This lecture:
General information
Course syllabus
Recommended texts
Relevance of this module to you
Topic 1:- Fundamental principles
Topic 2:- Classification of matter
Lecturer Edmond Magner MS1016 Teresa Curtin MSG015
Course duration 1 semester
Class contact 2 x 50 min lectures/week
1 x 2 hour lab/fortnight
Assessment 60% exam, 40% labs
Lecturer Edmond Magner MS1016 Teresa Curtin MSG015
Course duration 1 semester
Class contact 2 x 50 min lectures/week
1 x 2 hour lab/fortnight
Assessment 60% exam, 40% labs
Labs In B3-053
MUST have white lab coat and safety specs
Your first lab session will be on week 3 (B3053)
CH 4701 COURSE SYLLABUS
1. Basics
Simple characterisation of atoms + molecules Chemical accounting: the mole Early chemical ideas & their present day uses Modern theories of atomic structure Introduction to chemical bonding The Periodic Table
CH 4701 COURSE SYLLABUS
1. Basics
Simple characterisation of atoms + molecules Chemical accounting: the mole Early chemical ideas & their present day uses Modern theories of atomic structure Introduction to chemical bonding The Periodic Table
2. Applied chemistry
Gas laws Electrochemistry Chemical equilibria (solutions and acids/bases)
TEXTS & COURSE MATERIALS
Essential for all: Good set of lecture notes! CH4701 Course Materials Pack: - available from UL Print Room (E1-006)
reference number 3485, price €4.50
TEXTS & COURSE MATERIALS
Essential for all: Good set of lecture notes! CH4701 Course Materials Pack: - available from UL Print Room (E1-006)
reference number 3485, price €5.00
Recommended for students without Leaving Cert chem: Chemistry: The Central Science 8th edn., by Brown, LeMay and Bursten
- available UL Bookshop, price ca. €38.00 (includes multimedia CD-ROM)
Some copies of other gen. chem. texts available in UL library under classification 540.
COURSE AIMS + RELEVANCE
1. "Educate"
2. Give a basic understanding of the theory, practice and everyday applications of chemistry to non- chemists
COURSE AIMS + RELEVANCE
1. "Educate"
2. Give a basic understanding of the theory, practice and everyday applications of chemistry to non- chemists
3. Review of fundamentals for chemists
COURSE AIMS + RELEVANCE
1. "Educate"
2. Give a basic understanding of the theory, practice and everyday applications of chemistry to non- chemists
3. Review of fundamentals for chemists
CHEMISTRY
COURSE AIMS + RELEVANCE
1. "Educate"
2. Give a basic understanding of the theory, practice and everyday applications of chemistry to non- chemists
3. Review of fundamentals for chemists
CHEMISTRY
Describes:
structure & composition of matter
COURSE AIMS + RELEVANCE
1. "Educate"
2. Give a basic understanding of the theory, practice and everyday applications of chemistry to non- chemists
3. Review of fundamentals for chemists
CHEMISTRY
Describes:
structure & composition of matter
changes in structure & composition
COURSE AIMS + RELEVANCE
1. "Educate"
2. Give a basic understanding of the theory, practice and everyday applications of chemistry to non- chemists
3. Review of fundamentals for chemists
CHEMISTRY
Describes:
structure & composition of matter
changes in structure & composition
energy involved in these changes
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
Law of conservation of energy: "Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but may be transformed from one form to another"
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
Law of conservation of energy: "Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but may be transformed from one form to another"
Law of conservation of mass: "Mass cannot be created or destroyed. The total mass of substances involved in a physical or chemical change remains constant"
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
Law of conservation of energy: "Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but may be transformed from one form to another"
Law of conservation of mass: "Mass cannot be created or destroyed. The total mass of substances involved in a physical or chemical change remains constant"
Special theory of relativity: E = mc2, where c = velocity
of light)
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
Properties of Matter
Bulk (Substantive) Particulate
Physicalstate
Metallic character
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
Properties of Matter
Bulk (Substantive) Particulate
Physicalstate
Metallic character
Physical appearance
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
Properties of Matter
Bulk (Substantive) Particulate
Physicalstate
Metallic character
Physical appearance
Chemical integrity
Classification by metallic character: metal or non-metal?
