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TERMODINAMIKA
IR.SUGIYANTO, M.TIR.SUGIYANTO, M.T
Oleh:Oleh:
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BAB I KONSEP DASAR TERMODINAMIKA
1. HUKUM TERMODINAMIKA PERTAMA.2. HUKUM TERMODINAMIKA KEDUA.
Prinsip h!" #er"$%in&"i!& %i'n&!&n p&%&per&n(&n'&n "$#$r)"$#$r *&!&r, #r*in, "esinpen%in'in +Refrigerator, boiler, !$"pres$r, pes&-#er*&n' %&n l&in)l&in.
Ter"$%in&"i!& &%&l&h il" &n' "e"pel&/&rih*n'&n +per#!&r&n &n#&r& p&n&s %en'&n !er/&.
H*n'&n #erse*# %i%&s&r!&n p&%& %& h!" %&s&r#her"$%in&"i!&, &i#:
SISTEM TERMODINAMIKA
P&%& pe"*&h&s&n #er"$%in&"i!&, *en%& !er/&&n' %i"&!s%!&n %ise*# %en'&n sistem. H&l#erse*# n#! "e"is&h!&n *en%& !er/& %en'&nse!elilin'n&.De0nisi %&ri sis#e" &%&l&h: s *&s&n &n'%ip&!&i n#! "enn/!!&n s *en%& !er/& %&l&"
per"!&&n #er##p.
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Is#il&h per"!&&n #er##p %&p *erp&per"!&&n #er##p !h&&l&n +imaginary &*erp& per"!&&n #er##p se*en&rn&.
U%&r& %i!$"presi %i %&l&" silin%er:%&l&" h&l ini sis#e" &%&l&h %&r&&n' %i!$"presi %&n per"!&&n#er##p &%&l&h silin%er +#er##pse*en&rn&.
%&r&
silin%er
Se*$n'!&h es #er&pn' %i &s &ir:%&l&" h&l ini sis#e" &%&l&h es&n' #er&pn' %&n per"!&&n#er##p &%&l&h *erp& &ir+#er##p !h&&l&n.
es
&ir
Se*$n'!&h es %&n &ir %i %&l&"#&n'!i: %&l&" h&l ini sis#e" &%&l&hes %&n &ir, per"!&&n #er##p&%&l&h *erp& per"!&&n &n'%i*&si #&n'!i +#er##pse*en&rn&.
&ires
#&n'
!i
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SISTEM TERTUTUP DAN TERBUKA
i!& ener'i #i%&! %&p %i!en&!&n !e sis#e", "&!&sis#e" %&l&" !e&%&&n %iis$l&si se"prn&.
Sis#e" #er##p
Sis#e" #er##p, &i# /"l&h"&ss& sis#e" p&%& per"!&&n#er##p #e#&p, #i%&! #er%&p
"&ss& sis#e" &n' !el&r, #e#&piener'i &n' *erp& !er/& &p&n&s %&p %i!en&!&n p&%&sis#e".Sis#e" #er##p %&n $l"e !$ns#&n
SISTEM TERTUTUP
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SISTEM TERTUTUP DAN TERBUKA
Sis#e" #er##p
Sis#e" #er##p, &i#/"l&h "&ss& sis#e" p&%&per"!&&n #er##p #e#&p,#i%&! #er%&p "&ss&sis#e" &n' !el&r, #e#&pi
ener'i &n' *erp& !er/&& p&n&s %&p %i!en&!&np&%& sis#e".
Sis#e" #er##p %&n $l"e*er*&h
Pis#$n %&p *er'er&!
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SISTEM TERTUTUP DAN TERBUKA
SISTEM TERBUKA
Sis#e" #er*!& #er/&%i p&%& %&er&h spesi0!, &i#&lir&n "&ss& & $l"e 3i%& p&%& "esin,seper#i Tr*in, K$"pres$r & N$4el.
"in "$#
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KOORDINAT DAN KEADAAN SISTEM
P&%& pe"*&h&s&n #er"$%in&"i!&: $l"e +5,
#e"perr +T, #e!&n&n +p, !er&p&n +density 6%&n l&in)l&in %ise*# se*&'&i !$$r%in sis#e".
Ke&%&&n sis#e" #er'&n#n' p&%& !$$r%insis#e" +5, T, p , *il& !$$r%in sis#e"*er*&h "&!& !e&%&&n sis#e" /'& &!&n*er*&h.D&l&" #er"$%in&"i!&, *es&r&n sis#e" &%&l&h:
1. Bes&r&n e7#ensi8 %ipen'&rhi $leh "&ss& &"$le sis#e", "is&l: $l"e, !&p&si#&s p&n&s, !er/&
%&n l&in)l&in.2. Bes&r&n in#ensi8 #i%&! %ipen'&rhi "&ss& & "$lesis#e", "is&l: #e!&n&n, #e"perr, !er&p&n %&nl&in)l&in.
