The Appendicular Skeleton
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• Pectoral girdle
• Pelvic girdle
• Limbs (appendages)
The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Composed of two bones:
Scapula: aka-shoulder blade•posterior component kept in positioned by complex muscular attachments
Clavicle: aka- collarbone-•anterior component receives forces from the upper extremity. (most broken bone in the body.)
Bones of the Upper Limb
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The upper arm is formed by a single bone
• Humerus
Bones of the Upper Limb
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The forearm has two bones
• Ulna
• Radius
Bones of the Upper Limb
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The hand
• Carpals – wrist
• Metacarpals – palm
• Phalanges – fingers
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Composed of three pairs of fused bones• Ilium• Ischium• Pubis
Acetabulum- cavity at the base of the hipbone into which the ball-shaped head of the femur fits
The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
• Protects
1. Reproductive organs
2. Urinary bladder
3. Part of the large intestine
Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones of the Lower Limbs
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The thigh has one bone
• Femur
Bones of the Lower Limbs
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The leg has two bones
• Tibia
• Fibula
Bones of the Lower Limbs
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The foot
• Talus– ankle
• Metatarsals – sole
• Phalanges – toes
• Calcaneus- heel
Common Types of Fractures
• Simple- closed fracture (8-12 wks to heal) bone breaks cleanly; no penetration
• Compound- bone penetrates through skin • Comminuted- bone fragments into many pieces; aged or
brittle bones • Compression- bone is crushed• Spiral- excessive twisting of bone• Oblique- bone is broken diagonally to the axis of the
bone.
Usually treated by realignment
Oblique Comminuted Spiral Compound
• Depressed- broken bone portion is depressed inward• Impacted- broken bone ends are forced into each other• Greenstick- bone breaks incompletely
Steps in Bone Repair
2929 4040 8484 9292
A disease that thins and weakens the bones to the point that they become fragile and break
easily.