Classification by physical appearance:
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
(Ruby)
(Moon rock)
Classification by chemical integrity:
Matter
Pure substances Mixtures
Elements (Bronze) (Agate)
(Carbon)
Classification by chemical integrity:
Matter
Pure substances Mixtures
Compounds
Elements (Bronze) (Agate)
(Carbon) (Ice)
Definitions.
Mixture: contains 2 or more pure substances, whichcan be separated out by physical means.
Definitions.
Mixture: contains 2 or more pure substances, whichcan be separated out by physical means.
Pure substances: have a definite chemical compositionand properties. They cannot be separated into simplersubstances by physical means.
Definitions.
Mixture: contains 2 or more pure substances, whichcan be separated out by physical means.
Pure substances: have a definite chemical compositionand properties. They cannot be separated into simplersubstances by physical means.
Compound: pure substance which can be further broken down by chemical means.
Definitions.
Mixture: contains 2 or more pure substances, whichcan be separated out by physical means.
Pure substances: have a definite chemical compositionand properties. They cannot be separated into simplersubstances by physical means.
Compound: pure substance which can be further broken down by chemical means.
Element: pure substance which cannot be furtherbroken down by ordinary chemical means.
Some examples of matter classification
Steam?
• Gas, non-metallic, homogeneous, compound.
Sugar?
• Solid, non-metallic, homogeneous, compound.
Some examples of matter classification
Steam?
• Gas, non-metallic, homogeneous, compound.
Sugar?
• Solid, non-metallic, homogeneous, compound.
Air?
• Gas, non-metallic, homogeneous, mixture.
Some examples of matter classification
Steam?
• Gas, non-metallic, homogeneous, compound.
Sugar?
• Solid, non-metallic, homogeneous, compound.
Air?
• Gas, non-metallic, homogeneous, mixture.
Brass?
• Solid, metallic, homogeneous, mixture.
Some examples of matter classification
Steam?
• Gas, non-metallic, homogeneous, compound.
Sugar?
• Solid, non-metallic, homogeneous, compound.
Air?
• Gas, non-metallic, homogeneous, mixture.
Brass?
• Solid, metallic, homogeneous, mixture.
Mars Bar?
• Solid, non-metallic, heterogeneous, mixture
Differences between mixtures and compounds
Mixture Compound
Components can be Components can not be separated by using separated by using physical techniques physical techniques
Differences between mixtures and compounds
Mixture Compound
Components can be Components can not be separated by using separated by using physical techniques physical techniques
Composition is variable Composition is fixed
Differences between mixtures and compounds
Mixture Compound
Components can be Components can not be separated by using separated by using physical techniques physical techniques
Composition is variable Composition is fixed
Properties are related to Properties are unlike those of its components those of its components
Table of some of the more common elements
Element SymbolHydrogen HHelium HeCarbon CAluminium AlNitrogen NOxygen OPhosphorous PIron Fe
Table of some of the more common elements
Element SymbolHydrogen HHelium HeCarbon CAluminium AlNitrogen NOxygen OPhosphorous PIron FeCopper CuNickel NiSulphur SIodine I
The correct classifications for sea water, distilled water, brass, and helium respectively are
(a)compound, element, mixture and compound
(b)mixture, element, mixture and compound
The correct classifications for sea water, distilled water, brass, and helium respectively are
(a)compound, element, mixture and compound
(b)mixture, element, mixture and compound
(c) mixture, compound, mixture and element
(d) compound, element, compound and mixture
(e) mixture, compound, compound and element
The correct classifications for sea water, distilled water, brass, and helium respectively are
(a)compound, element, mixture and compound
(b)mixture, element, mixture and compound
(c) mixture, compound, mixture and element
(d) compound, element, compound and mixture
(e) mixture, compound, compound and element