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Un#! "enen#!&n *es&r&n in#ensi8 & e7#ensi8%&p %i'n&!&n pe"is&h&n "en/&%i %& *&'i&n%&ri !e&%&&n sis#e".
Bes&r&n in#ensi8, &i# /i!& *es&r&n #erse*#
"&sih #e#&p s&"& p&%& %& *&'i&n %&ri sis#e".
Bes&r&n e7n#ensi8, &i# /i!& *es&r&n #erse*#*er*&h +"is&l "en/&%i se#en'&h %&ri !$n%isi&-&l p&%& %& *&'i&n %&ri sis#e".
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D&ri *es&r&n e7#ensi8, %iper$leh h&r'&)h&r'& spe00!+specic value %&n h&r'&)h&r'& "$l&r +molal specicvalue %&ri s sis#e" +*en%& !er/&.
sistemmassa
extensifBesaranspesifikNilai =
K$$r%in
sis#e"1. 5$l"e /enis & $l"e spesi0!5$l"e spesi0! +specic volume &%&l&hper*&n%in'&n &n#&r& $l"e %en'&n "&ss& %&risis#e".
= lb
ft
kg
m
m
Vv
33
;
"+"&ss&
5+$l"e
silin%er
sis#e"
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2. 5$l"e spesi0! "$l&r5$l"e spesi0! "$l&r +molal spesic volume 9&%&l&h per*&n%in'&n &n#&r& $l"e %en'&n /"l&h
"$le %&ri sis#e".
sistemmolejumlah
extensifbesaranmolarjenisNilai =
=
molelbft
molekgm
nVv
33
;*
5$l"e+5
M$le+n
T&*n'
sis#e"
9: $l"e /enis "$l&r +";!')"$le < 8#;=*")"$le
5 : 5$l"e +"< 8#
n : /"l&h "$le +'r&") "$le < !') "$le
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SUBSTITUSI RUMUS:
sistemmolekulberatBMBM
mn == ;
"l&h "$le &%&l&h per*&n%in'&n &n#&r&"&ss& %en'&n *er "$le!l %&ri si#e"
m
VBM
BM
m
V
v
.
* ==
m
Vv =
vBMv .* =
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>. Ker&p&n "&ss&Ker&p&n "&ss& +density, 6 &%&l&h per*&n%in'&n&n#&r& "&ss& %en'&n $l"e sis#e".
=
33 ;
ft
lb
m
kg
V
m
m
VBM
v
.
* =
BM
v = *
m
Vv =v1=
5&ri&si %ensi# '&s #erh&%&p #e!&n&n %&n #e"perr,Te!&n&n n&i! %ensi# n&i!Te"perr n&i! %ensi# #rn.Un#! s$li% & li?i% *er#e!&n&n, %ensi# h&"pir!$ns#&n.
Ker&p&n "&ss& 6 +rh$ "erp&!&n !e*&li!&n%&ri $l"e spesi0! %&ri sis#e".
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@. Spesi0! Gr&i#Spesi0! 'r&i# +SG &%&l&h per*&n%in'&n &n#&r&densitysis#e" %en'&n densitype"*&n%in'. Nil&i
densitype"*&n%in' n#! li?i% &%&l&h &ir p&%e"perr @ +1 !';"> %&n n#! '&s &%&l&h%ensi# %&r& +2C,@ !';">
Un#! li?i%
OH
sistemsistemSG
2
=
D&ri nil&i SG %&p %i!e#&hi *en%& !er/& +sis#e""en'&pn' %i %&l&" &ir, /i!& nil&i SG 1.
Nil&i Spesi0! 'r&i# %&ri *e*er&p& li?i%
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F. Ber spesi0! +Spesi0( ei'h#Ber spesi0! &%&l&h *er s sis#e" per s&n$l"e.
= 3. mN
gsistem
N$#&si ' &%&l&h 'r&i#&si *"i .. ";s2
ONTOH SOA: KEADAAN SISTEM
O2
" @ !'
5 ,J">
silin%er
S silin%er "e"pn&i $l"e, 5 ,J", *erisi O2+$!si'en %en'&n "&ss&, "
@ !'. Ten#!&n & $l"e spesi0!, *$l"e spesi0! "$l&r, ( /"l&h "$le %&n
% %ensi# %&ri O2%i %&l&" silin%er
Peneles&i&n:& 5$l"espesi0!, kg
m
m
Vv
3
15,04
6,0 ===
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* 5$l"e spesi0! "$l&r, 9 BM.
molekg
mv
==3
8,415,0.32*
BM: *er "$le!l, BM O2 1J +2 >2
( "l&h "$le,
125,032
4
2
===OBM
mn
% Densi#,
3666,6
15,0
11
m
kg
v===
O2
" @ !'
5 ,J">
silin%er
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J. Te!&n&n +pressure, p
Bil& per"!&&n s 4 +p&%, (&ir %&n '&s"eneri"& '&&)'&& l&r "&!& *&'i&n per"!&&n
4 &n' "eneri"& '&& #e'&! lrs &!&n "en'&l&"i#e!&n&n.Te!&n&n &%&l&h '&& #e'&! lrs p&%&per"!&&n %i*&'i l&s pen&"p&n'n&.
