder
49.
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8/20/2019 The dated cistophori of Ephesus / Fred S. Kleiner
14/27
28 FRED S. KLEINER
67.
Above
center,
quiver
between
opposed
cornucopiae;
to
1.,
EC
(year
66
=
69/68).
Pinder
50.
68.
Above
center,
ear
of
grain
between
opposed cornucopiae;
to
1.,
HC.
Copenhagen,
SNG
334
;
Cambridge,
SNG
4435.
69.
Above
center,
poppy
between
opposed
cornucopiae;
to
1.,
EC.
London,
BMC
170;
von
Aulock,
SNG
7854;
Weber
5866.
70.
Above
center,
palm
branch between
opposed cornucopiae;
to
1.,
EC. Pinder 51 ; London, BMC 171 Cambridge,McClean 8098.
71.
Above
center,
quiver
between
opposed
cornucopiae;
to
1.,
EZ
(year
67
=
68/67).
Pinder
52.
72.
Above
center,
ear of
grain
between
opposed
cornucopiae;
to
1.,
EZ.
Pinder
53
;
Glasgow,
Hunter 28.
73.
Above
center,
poppy
between
opposed
cornucopiae;
to
1.,
EZ.
Cambridge,
SNG
4436-4437.
74.
Above
center,
palm
branch
between
opposed
cornucopiae;
to
1.,
EZ.
Pinder
54;
London,
BMC
172; Copenhagen,
SNG
335;
von Aulock, SNG 1865.
Didrachms
and Drachms
Oiv.:
Club,
over which a lion's skin
is
draped;
all within a
wreath.
Rev. Bunch of
grapes,
placed upon
a vine leaf.
Efl>E elow 1.
other
marks as indicated.
*75. Above 1., bee; below r., torch; below 1.,A (year 1 = 134/133).
Munich 6.22
(Plate
XV,
4).
76.
Above
1.,
bee;
below
r., torch;
below
1.,
A. Von
Aulock,
SNG
I859.
*77.
Below
r.,
torch;
above
1.,
CK
(year
26
=
109/108).
ANS
3.13
f
(Plate
XV,
5).
The
seventy-seven
issues
enumerated
above
represent
almost
everyyear
from
33
to
67
b.c.
and
suggest
hat the
"almost unbroken"
series of issues was a continuous row of annual emmissions.
The
missing years (IH,
K, KZ,
AZ, MB, MT,
NH, N0,
E and
HB)
will
undoubtedly
turn
up
when new
hoards
are uncovered.
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8/20/2019 The dated cistophori of Ephesus / Fred S. Kleiner
15/27
DATED CISTOPHORI OF EPHESUS 29
It
is
interesting
hat
Ephesus
is the
only city
to
place provincial
era dates
on
its
cistophori,19
decision
which
possibly
reflectsa
readier
acceptance
of Roman rule than
in
the other Attalid
cities.
It is
perhaps
significant
hat t was an
Ephesian
fleet hat
turnedback
the
pretender
Aristonicus,
while
other cities
opened
their
gates
to
him as
the
rightful
eir
to
the Attalid throne.20
In Issues
1-3,
the
date
is
placed
in
the
upper
left
field,
a
bee
is
included between the serpents' heads and a torch occupies the
right
field.
Whatever
function
the
changing
symbols
served on
the
Ephesian cistophori
prior
to
134,
the bee
and torch have no com-
parable
significance.
The
torch,
which
remains
the civic
symbol
of
the
Ephesian
mint until the
introduction f
cistophori
of new
types
under Mark
Antony,
s
really
a
subsidiary
type,
not a
control
mark;
and
the
bee also seems
to lack
any
temporal
significance.
Issues
4-9
reflect brief
period
of
uncertainty
with
regard
to the
format
of the
cistophoric
reverses and
to
the inclusion
or omission
ofmarks ndicatingpersonalcontrol.The civic bee is usuallyomitted
and the
date
is
variously placed
to the
left
or
in
the
center,
until in
Issue
9
a
satisfactory
format s
attained.
Henceforth,
the
date
is
placed
to
the
left and a
symbol
is
located
between
the
serpents'
heads.
In
Issue 8
(Plate
XII,
5),
a
monogram
and
symbol
appear.
That
the
symbol,
as well as the
monogram,
s a mark of
personal
control
s
borne
out
by
the
erratic
pattern
of
symbols
used in
subsequent
years.
In
Issues
9,
10 and
12,
the
symbol
s a
stag,
while n
11
and
13,
ArtemisEphesia appears. In 20 and 21 a torch s used; in 14, 22 and
24,
the
symbol
s
a
cornucopiae.