The correct classifications for sea water, distilled water, brass, and helium respectively are
(a)compound, element, mixture and compound
(b)mixture, element, mixture and compound
(c) mixture, compound, mixture and element
(d) compound, element, compound and mixture
(e) mixture, compound, compound and element
All mixtures (indicate correct statement)
(a) are heterogeneous in appearance
(b) contain different types of molecules
The correct classifications for sea water, distilled water, brass, and helium respectively are
(a)compound, element, mixture and compound
(b)mixture, element, mixture and compound
(c) mixture, compound, mixture and element
(d) compound, element, compound and mixture
(e) mixture, compound, compound and element
All mixtures (indicate correct statement)
(a) are heterogeneous in appearance
(b) contain different types of molecules
(c) contain two or more pure substances
(d) can be separated only by chemical means
(e) contain more than one physical state
The correct classifications for sea water, distilled water, brass, and helium respectively are
(a)compound, element, mixture and compound
(b)mixture, element, mixture and compound
(c) mixture, compound, mixture and element
(d) compound, element, compound and mixture
(e) mixture, compound, compound and element
All mixtures (indicate correct statement)
(a) are heterogeneous in appearance
(b) contain different types of molecules
(c) contain two or more pure substances
(d) can be separated only by chemical means
(e) contain more than one physical state
DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
Need to provide a quantitative means of describing the universe.
7 independent dimensions (physical quantities):
DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
Need to provide a quantitative means of describing the universe.
7 independent dimensions (physical quantities):
1. Mass (m) quantity of matter in a body
DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
Need to provide a quantitative means of describing the universe.
7 independent dimensions (physical quantities):
1. Mass (m) quantity of matter in a body
2. Length (l) measurement of distance
DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
Need to provide a quantitative means of describing the universe.
7 independent dimensions (physical quantities):
1. Mass (m) quantity of matter in a body
2. Length (l) measurement of distance
3. Time (t) measurement of progress of an event
DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
Need to provide a quantitative means of describing the universe.
7 independent dimensions (physical quantities):
1. Mass (m) quantity of matter in a body
2. Length (l) measurement of distance
3. Time (t) measurement of progress of an event
4. Thermodynamic temperature (T). “The condition of a body which determines the transfer of heat to or from that body”
DIMENSIONS AND UNITSDIMENSIONS AND UNITS
5. Amount of substance (n). “The number of specified entities of a pure substance”
DIMENSIONS AND UNITSDIMENSIONS AND UNITS
5. Amount of substance (n). “The number of specified entities of a pure substance”
6. Electric current (I): “Rate of transfer of electricity”
DIMENSIONS AND UNITSDIMENSIONS AND UNITS
5. Amount of substance (n). “The number of specified entities of a pure substance”
6. Electric current (I): “Rate of transfer of electricity”
7. Luminous intensity (Iv): “Rate of transfer of light energy”
DIMENSIONS AND UNITSDIMENSIONS AND UNITS
5. Amount of substance (n). “The number of specified entities of a pure substance”
6. Electric current (I): “Rate of transfer of electricity”
7. Luminous intensity (Iv): “Rate of transfer of light energy”
Fundamental Property of Dimensions:Two physical quantities having different dimensionscannot be added, subtracted or equated.
DIMENSIONS AND UNITSDIMENSIONS AND UNITS
5. Amount of substance (n). “The number of specified entities of a pure substance”
6. Electric current (I): “Rate of transfer of electricity”
7. Luminous intensity (Iv): “Rate of transfer of light energy”
Fundamental Property of Dimensions:Two physical quantities having different dimensionscannot be added, subtracted or equated.