= 2222 ;;;
inlb
ftb
mN
cmkg
AF
: '&& &n' *e!er/&
A : l&s pen&"p&n'
[ ]ascalam
N=
2
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Se(&r& "", pen'!r&n "en''n&!&n s&n !P& &1 !P& 1 P&1Mp& 1 !P& 1JP&
S&n #e!&n&n l&in &n' *i&s& %i'n&!&n &%&l&h *&r.1 *&r 1FP& ,1 Mp& 1 !P&
S&n "$s0r s#&n%&r:
1 & 11>2F P& 11,>2F !P& 1,1>2F *&r
Bes&r #e!&n&n &*s$l# #er'&n#n' *es&rne!&n&n pen'!r&n p&%& "&n$"e#er +gauge
pressure p&%& sis#e".
D&l&" #er"$%in&"i!&, #e!&n&n +p ""n&sel&l %in&!&n %&l&" h&r'& &*s$l#, /&%i#e!&n&n +p "en&!&n #e!&n&n &*s$l# %&risis#e";4.
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Bil& #e!&n&n pen'!r&n +gauge pressure sis#e"%i &s #e!&n&n "$s0r, "&!&:
P &*s$l# P pen'!r&n L P "$s0r
Bil& #e!&n&n pen'!r&n +gauge pressure sis#e" %i*&-&h #e!&n&n "$s0r, "&!&:
P &*s$l# P "$s0r P pen'!r&n
Te!&n&n pen'!r&n +"&n$"e#er
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Gr&0! per*&n%in'&n Te!&n&n"$s0r, &*s$l# %&n
pen'!r&n
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M&s!
Kel&r
Peneles&i&n:
Sisi "&s!, #e!&n&n !er/&%i *&-&h #e!&n&n"$s0r:
P&*s P" P'&'e 1@, F,
psi&
Sisi !el&r, #e!&n&n !er/& %i &s #e!&n&n"$s0r:P&*s P"L P '&'e 1@, L > @@,
psi&
Bl$-er %&r& *er$per&si p&%& #e!&n&n his&p+suction pressure psi' %&n #e!&n&n !el&r
+discharge pressure > psi'. Hi#n' #e!&n&n&*s$l# %&r& p&%& sisi his&p %&n sisi !el&r.
ONTOH SOA: TEKANAN ABSOUT
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Te!&n&n "$s0r "&n$"e#er & "$s0r #e!ni!:
22 000.1011 m
kg
cm
kg
atm ==
Te!&n&n "$s0r *&r$"e#er & "$s0r &*s$l#&%&l&h #e!&n&n "$s0r r&)r& p&%& per"!&&n &ir
l, &i# p&%& !e#in''i&n J "" !$l$" &ir r&!s&+H' %&n #e"perr .
Densi# H' 1>,FJ !';%" ,1>FF !';("
1 & ,1>FF !';(" 7 J (" 1,>>2 !';("
1 & 1,>>2 "
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1 & J "" H' +p&%&
)0(6,7350332,1
760
11
0
2 !pa"aHgmmcm
kg
atm ===i!& #e"perr n&i!, "&!& #in''i !$l$" H' /'&n&i!, "&!& #e!&n&n &*s$l# *&r$"e#er p&%e"perr %&p %iseles&i!&n %en'&n r"s
e!speri"en:B B +1 ,12 #
B: #in''i !$l$" H' &!#&l p&%& # B: pe"*&(&&n #in''i !$l$" H' p&%&
D&l&" h&l ini, #e!&n&n %&r& "$s0r &%&l&h:
=
2
0
6,735 cm
kgBp
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Un#! !$n%isi #e!&n&n &n' ren%&h, pen'!r&n"en''n&!&n #in''i !$l$" &ir. Tin''i !$l$" &ir&%&l&h 1>,FF !&li le*ih *es&r %&ri #in''i !$l$"
H'. 1 "" H' 1>,FF "" H2O
Sehin''&: 1 & J "" H' 1>,FF 7 J 1.>>2 ""
H2O
1,>>2 "" H2O
&%i: 1 " 1 " H2O
H&sil pen'!r&n &n' *&'s h&n& n#! &ir
*er#e"perr @, #e#&pi p&%& !$n%isi &!#&lpen''n&&n #in''i !$l$" &ir h&n& n#!pen'!r&n #e!&n&n &n' ren%&h, sehin''&!$re!si #e"perr %&p %i&*&i!&n.
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D&l&" s&n British, #e!&n&n &*s$l# %&n#e!&n&n pen'!r&n "&sin' ) "&sin'
%in&!&n %&l&"psia+pound per square inchabsolut %&npsig+pound per square inchgauge.
