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TheChallengesofIntegrationandImplementationinSystemsApproaches
toComplexProblems:WouldaNew
DisciplineHelp?
GabrieleBammer
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Overview Challengesandconsequences DisciplineandBigScienceproject IntegrationandImplementationSciences(I2S) AlavouroftheI2SDevelopmentDrive Nextsteps
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Challenge1:Fragmentednetworks
Lackoflinksbetweensystems
andinter-disciplinarynetworks
Eachwiththeirownsmall
conferences(about200
people)
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Fragmentednetworks2
Lotsofusefulconceptsand
methods
Butnocentralcompilations
Thereforehardtoget:
overallviewofwhatisknownaccesstoanarrayofoptions
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Challenge2:Lackofagreedterminology Limiteduniiedsystemsconcepts(http://i2s.anu.edu.au/projects/uniied-systems-concepts)
Confusionbetweeninter-,multi-,trans-,cross-disciplinary Nottomention:post-normalscience,systemicintervention,integratedassessment,sustainabilityscience,
teamscience,mode2andactionresearch
Coverageofawiderangeofpractice(thousandsofresearchers)
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Consequences
1. Intellectuallyweak-noagreedbodyofwork
-nolinksbetweentheoryandpractice
-dogma
2.Politicallypowerlessandmarginalised
(academicdecisionmakingandresearchfunding)
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Challenge3:Noappreciationofthescale
ofthetask
-buildinganoverarchingintellectualframework
-developingbettermechanismstobringtogether
researchersusingrelatedmethodsondisparateproblems
Needs
adiscipline aBigScienceproject
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Whyadiscipline? Acceptedwayoforganisingandtransmittingknowledgeinternationally
Collegeofpeers:professionalassociations,journals,conferences
Qualitycontrol LocusofpowerButmustavoidbecomingself-referential
Statisticsasamodel
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WhyaBigScienceproject?Compileandclassify:
existingconceptsandmethods
exemplarcasestudiesguidestootherrelevantknowledgeDevelopthecollegeofpeers
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Overview Challengesandconsequences DisciplineandBigScienceproject IntegrationandImplementationSciences(I2S) AlavouroftheI2SDevelopmentDrive Nextsteps
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Myfocus1. Complexreal-worldproblemseginequality,organisedcrime,globalclimate
change,risinghealthcarecosts
2.Underpinnedbyasystemsapproach
3.Multiplemethodologicaloptions
- noonerightway13
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Coreingredients1
Bringtogetherexpertisefromdifferentdisciplines
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Coreingredients2
Bringtogetherexpertisefromdifferentdisciplines
-andstakeholders
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Coreingredients3
Bringtogetherexpertisefromdifferentdisciplines
-andstakeholders Takeaction(policyandpracticechange)
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Coreingredients4
Bringtogetherexpertisefromdifferentdisciplines
-andstakeholders Takeaction(policyandpracticechange) BUTalsoconsiderunknowns
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IntegrationandImplementationSciences
(I2S):theorganisingframework
Threedomains
5Questions
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ThreedomainsofI2S
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5-questionsforsystematicreportingand
evaluationinI2S
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FivequestionsQ1
1. Forwhatandforwhom?
Whatistheresearchaimingtoachieveandwhoisintendedtobeneit?
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FivequestionsQ2
2.Ofwhat?
Whatisbeingdealtwith:
- knowledgesynthesis- diverseunknowns- provisionofintegratedresearchsupportforpolicyandpracticechange?
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FivequestionsQ3
3.How?
Methodsfor
- knowledgesynthesis- considerationofdiverseunknowns- provisionofintegratedresearchsupport- bywhomandwhen?
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FivequestionsQ4
4.Context?
Whatcircumstancesaffecttheresearchand
theabilitytoimplementtheresults
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FivequestionsQ5
5.Success?
Whatistheoutcome:
-knowledgesynthesis
-considerationofdiverseunknownsand
-provisionofintegratedresearchsupport
forpolicyandpracticechange?
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Fivequestionsmerits
Planning(future)
Description(present)
Reporting(past)
Canbeusedinanyorder
Keyissueisthatallusedandallelements
addressed
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FivequestionsforDomain1
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Whatstheinnovation?Flexiblewaytosystematically
approach
reportonand
evaluate
researchoncomplexproblems
Thereisnothingelse
Focusonoptionsratherthanprescription
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Whatsnext?Finding,compilingandclassifyingthe
options
=I2SDevelopmentDrive
Letmegiveyoualavour
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AlavouroftheI2SDevelopment
Drive
1. Modellingmethods2. Amorecomprehensiveapproachto
unknowns
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Models(thankstoJenBadham)1
Differenttechniquessuitablefordifferentproblems
differentaspectsofthesystememphasisedNoestablishedclassiication VaryingeaseofinterpretationMaylimitstakeholderinvolvement