All other physical quantities can be expressed in terms of these fundamental dimensions
DIMENSIONS AND UNITSDIMENSIONS AND UNITS
5. Amount of substance (n). “The number of specified entities of a pure substance”
6. Electric current (I): “Rate of transfer of electricity”
7. Luminous intensity (Iv): “Rate of transfer of light energy”
Fundamental Property of Dimensions:Two physical quantities having different dimensionscannot be added, subtracted or equated.
All other physical quantities can be expressed in terms of these fundamental dimensions
e.g. volume of a cube = l x l x l = l3
DIMENSIONS AND UNITSDIMENSIONS AND UNITS
5. Amount of substance (n). “The number of specified entities of a pure substance”
6. Electric current (I): “Rate of transfer of electricity”
7. Luminous intensity (Iv): “Rate of transfer of light energy”
Fundamental Property of Dimensions:Two physical quantities having different dimensionscannot be added, subtracted or equated.
All other physical quantities can be expressed in terms of these fundamental dimensions
e.g. volume of a cube = l x l x l = l3
velocity = distance/ time = l/t
Units:
Defined value of a given dimension for reference purposes
Preferred system (in chemistry) is S.I.
Units:
Defined value of a given dimension for reference purposes
Preferred system (in chemistry) is S.I.
Dimension S.I. Unit
Units:
Defined value of a given dimension for reference purposes
Preferred system (in chemistry) is S.I.
Dimension S.I. Unit
Mass kg
Units:
Defined value of a given dimension for reference purposes
Preferred system (in chemistry) is S.I.
Dimension S.I. Unit
Mass kgLength m
Units:
Defined value of a given dimension for reference purposes
Preferred system (in chemistry) is S.I.
Dimension S.I. Unit
Mass kgLength mTime s
Units:
Defined value of a given dimension for reference purposes
Preferred system (in chemistry) is S.I.
Dimension S.I. Unit
Mass kgLength mTime sTemperature K (kelvin)
Units:
Defined value of a given dimension for reference purposes
Preferred system (in chemistry) is S.I.
Dimension S.I. Unit
Mass kgLength mTime sTemperature K (kelvin)Amount of substance mol (mole)
Units:
Defined value of a given dimension for reference purposes
Preferred system (in chemistry) is S.I.
Dimension S.I. Unit
Mass kgLength mTime sTemperature K (kelvin)Amount of substance mol (mole)Current A (ampere)
Units:
Defined value of a given dimension for reference purposes
Preferred system (in chemistry) is S.I.
Dimension S.I. Unit
Mass kgLength mTime sTemperature K (kelvin)Amount of substance mol (mole)Current A (ampere)Luminous intensity cd (candela)
Common S.I. prefixes
Prefix Name Meaning
G giga 109
M mega 106
k kilo 103
d deci 10-1
c centi 10-2
m milli 10-3
Common S.I. prefixes
Prefix Name Meaning
G giga 109
M mega 106
k kilo 103
d deci 10-1
c centi 10-2
m milli 10-3
micro 10-6
n nano 10-9
p pico 10-12
Derived Units
Quantity Definition Derived Unit
Area Length x length m2
Volume Area x length m3
Density Mass/ unit volume kg m-3
Derived Units
Quantity Definition Derived Unit
Area Length x length m2
Volume Area x length m3
Density Mass/ unit volume kg m-3
Speed Distance/ unit time m s-1
Derived Units
Quantity Definition Derived Unit
Area Length x length m2
Volume Area x length m3
Density Mass/ unit volume kg m-3
Speed Distance/ unit time m s-1
Acceleration Change in speed/ m s-2
unit time
Derived Units
Quantity Definition Derived Unit
Area Length x length m2
Volume Area x length m3
Density Mass/ unit volume kg m-3
Speed Distance/ unit time m s-1
Acceleration Change in speed/ m s-2
unit time
Force Mass x acceleration kg m s-2 (newton, N)
Derived Units
Quantity Definition Derived Unit
Area Length x length m2
Volume Area x length m3
Density Mass/ unit volume kg m-3
Speed Distance/ unit time m s-1
Acceleration Change in speed/ m s-2
unit time
Force Mass x acceleration kg m s-2 (newton, N)
Pressure Force/ unit area kg m-1 s-2 (pascal, Pa)
Derived Units
Quantity Definition Derived Unit
Area Length x length m2
Volume Area x length m3
Density Mass/ unit volume kg m-3
Speed Distance/ unit time m s-1
Acceleration Change in speed/ m s-2
unit time
Force Mass x acceleration kg m s-2 (newton, N)
Pressure Force/ unit area kg m-1 s-2 (pascal, Pa)
Energy Force x distance kg m2 s-2 (joule, J )
Difference between mass and amount of substance:
amount of substance is the number of specified entities (e.g. atoms, molecules, etc.)