1 "$s0r &*s$l# 1,1>2F 7 1FN;"2
1@, l*;in2
1.>>2 !';"2
1,>>2 !';(" J "" H'
2,2 in H' 1,>22 " H2O
TEKANAN
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Te!&n&n s#e&" *$iler %i "&n$"e#er "enn/!!&n C!';(". Ten#!&n #e!&n&n &*s$l# s#e&" /i!& p&%&
*&r$"e#er %i r&n'&n "enn/!!&n #in''i !$l$" "" H' p&%& # 2F.Peneles&i&n:
Te!&n&n *&r$"e#er p&%& # &%&l&h:
B +1 ,12 7 2F J "" H'
6,735
697=pTe!&n&n %&r& "$s0r:
Te!&n&n &*s$l# s#e&": atap 947,86,735
6978 =+=
ONTOH SOA: TEKANAN ABSOUT
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. Te"perr +T
S!&l& #e"perr "#l&! &%& %& "&(&"&i#:D&l&" s&n in#ern&si$n&l:
T&*s 2> L T Q. +K Kelin
D&l&" s&n Bri#ish:
T&*s @J L T Q +R R&n!ine
( ) 000 325
9 += !#F# ( )000 329
5 = F#!#
Ter%&p *es&r&n #e"perr "enr# s!&l&,&i#:
KE5IN, EIUS, RANKINE %&n ARENHEIT.
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H*n'&n &n#&r& s!&l& #e"perr !elin,(el(is, r&n!ine %&n 8&renhei# &%&l&h se*&'&i*eri!# :
Ti#i! %i%ih +steampoint
Ti#i! *e! +icepoint
N$l &*s$l# +absolutezero
R K
>>J2 212 1
) @J
@2 >2 2>
) 2>
Ke#er&n'&n:
1. >2 2>K @2R
2. 1 212 >>K J2R
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$n#$h s$&l:
$% 0
672)373(5
9373
==
%$ 273)492(9
5492
0 ==
F! 00 21232)100(5
9100 =+=
!F 00
3,93)32200(9
5200 ==
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1 Se*&h T&*n', $l"e 1F 8# *erisi Ni#r$'en
%en'&n "&ss& 1 l*". Hi#n' $l"espesi0!, $l"e spesi0! "$l&r, /"l&h "$le%&n %ensi# ni#r$'en %&l&" #&*n'.
2 K$"pres$r %&r& *er$per&si p&%& #e!&n&n!el&r @ !';(" '&'e, hi#n' #e!&n&n&*s$l#n&, /i!& #e!&n&n *&r$"e#er %i
r&n'&n 2 ""H', >.> Di In%$nesi&, #e"perr %&r& lin'!n'&n >F, n&!&n #e"perr #erse*# %&l&"s&n , K %&n R.
@ Te"perr &ir 1J, n&!&n #e"perr#erse*# %&l&" s&n , K %&n R.
F Te"perr '&s J>JR, n&!&n#e"perr #erse*# %&l&" s&n , %&nK.
TUGAS +HOME WOR
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BAB II. HUKUM DASAR TENTANGGAS
PERSAMAAN KEADAAN GAS IDEA+GAS SEMPURNA
D&l&" #er"$%in&"i!&, '&s &n' %iper'n&!&nse*&'&i *en%& !er/& %i&n''&p *ersi8 se*&'&i '&si%e&l. H&l ini %ise*&*!&n si8)si8 '&s i%e&lh&n& *er*e%& se%i!i# %&ri si8)si8 '&sse*en&rn&.
H*n'&n &ri&*el per*&h&n !e&%&&n '&s;4&n' "elip#i #e!&n&n +p, $l"e +5 %&n
#e"perr +T, %ipen'&rhi $leh si8 '&s i#sen%iri.Pers&"&&n !e&%&&n '&s &%&l&h h*n'&n&ri&*el !e&%&&n +p, 5 , T %en'&n "&ss& +"'&s.
!as ideal +se"prn& &%&l&h '&s &n' #en&'&i! "$le!l)"$le!ln& %&p %i&*&i!&n. &%ise#i&p '&s, /i!& #en&'& i! "$le!l)"$le!ln&%&p %i&*&i!&n #er'$l$n' %&l&" '&s i%e&l.
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P. R. T
Ke#er&n'&n:P : Te!&n&n &*s$l# +N;"2 < +l*;in2 ;!') "$le < +8#>;l*")"$leR: !$ns#. '&s niers&l +/$le;!')"$le K< +8#.l*;l*")
"$le
RH*n'&n &n#&r& !$ns#&n#& '&s +R %&n!$ns#&n#& '&s niers&l R &%&l&h:
BM
$$ 0= BM *er "$le!l '&s
+!';!')"$le < +l*";l*")
"$le
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Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l n#! se#i&p s&n "$le&%&l&h :
P. 9 R T
#
vp$
*.0=
KONSTANTA GAS UNI5ERSA +RO
H!" '&s i%e&l, p&%& !$n%isi s#&n%&r, T 2> K+, #e!&n&n 1 "$s0r &*s$l# +J "" H',
se#i&p !')"$le '&s "e"pn&i $l"e spesi0!"$l&r, 9 22,@ "
Bil& 1 "$s0r 1,1>2F . 1FN;","&!&:
%
molekg
m
m
N
$ 273
4,22.10.01325,13
2
5
0
=
R C.>1@ N";!')"$le
K
R C.>1@ $le;!')"$le
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i!& 1 "$s0r 1.>>2 !';","&!&:
%
molekg
m
m
kg
$273
4,22.332.10
3
2
0
=
R C@C !'";!')"$le
K
Bes&r&n !$ns#&n#& '&s niers&l R %&l&" s&n
Bri#his:
$molelbm
lbft
$ 00 ..