The
lyre
of
year
E
appears
again
in
Issue
27,
the
cornucopiae
is
repeated
in
55
and the
stag
in
59.
In
years
KH,
K0, A, AA,
AB
and
Ar,
a
different
ymbol
is
used with
each
date,
while a
tripod appears
with
both
AA and
AE,
and a
crested
helmet
is used
in
year
AC and
retained for AH and
A0. Years
EE,
EC
and
EZ
employ
four
ymbolsper year
with threeof
them
retained
throughout
and
so on.
19
The
dates on the
T7TOA
pieces
of
Tralles,
as K.
Regling, rankfurterMünzzeitung932, p.1-5,hasshown,rereckonedromulla'sreconstruction
of
the
Province f
Asia in
85/84
.c.
20
trabo
14.1.38.
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8/20/2019 The dated cistophori of Ephesus / Fred S. Kleiner
16/27
30 FRED S. KLEINER
Such a
pattern
of
symbols
cannot
correspond
o artists'
signatures,
months
or the ike. As the hi of
ssue
8,
the
symbols
can
only
be the
personal
marks of
supervising
magistrates,
whose
terms of officewere
unequal
in
length,
or
signify
liturgy,
as
Thompson
has
shown
to
be
the
case with
the
New
Style
silver
coinage
of Athens.21
The
most
curious
of
all
the
seventy-eight
ssues
is
year
IT
(Plate
XIII,
5)
in
which the
name of
a Roman
magistrate
s
added
in
Latin,
as on the later pro-consular cistophori. The official,OÄIN-OF
cannot be
identified
with
any
known Roman
magistrate
n
Asia
in
122/121
B.C.22
III.
CISTOPHORIC OVERSTRIKES
The
publication
of
the dated
Ephesian
cistophorus
of
140/139
B.c.
struck
over a Macedonian tetradrachm
of the
firstdistrict
(Plate
XI, 1) affords he opportunity or a generaldiscussionofcistophoric
overstrikes.
Plate
XV,
6 illustrates
a
cistophorus
of Tralles23
which
is also struck
over
a
Macedonian
tetradrachm.
Very
little
of
the
undertype
s
visible,
but in
the
left field
of the
reverse,
somewhat
obscured
by
the
ethnic,
. .
QTHZ
(reading
downward)
s still
egible.
Plate
XV,
7
reproduces
a
cistophorus
of
Ephesus24
struck
over
a
Thasian tetradrachm
f
the HPAKAEOYZ IfìTHPOZ
type.25
ll
three
21
M.
Thompson,
he New
Style
ilver
Coinage
f
AthensANSN S
10
(New
York, 1961).
22
T.
R. S.
Broughton,
he
Magistratesf
the
Roman
RepublicNewYork,Ī952),p. 462cites C. (Atinius?)abeo,governorfAsia "before0,possibly
before
00
B.c.;"
Ins v. Priene
121. D.
Magie,
Roman
Rule n Asia
Minor
(Princeton,
950), p. 1579, places
C. Labeo's
governorship
n
120/119B.C.
B.
V.
Head,
HistoriaNumorum2
Oxford,
91
), p.
575
and note
1,
cites a
variant
f this
piece,
lso
dated
IT
"The date
and the
early tyle
of this
cistophorus
ake t
quite mpossible
o
identify
he
magistrate
hosename
it bears
with
C#ASIN#C#F
Gallus),
roconsul f
Asia in
b.c.
6-5."
28
ANS-ETN
12.53
f.
24
ANS 12.11
f.
25
The Thracian etradrachms
re
traditionally
ated
after
46
b.c.,
but this
date has
recently
een
questioned
y
M.
Thompson,
ho
prefers
o
place
the
beginning
f the Heracles
eries
fewdecades
earlier
ANSMN
12
[1966],
p. 61 and note4; cf. G. Le Rider n Guidede Thasos Paris,1968],p. 190).
The evidence
f the
Ephesian
verstrikeoes
not
unequivocally
uleout
the
traditional
hronology,
ut it
renderst
exceedingly nlikely.
My
die
study
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8/20/2019 The dated cistophori of Ephesus / Fred S. Kleiner
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DATED CISTOPHORI OF EPHESUS 31
cistophori
attest
to
an
elaborate
process
of
restriking
t the
mints
of
Ephesus
and
Tralles,
for the Attic
weight
pieces
were
apparently
heated
and
trimmedto
approximate
the size
and
weight
of
a
cisto-
phoric
flan
before
being
struck
with new dies.
Why
this
costly
operation
was
preferred
o
outright
melting
nd
restriking
annot
be
determined.