Difference between mass and amount of substance:
amount of substance is the number of specified entities (e.g. atoms, molecules, etc.)
Entity Number of entities Mass (g)
Hg 6.02 x 1023 atoms 200.59(= 1 mol)
Difference between mass and amount of substance:
amount of substance is the number of specified entities (e.g. atoms, molecules, etc.)
Entity Number of entities Mass (g)
Hg 6.02 x 1023 atoms 200.59(= 1 mol)
KCl 6.02 x 1023 molecules 74.56(= 1 mol)
Difference between mass and amount of substance:
amount of substance is the number of specified entities (e.g. atoms, molecules, etc.)
Entity Number of entities Mass (g)
Hg 6.02 x 1023 atoms 200.59(= 1 mol)
KCl 6.02 x 1023 molecules 74.56(= 1 mol)
SO42- 6.02 x 1023 ions 96.06
(=1 mol)
Accuracy: measure of how close measurement is to its real value
Precision: measure of how close successive measurements are to each other
Accuracy: measure of how close measurement is to its real value
Precision: measure of how close successive measurements are to each other
XXX
Precise & accurate
Accuracy: measure of how close measurement is to its real value
Precision: measure of how close successive measurements are to each other
XXXXX X
Precise Precise& accurate & inaccurate
Accuracy: measure of how close measurement is to its real value
Precision: measure of how close successive measurements are to each other
XXXXX X
X X
X
Precise Precise Imprecise& accurate & inaccurate & inaccurate
Dimensional analysis: a method of reducing physicalquantities to combinations of the 7 basic dimensions
Dimensional analysis: a method of reducing physicalquantities to combinations of the 7 basic dimensions
Q1. Dimensions of pressure?
Dimensional analysis: a method of reducing physicalquantities to combinations of the 7 basic dimensions
Q1. Dimensions of pressure?
A. Pressure = Force/Area and we already know the dimensions of force are MLt-2. Thus the dimensions of pressure are MLt-2/L2 = ML-1t-2.
Dimensional analysis: a method of reducing physicalquantities to combinations of the 7 basic dimensions
Q1. Dimensions of pressure?
A. Pressure = Force/Area and we already know the dimensions of force are MLt-2. Thus the dimensions of pressure are MLt-2/L2 = ML-1t-2.
Q2. Check the validity of the following equation: PV = nR/T, given units of R to be ML2t-2n-1T-1.
Dimensional analysis: a method of reducing physicalquantities to combinations of the 7 basic dimensions
Q1. Dimensions of pressure?
A. Pressure = Force/Area and we already know the dimensions of force are MLt-2. Thus the dimensions of pressure are MLt-2/L2 = ML-1t-2.
Q2. Check the validity of the following equation: PV = nR/T, given units of R to be ML2t-2n-1T-1.
A. Dimensions of L.H.S.: ML-1t-2 . L3 = ML2t-2
Dimensions of R.H.S.: n . ML2t-2n-1T-1 = ML2t-2T-2
Dimensional analysis: a method of reducing physicalquantities to combinations of the 7 basic dimensions
Q1. Dimensions of pressure?