.
545.1=
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%molekg
Nm$
.314.80
=
%molekg
mkg$
.
.848
0 =
$molelbmlbft$
00 ..545.1
=
Bes&r&n !$ns#&n#& '&s niers&l R %&l&" s&n
*er*e%&:
KONSTANTA GAS UNI5ERSA +RO
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Gas Berat
molekul
R (kgm/kg K) R (ft-lb/lbm R)
Udara 28,9 29,77 5,5
!"2 ## $9,25 5,$2
%2
2 #2&,7 7'',5
2 28 &,2' 55,$5
"2 2 2',5 #8,
%elum %e # 2$2 8',
*mo+ak % $7 #9,7' 9&,77
eta+e !%# $' 52,9 9',#
ONTOH TABE HARGA R BEBERAPA GAS
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P. 5 ". R. T
Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l %en'&n "e"perhi#n'!&n"&ss& +":
P : Tekanan absolut (N/m2 atau Pa)V : volume sistem /gas (m3)R : Konstanta gas (Nm/kg K)T : Temperatur absolut gas (K)m : massa sistem (kg)
P : Tekanan absolut (kg/m2)V : volume sistem /gas (m3)
R : Konstanta gas (kgm/kg K)T : Temperatur absolut gas
(K)m : massa sistem (kg)
S&n &n' %i'n&!&n:
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P. 5 ". R. T
Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l %en'&n "e"perhi#n'!&n"&ss& +":
5$l"e,
#$
Vpm
.
.=
V
#$mp
..=
$m
Vp#
.
.=
p
#$mV
..=
#m
Vp$
.
.= #$
p
V
m
.==
D&ri pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l %i &s, %&p%i#en#!&n:
K$ns#&n#&'&s,
Densi#,
Te"perr,
Te!&n&n,
M&ss&,
ONTOH SOA HUKUM DASAR
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ONTOH SOA: HUKUM DASARGAS
Peneles&i&n:Un#! '&s hi%r$'en, R @2,
!'";!' K +lih #&*el
%kg
kgm
HM
$$ 424
2
848
2
0 ===
" 1,@!'
T 2F
T&*n',H2
p 2&
5
H*n'&n R %&nRO:
1. Se*&h T&*n' hi%r$'en, "&ss& hi%r$'en 1,@!' %&n #e!&n&n 2 "$s0r &*s$l# +& ser#&
#e"perr 2F. Hi#n' $l"e hi%r$'en%&l&" #&*n'.
H&r'& R @2, !';!' K, !&ren&*er "$le!! H2 #i%&! persis
2
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40
T 2F L 2> 2C K
P 2 & 2. +1.>>2!';"
" 1,@ !'
3
2 5,8332.10)2(
298)7,420(4,1..m
p
#$mVH ===
5$l"e hi%r$'en %&l&" #&*n',
Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l: p. 5 ". R. T
" 1,@!'
T 2F
T&*n',H2
p 2&
5
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Peneles&i&n:G&s $!si'en, R 2J,F !'";!'K +lih #&*el
%kg
kgm
OM
$$ 5,26
32
848
2
0 ===
H*n'&n R %&n RO:
" !'
T 2
T&*n',O2
p @
&
2. Se*&h T&*n' !&p&si#&s 1 li#er, %iisi$!si'en s&"p&i #e!&n&n @ & %&n #e"perr 2. Hi#n' "&ss& $!si'en %&l&" #&*n'
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kg#$
Vpm 322,5
)293(5,26
)1,0(332.10.40
.
.===
M&ss& $!si'en %&l&" #&*n',
Pers&"&&n '&si%e&l:
p. 5 ". R. T
T 2 L 2>K 2> K
P @ & @. 1.>>2!';"
5 1 l# 1 %">
,1">
" !'
T 2
T&*n',O2
p @&
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43
>. M&ss& '&s Ni#r$'en +N2 11,2 !' %i(&"pr
%en'&n C !' '&s O!si'en +O2 %&n %i/&'& p&%&
#e"perr 2F, #e!&n&n 1,F *&r. Ten#!&n
#e!&n&n p&rsi&l %&ri !e%& '&s %&n #en#!&n$l"e (&"pr&n '&s #erse*#.