A
fourth
xample
of
overstriking
was
already
known
to
Pinder26
and is now in Berlin. The cistophorus is a didrachm of Tralles
weighing
6.20
grams;
the
undertype
s
a
Rhodian didrachm with a
facing
Helios
head,
usually
ascribed
to
the
period
before
189
B.c.
In this
case,
the
overstruck
piece
was not
trimmed,
nd
its
unaltered
flan
has
been used
as
evidence for the
compatability
of the
two
weight
standards.27
The
question
of
compatability
is,
however,
quite
different rom
that
of
acceptability.
The four
cistophori
are
all
struck
over
fairly
recent,
fully
egible
foreign
ieces.
Whether or
not the value of
these
coins could be easily converted nto cistophoricdenominations,the
fact
that
restriking
was
carried
out indicates that
the
Macedonian,
Thasian and
Rhodian
pieces
were
not
legal
tender
at
Ephesus
or
Tralles.28 The
earlier
regnal
coinage
of
Pergamům
is
frequently
foundwith other
Attic
weight
pieces
from ities as far
way
as
Athens,
and the
Philetaerus
types
were
often
hoarded
in
Syria.29
By
contrast,
cistophori
are
rarely
found
outside Attalid
territory
nd
hoards
of
of the
early
istophori
uggests
hat the
cistophorus
n
question ught
o
be
dated bout145b.c. It ishighlymprobablehat heundertypes a Thraciantetradrachmfthevery arliest
ariety
whichhadbeen
brought
o
Ephesus
from
hasos nd
restruckn
the
veryyear
t
entered
nto
irculation.
nough
is
visible f
theThracian
ndertype
hat
systematic
omparison
ith
ther
Thasian
pieces
might
ead to an
identificationf
the dies. f
the ssue marks
werefound
o
be
rather ate
in
the
series,
s seems
ikely,
Miss
Thompson's
suggestion
ould
be
confirmed
nd the Thasian
chronology
laced
on
firm
ground.
26
Pinder,
Cistophoren,"
.
551,
pl.
I,
16.
27
ee
note
2
above.
28
At
a later
date,
even the
Attic
weight ieces
of
nearby
amphylia
ad to
be
countermarkedo
insure heir
cceptability.
.
Mowat,
RN
1906,
p.
291
Mowat,
orolla
umismatica
Oxford,906), p.189-207;
. P.
Noe,
ANSMN
6
(1954).pp-85f.
29
The
hoards
of
Philetaerus
oins are
discussed n
U.
Westermark,
as
Bildnisdes
Philetairos on
Pergamon
Stockholm,
960),
with
bibliography.
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8/20/2019 The dated cistophori of Ephesus / Fred S. Kleiner
18/27
32 FRED S. KLEINER
cistophori
almost
always
exclude
pieces
of
any
other
weight
stan-
dard.30
Actual
exchanges
of
cistophori
for
Attic
or
Rhodian
funds
must
have
been restricted
to international frontiers.
Those
foreign
pieces
which reached
cities where
cistophoric
mints were located
were
apparently
melted
down
and restruck.
f
it
was the intention
of Eumenes
II
in
creating
the
cistophorus
to
make
the new coins
the
only
form
of
money
valid for commercial transactions
within
Attalid territory, e was highlysuccessful.
80
The area of
circulationf the
cistophori
as been most
recently
iscussed
by
H.
Seyrig,
N
1963,
p.
25-26,
with
ommentary
n earlier
ibliography.
What s so
peculiar
bout the
cistophori
s that
they
arely
eft he area
in
which
hey
were
truck.
t is
very
ifficult
o believe
hat
ny
Attalid
ecree
would
have
prevented foreign
merchant
rom
ccepting istophori
s
payment
fhis
client
rovided
n amount f
istophoric
ilver
qual
n
bullion
value to the
askingprice
n
another
urrency.
et
such transactions
ere
apparently
are,
specially rior
o 128.
Only
one
explanation
s to
why
he
cistophori
ended o remain t home
appears probable.
The Attalid ilver
musthave had a
higher
alue
within
ergamene
erritory
han outside t.
Somedegree fovervaluationmustbe postulated r else theflexibilityf
the
cistophoric
eight
tandardwould have
encouraged
ather han
dis-
couraged xport
f these oins.
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XI
DATED CISTOPHORI OF
EPHESUS
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XII
DATED CISTOPHORI
OF EPHESUS
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DATED CISTOPHORI OF EPHESUS
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XIV
DATED
CISTOPHORI
OF
EPHESUS
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XV
DATED
CISTOPHORI
OF
EPHESUS