A. Pressure = Force/Area and we already know the dimensions of force are MLt-2. Thus the dimensions of pressure are MLt-2/L2 = ML-1t-2.
Q2. Check the validity of the following equation: PV = nR/T, given units of R to be ML2t-2n-1T-1.
A. Dimensions of L.H.S.: ML-1t-2 . L3 = ML2t-2
Dimensions of R.H.S.: n . ML2t-2n-1T-1 = ML2t-2T-2
Equating both sides does not cancel all terms, thus equation is invalid.
ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Atom:smallest particle of an element which canundergo chemical changes in a reaction
ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Atom:smallest particle of an element which canundergo chemical changes in a reaction
Molecule: smallest particle of a compound which can exist and still retain the chemical properties of the compound.
Structure of the Atom
Size: 0.1 to 0.5 nanometers (1nm = 1x10-9m)
Mass: H atom = 1.67x10-24g = 1.008 atomic mass units (a.m.u.)
Structure of the Atom
Size: 0.1 to 0.5 nanometers (1nm = 1x10-9m)
Mass: H atom = 1.67x10-24g = 1.008 atomic mass units (a.m.u.)
C atom = 2x10-23g = 12.000 a.m.u.
Structure of the Atom
Size: 0.1 to 0.5 nanometers (1nm = 1x10-9m)
Mass: H atom = 1.67x10-24g = 1.008 atomic mass units (a.m.u.)
C atom = 2x10-23g = 12.000 a.m.u.
Electrical charge: neutral
Structure of the Atom
Size: 0.1 to 0.5 nanometers (1nm = 1x10-9m)
Mass: H atom = 1.67x10-24g = 1.008 atomic mass units (a.m.u.)
C atom = 2x10-23g = 12.000 a.m.u.
Electrical charge: neutral
Composition: contains electrons, protons, and, with the exception of hydrogen, neutrons.
Structure of the Atom
Size: 0.1 to 0.5 nanometers (1nm = 1x10-9m)
Mass: H atom = 1.67x10-24g = 1.008 atomic mass units (a.m.u.)
C atom = 2x10-23g = 12.000 a.m.u.
Electrical charge: neutral
Composition: contains electrons, protons, and, with the exception of hydrogen, neutrons.
Particle Mass (a.m.u.) Charge e- 0.0005 -1
Structure of the Atom
Size: 0.1 to 0.5 nanometers (1nm = 1x10-9m)
Mass: H atom = 1.67x10-24g = 1.008 atomic mass units (a.m.u.)
C atom = 2x10-23g = 12.000 a.m.u.
Electrical charge: neutral
Composition: contains electrons, protons, and, with the exception of hydrogen, neutrons.
Particle Mass (a.m.u.) Charge e- 0.0005 -1 p+ 1.007 +1
Structure of the Atom
Size: 0.1 to 0.5 nanometers (1nm = 1x10-9m)
Mass: H atom = 1.67x10-24g = 1.008 atomic mass units (a.m.u.)
C atom = 2x10-23g = 12.000 a.m.u.
Electrical charge: neutral
Composition: contains electrons, protons, and, with the exception of hydrogen, neutrons.
Particle Mass (a.m.u.) Charge e- 0.0005 -1 p+ 1.007 +1 n 1.009 0
Structure of the Atom
Size: 0.1 to 0.5 nanometers (1 nm = 1 x 10-9 m)
Nucleus Electron clouds
~ 2 x 10-10 m
Structure of the Atom
Size: 0.1 to 0.5 nanometers (1 nm = 1 x 10-9 m)
Nucleus Electron clouds
~ 5 x 10-15 m
~ 2 x 10-10 m
Structure of the Atom
Size: 0.1 to 0.5 nanometers (1 nm = 1 x 10-9 m)
Nucleus Electron clouds
~ 5 x 10-15 m
~ 2 x 10-10 m
Nucleus- consists of protons and neutrons
“Life-sized” model of the atom
“Scaled up” electron mass
Electron = 0.0005 a.m.u. Proton = 1.0070 a.m.u.