5
T 2F
N2L O2
p 1,F *&r
Peneles&i&n:
"l&h "$le
N2:
molekgBM
mn
N
=== 4,028
2,11
2
molekgBM
mn
O
=== 25,032
8
2
"l&h "$le
O2:
"l&h "$le (&"pr&n N2L O2 ,@ L ,2F ,JF !')"$le
T 2F 2CK
P 1,F *&r 1F!';"2
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44
5
T 2F
N2L O2
p 1,F *&r
r!&si N2%&l&"
(&"pr&n:
%615,065,0
4,02 ==N&
&%i, #e!&n&n p&rsi&l O2, P ,>CF +1,F *&r ,FF *&r.
%385,065,025,02 ==O&r!&si O2%&l&"
(&"pr&n:
&%i, #e!&n&n p&rsi&l N2, P ,J1F +1,F *&r
,22F *&r.
P. 5 n. R. T
30 95,1015000
298.848.65,0..m
#$nV ===
Pers&"&&n '&si%e&l:
%kgmole
mkg$
.
.848
0=
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45
T @K
O2
p 2!P&
@. Se*&h #&n'!i 5 J ">, *erisi $!si'en p&%e!&n&n &*s$l# 2 !P&, #e"perr @K. G&s$!si'en %i*&n' perl&h&n hin''& #e!&n&n %i %&l&"#&n'!i #rn "en/&%i 11 !P& &*s$l# +#e"perr!$ns#&n. Ten#!&n "&ss& $!si'en &n' #erin''&l %i%&l&" #&n'!i %&n "&ss& $!si'en &n' %i*&n'. i!e"perr $!si'en %i %&l&" #&n'!i #rn "en/&%i1, #en#!&n #e!&n&n &!hir $!si'en %i %&l&"#&n'!i.
Peneles&i&n:P1 2 !P& 2. P&
Pers&"&&n '&s
i%e&l:
P. 5 ". R.T
%kgNm
OM$$ 260
328314
2
0 ===
P2 11 !P& 11. P&
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46
kg#$
Vpm 35,6
)400(260
6.110000
.
.22 ===
M&ss& O2&n' #er#in''&l %i %&l&"
#&n'!i:
kg#$
Vpm 54,11
)400(260
6.200000
.
.11 ===
M&ss& O2p&%& !$n%isi
&-&l:
M&ss& O2&n' %i*&n' 11,F@ J,>F
F,1 !'
P&%& !$n%isi &!hir, "&ss& $!si'en "> "2J,>F !' %&n T> 1 2C>K. Te!&n&n &!hir:
aV
#$mp 77872
6
283.260.35,6.. 333 ===
T @K
O2
p 2!P&
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47
1 B&n sepe%&,#e!&n&n %&r& %i*&si "&!si"" 22 !P& +'&'e $leh relie8 &le. S& "l&iper/&l&n&n, B&n %i*eri #e!&n&n 2 !P& +'&'e%&n #e"perr 2>. Sel&"& "ene"phper/&l&n&n, #e"perr %&r& %i %&l&" B&n n&i!"en(&p&i C>. i!& "&sin')"&sin' B&n &%&"&ss& %&r& ,11 !', #en#!&n "&ss& %&r&&n' hil&n' "el&li relie8 &le p&%& "&sin')"&sin' B&n $leh !&ren& !ele*ih&n #e!&n&n %&n
#en#!&n #e!&n&n %&r& %i %&l&" B&n se"perr %&r& !e"*&li 2>.
2 M&ss& hi%r$'en %&l&" #&*n' J l*", #e!&n&n > psi& %&n #e"perr F , hi#n'$l"e hi%r$'en %i %&l&" #&*n', s&n 8#>.
> B &r#i!el #en#&n' pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l %&n
*eri!&n ($n#$h perhi#n'&nn&.
TUGAS +HOME WOR
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48
PERUBAHAN KEADAAN GASIDEA
P&%& !$n%isi #er#en# #er%&p *e*er&p&"&(&" pr$ses per*&h&n !e&%&&n is#i"e-&
'&s i%e&l, %i&n#&r&n& &i#:
1. Pr$sesIs$#her"&l;is$#her"is,
2. Pr$ses is$"e#ri(;is$(h$ris,
>. Pr$ses is$*&ri(,
@. Pr$ses &%i&*i(;isen#r$pi(.
i!& sis#e" +'&s "ener&p & "elep&s
p&n&s, "&!& #er/&%i per*&h&n p&%& #e!&n&n,#e"perr %&n $l"e se(&r& si"l#&n.
1 Pr$ses Is$#her"&l;is$#her"is
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49
1. Pr$ses Is$#her"&l;is$#her"is. Per*&h&n !e&%&&n '&s p&%& #e"perr
!$ns#&n.
G&s %i"&s!!&n !e %&l&" silin%er#$r&!. Ke&%&&n '&s %ir*&h %&ri!e&%&&n 1 !e !e&%&&n 2 %en'&n"ene!&n #$r&!. Te"perr '&s%i/&'& !$ns#&n %en'&n"en%in'in!&n;"e"&n&s!&n silin%er.Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l p . R .TUn#! T !$ns#&n, "&!& p . !$ns#&n
p1. 1 p2.