DifferentdataneedsMaylimitfeasibility
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Models2
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Usesofmodels
1. Organiseinformation2. Synthesiseunderstandings3. Guideresearchordatacollection4. Communicate5. Forecast6.
Compareoptions
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Compilationofmodellingmethods1
1. FinalmodelDifferentpartialviewofthewhole
system(everythingisconnectedtoeverythingelse)
2.Process
- Synthesisofdifferentperspectives
- Identiicationofunknowns- Planningforaction
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Compilationofmodellingmethods2
Fivegroupings:
1.Staticdiagrams2.Dynamicsubsystems3.Dynamicindividuals Targetsystem4.Scenariosoutcome
5.Statisticalrelationships,notsystem
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Compilationofmodellingmethods3
Fivegroupings:
1.Staticdiagrams(strongdialoguecomponents)
ConceptmappingSoftsystemsmethodologyLeansystemsSocialnetworkanalysis
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Staticdiagrams1
Pictureofthesystem(modeldoesmore)
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Staticdiagrams2Conceptmap
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Staticdiagrams3Softsystemsrich
picture
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Staticdiagrams4Leansystem
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Staticdiagrams5Socialnetwork
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Compilationofmodellingmethods3
Fivegroupings:
1.Staticdiagrams2.
Dynamicsubsystems
CausalloopdiagramsSystemdynamics
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Dynamicsubsystems1Causalloop
diagrams
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Dynamicsubsystems2System
dynamicsmodels
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Compilationofmodellingmethods4
Fivegroupings:
1.Staticdiagrams2.
Dynamicsubsystems
3.DynamicindividualsStatetransition
DiscreteeventsimulationAgentbased
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MainPoints
Nowaytogetcompleteviewofproblem
Differentsystemsviewhighlightdifferent
elementsandrelationships
Modelshelpgethandlesonsystemsviews
Fewcompilations
Noagreedclassiication
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AlavouroftheI2SDevelopment
Drive
1. Modellingmethods2. Amorecomprehensiveapproachtounknowns
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Unknowns
Lesswelldeveloped(morethanrisk)
Blindspotinwesternthought
Generalorientation: Unlimitedunknownsandlimitedresearch
capacity
Differentwaysofunderstandingunknowns
Mike Smithson
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Unlimitedunknowns
Constantinnovationandchange
On-goingresearch
Irreducibleunknowns Limitedmethods BeneitsofunknownsAndlimitedresearchcapacity
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Differentwaysofunderstandingunknowns1
Flavouronly
Disciplinessynthesisneeded! Matrix Typology
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Differentwaysofunderstandingunknowns2
STATISTICS - probabilitytheory
Intelligence gaps or overload
History moral dimension
Music essential for creativity
Art certainty and uncertainty are a continuum, not opposites
Futures unknown unknowns
Complexity - irreducible
Religion desirable vs fundamentalism
Complexity - irreducible
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Differentwaysofunderstandingunknowns3
Matrix
Knownknowns Knownunknowns(consciousignorance)
Unknownknowns
(tacitknowledge)
Unknownunknowns
(meta-ignorance)
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Differentwaysofunderstandingunknowns4
Smithsons
Typology
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Differentwaysofmanagingunknowns1
Discipline-basedtrainingfocusonunknownsto
reduce,banishtherest
Disciplinaryexcellencepickproductiveunknowns(notdeadendortrivial)
Systems-basedfocus(problemasawhole)worry
aboutwhatsbeenbanished
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Differentwaysofmanagingunknowns2
Sixstrategies:
1.Reduce(Gain more knowledge and/or increaseconstraints)
2.Banish(Set aside as out of bounds and thereforenot dealt with)
3.Accept(Construct decisions and actions that takeunknowns into account) eg strategic foresighting
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Differentwaysofmanagingunknowns3
4.Exploit(Amplify;Generate or reinforce)
5.Surrenderto(Relinquishment;Adopt a fatalistic or
nihilistic stance)
6. Deny(Treat as non-existent)
Can be adaptive or maladaptive
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Consequenceof:
UnknownsButalso Boundarysetting Systems
Values
Bigpicturecontext
Imperfectionisinevitable
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Overview
Challengesandconsequences DisciplineandBigScienceproject IntegrationandImplementationSciences(I2S) AlavouroftheI2SDevelopmentDrive Nextsteps
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Nextsteps...1
Testingtheideas:
a)commentariesDiscipliningInterdisciplinarity
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Nextsteps2
Testingtheideas:
b)coursesDiscipliningInterdisciplinarity
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Nextsteps3
Ageneralresourcescompilation
websiteandnewsletter
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Newresource
Conceptsforco-productionofknowledgeEnengel, Barbara; Muhar, Andreas; Penker, Marianne; Freyer, Bernhard; Drlik, Stephanie; and, Ritter, Florian. (2012).
Co-production of Knowledge in Transdisciplinary Doctoral Theses on Landscape Development An Analysis ofActor Roles and Knowledge Types in Different Research Phases. Landscape and Urban Planning, 105, 1-2:106-117.
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Nextsteps4Newprojects:
EgMakingdecisionswhenexpertsdisagree
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FormoreonI2S
http://i2s.anu.edu.au