“Life-sized” model of the atom
“Scaled up” electron mass
Electron = 0.0005 a.m.u. Proton = 1.0070 a.m.u.“Model proton” = 65 kg “Model electron” = 32 g
“Life-sized” model of the atom
“Scaled up” electron mass
Electron = 0.0005 a.m.u. Proton = 1.0070 a.m.u.“Model proton” = 65 kg “Model electron” = 32 g
“Scaled up” atomic radius
Nuclear diameter = 5 x 10-15m Atomic diameter = 2 x 10-10 m
“Life-sized” model of the atom
“Scaled up” electron mass
Electron = 0.0005 a.m.u. Proton = 1.0070 a.m.u.“Model proton” = 65 kg “Model electron” = 32 g
“Scaled up” atomic radius
Nuclear diameter = 5 x 10-15m Atomic diameter = 2 x 10-10 m “Model nucleus” radius = 1 m “Model atomic” radius = 40 km
“Life-sized” model of the atom
“Scaled up” electron mass
Electron = 0.0005 a.m.u. Proton = 1.0070 a.m.u.“Model proton” = 65 kg “Model electron” = 32 g
“Scaled up” atomic radius
Nuclear diameter = 5 x 10-15m Atomic diameter = 2 x 10-10 m “Model nucleus” radius = 1 m “Model atomic” radius = 40 km
Q. A speck of carbon contains ca. 1019 atoms and the diameter of a carbon atom is 1.5 x 10-10 m. If the circumference of the earth is 40,075 km, how many times around the earth would a line of single carbon atoms extend?
“Life-sized” model of the atom
“Scaled up” electron mass
Electron = 0.0005 a.m.u. Proton = 1.0070 a.m.u.“Model proton” = 65 kg “Model electron” = 32 g
“Scaled up” atomic radius
Nuclear diameter = 5 x 10-15m Atomic diameter = 2 x 10-10 m “Model nucleus” radius = 1 m “Model atomic” radius = 40 km
Q. A speck of carbon contains ca. 1019 atoms and the diameter of a carbon atom is 1.5 x 10-10 m. If the circumference of the earth is 40,075 km, how many times around the earth would a line of single carbon atoms extend?
A. Length = 1019 x 1.5 x 10-10 m = 1.5 x 109 m.
# times = 1.5 x 109/40075 x 103 = 37.4
Atomic number:number of protons in an atom. Symbol: Z
Atomic mass: mass of an atom in a.m.u. (number of protons + neutrons in an atom). Symbol: A
Atomic number:number of protons in an atom. Symbol: Z
Atomic mass: mass of an atom in a.m.u. (number of protons + neutrons in an atom). Symbol: A
Atom e- p+ n Z A (a.m.u.)
H 1 1 0 1 1.008
Li 3 3 4 3 7.016
C 6 6 6 6 12.000
U 92 92 146 92 238.05
Conventional Notation for Chemical Symbols
Cl35
17
-
2
Mass number Number and sign of charge
Atomic number Number of atoms in entity
Conventional Notation for Chemical Symbols
Cl35
17
-
2
Mass number Number and sign of charge
Atomic number Number of atoms in entity
Examples: He42 OH- CO
32-
Ions: atoms or molecules which have gained or lost oneor more electrons
Isotopes: atoms of the same element which have different masses, i.e. different numbers of neutrons
Ions: atoms or molecules which have gained or lost oneor more electrons
Isotopes: atoms of the same element which have different masses, i.e. different numbers of neutrons
Examples of ions: H+ H- NO3-
Ions: atoms or molecules which have gained or lost oneor more electrons
Isotopes: atoms of the same element which have different masses, i.e. different numbers of neutrons
Examples of ions: H+ H- NO3-
Examples of isotopes: H11
H12
H31
Hydrogen
Deuterium
Tritium