2
1
2
2
1
v
v
p
p=&
'&s
Di&'r&" pP
12
1
2
T!$ns#&n
p1
p2
2 1
2. Pr$ses is$"e#ri(;is$(h$ris
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50
2. Pr$ses is$"e#ri(;is$(h$ris Per*&h&n !e&%&&n '&s p&%& $l"e
!$ns#&n.
Ke&%&&n '&s %ir*&h %&ri !e&%&&n 1
!e !e&%&&n 2 %en'&n "e"&n&s!&nsilin%er, #$r&! %i#&h&n sp&& /&n'&n*er'er&! sehin''& $l"e '&s%&l&" silin%er #e#&p !$ns#&n %&n#e!&n&n n&i!.
Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l, p . R. TUn#! !$ns#&n, "&!&:
!
v
$
#
==
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
#
#
p
patau
#
p
#
p ==
: !$ns#&n
Di&'r&" p)
1
2P2
P1
5 !$ns#&n
5
P
'&s
> i * i
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51
>. Pr$ses is$*&ri(Per*&h&n !e&%&&n '&s p&%& #e!&n&n
!$ns#&n.Ke&%&&n '&s %ir*&h %&ri !e&%&&n 1
!e !e&%&&n 2 %en'&n "e"&n&s!&nsilin%er, #$r&! %i* *e*&s *er'er&!sehin''& #e!&n&n '&s %&l&" silin%er%i/&'& !$ns#&n.
Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l p .
R . TUn#! p !$ns#&n,"&!&:
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
#
#
v
vatau
#
v
#
v ==
!p
$
#
v==
Di&'r&" p)
1 2P1 P2
51
5
P
52
'&s
21
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52
pp
Is$#her"isIs$#her"is
Is$*&ri(Is$*&ri(
Is$"e#ri(Is$"e#ri(
Per"!&&n p))T '&s i%e&lPer"!&&n p))T '&s i%e&l
PERUBAHAN KEADAAN GAS
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53
G&*n'&n pr$ses is$#her"&l %&nis$*&ri( "en'h&sil!&n pers&"&&nses&i %en'&n h!" BOYE GAYUSSA, &i#:
2
22
1
11 ..#vp
#vp =
PERUBAHAN KEADAAN GASIDEA
2
1
22
11
.
.##
vpvp =
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AMPURAN GAS
K$"p$sisi (&"pr&n '&s %&p %i#en#!&nK$"p$sisi (&"pr&n '&s %&p %i#en#!&n
*er%&s&r!&n "&ss& & $l"e. Persen#&se*er%&s&r!&n "&ss& & $l"e. Persen#&se
!$"p$nen '&s +' *er%&s&r!&n "&ss& &%&l&h:!$"p$nen '&s +' *er%&s&r!&n "&ss& &%&l&h:
;;;; 33
2
2
1
1m
mg
m
mg
m
mg
m
mg nn ====
Ke#er&n'&n:"1.. "n "&ss& !$"p$nen "&sin')"&sin' '& " "&ss& #$#&l (&"pr&n '&s
T$#&l '1L '2L '> LQ. L 'n 1
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55
Vmmakam
V"ari .
==
ii
iiiii
i r$
$r
BM
BM
V
V
m
mg ====
.
.
Persen#&se !$"p$nen '&s
;;;; 33
2
2
1
1
V
Vr
V
Vr
V
Vr
V
Vr nn ====
Persen#&se !$"p$nen '&s +r *er%&s&r!&n $l"e:
ONTOH SOA AMPURAN
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56
ONTOH SOA: AMPURANGAS1. Persen#&se !$"p$nen '&s *&n' %&riGener$r : H2 1C, O 2@, O2 J %&n
N2 F2. Ten#!&n "&ss& "&sin')"&sin'!$"p$nen '&s, #en#!&n #e!&n&n p&rsi&l"&sin')"&sin' '&s /i!& #e!&n&n '&s (&"pr&n J "" HGPeneles&i&n:
Ber "$le!l +BM (&"pr&n '&s +,1C 2 L +,2@ 2C L +,J @@ L +,F2 2C
2@
307,1
4,2224
* mkg
vBMtotal ===
Densi# (&"pr&n '&s:
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57
Presen#&se + "&ss& "&sin')"&sin' !$"p$nen '&s:
%5,1015,0)18,0(24
22
22 ==== H
total
HH r
BM
BMg
%6,27276,0)24,0(24
28==== !O
total
!O!O r
BM
BMg
%9,10109,0)06,0(24
442
22 ==== !O
total
!O!O r
BM
BMg
%606,0)52,0(24
282
2
2 ==== N
total
N
N rBM
BM
g
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58
Te!&n&n p&rsi&l "&sin')"&sin' !$"p$nen '&s,
HGmmprp HH 8,136760)18,0(.22 ===HGmmprp !O!O 4,182760)24,0(. ===
HGmmprp !O!O 6,45760)06,0(.22 ===
HGmmprp NN 2,395760)52,0(.22 ===
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59
2. K$"p$nen '&s #er%iri %&ri F %&r& +R 2,2!'";!' K %&n F '&s &pi +R >,F !'";!' K.Ten#!&n !$ns#&n#& +R %&n %ensi# +6 %&ri '&s
(&"pr&n ser#& !$"p$sisi $l"e "&sin')"&sin'!$"p$nen '&s.Peneles&i&n:
K$ns#&n#& '&s (&"pr&n:
%kgkgm$ 47,315,73)05,0(77,29)95,0( =+=
molekgkg
$$BMtotal
total === 9,2647,31
8480
Ber "$le!l (&"pr&n '&s:
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60
Persen#&se + $l"e "&sin')"&sin' '&s:
32,14,22 9,26* mkgvBMtotaltotal ===
Densi# '&s (&"pr&n:
( ) %5,88885,047,31
27,2995,0 ====
total
u"arau"arau"ara
$
$gr
( ) %5,11115,047,31
5,7305,0 ====
total
api
apiapi$
$gr
@. Pr$ses &%i&*i(;isen#r$pi(.
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61
pPer*&h&n !e&%&&n '&s p&%& pr$ses #i%&!#er/&%i per#!&r&n p&n&s %&ri sis#e" %&nse!elilin'n& +%? , sis#e" %iis$l&si
se"prn&.
Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l:
p. ! !$ns#&n
! !$ns#&n#& &%i&*i( ! !$ns#&n#& &%i&*i( 1,@1,@
Ke&%&&n '&s %ir*&h %&ri!e&%&&n 1 !e !e&%&&n 2 %en'&n"ene!&n #$r&!. Ti%&! #er%&pper#!&r&n p&n&s &n#&r& sis#e"
%en'&n se!elilin'n&.
P
5
5152
1
2
&%i&*i(
'&s
Di&'r&" p)
p2
p1
12
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62
Di&'r&" #e!&n&n $l"e spesi0! +p %&ri*e*er&p& pr$ses is#i"e-&, #er%iri %&ri pr$ses
is$*&ri(, is$#her"&l, is$(h$ri( %&n pr$ses&%i&*i(.
TABE DIAGRAM PROSES UNTUK GAS IDEA
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63
.e+sdagram
sotermal sometr0 sobar0
1agram
- 3
1agram
4
1agram3 -
1
2
2
1
v
v
p
p
= 21
2
1
#
#
p
p
= 2
1
2
1
#
#
v
v
=
3 3 3
2
$
2$2
$
33 3$
2 2
$
$ 2
$$
2 2 2$
TABE DIAGRAM PROSES UNTUK GAS IDEA
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65
"l&h"$le,
molekg
v
Vn 65,4
43,0
2
*
===
M&ss& $!si'en,
" n +M O2 @,JF +>2 1@
!'Te"perr %in&i!!&n "en/&%i, T
2
@.T2 @ L 2> J> K
Silin%er !$n%isi #er##p, sehin''&pr$ses *erl&n'sn' p&%& $l"e
!$ns#&n.
ata#
#pp'a"i
#
#
p
p129
313
673.60.
1
212
2
1
2
1 ====
$!si'en,O25 2"
T1 @
Silin%er
p1 J &
"
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66
Peneles&i&n:
Pr$ses 1 2: is$"e#ri(, 2 >: is$#her"&l, > 1:is$*&ri(
2. G&s i%e&l @ l*" "$le, p F & %&n 5 > 8#2. G&s i%e&l @ l*" "$le, p F & %&n 5 > 8#>>,,%ip&n&s!&n p&%& pr$ses is$"e#ri( sehin''& #e!&n&n%ip&n&s!&n p&%& pr$ses is$"e#ri( sehin''& #e!&n&nn&i! "en/&%i 2 !&li #e!&n&n &-&l. Ke"%i&n '&sn&i! "en/&%i 2 !&li #e!&n&n &-&l. Ke"%i&n '&s%ie!sp&nsi!&n se(&r& is$#her"&l sehin''& !e"*&li%ie!sp&nsi!&n se(&r& is$#her"&l sehin''& !e"*&li
!e #e!&n&n &-&l, sel&n/#n& '&s %i!$"presi se(&r&!e #e!&n&n &-&l, sel&n/#n& '&s %i!$"presi se(&r&is$*&ri(%&n !e"*&li !e $l"e &-&l. G&"*&r!&n%&n !e"*&li !e $l"e &-&l. G&"*&r!&n%i&'r&" p ) %&n p T ser#& T. Hi#n' #e"perr%i&'r&" p ) %&n p T ser#& T. Hi#n' #e"perr&!hir p&%& pr$ses is$"e#ri(&!hir p&%& pr$ses is$"e#ri(
p
>1
2
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P22p1
12 >
p
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1
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T1 T2T>
T
1 2
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12
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1 " 1@, l*;in 1@, +1@@=*;8#22 1441
ft
b
in
b =
p1 F +1@, +1@@ 1F.C@
=*;8#$
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)30(840.105
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Peneles&i&n:T1 12 12 L @JR
FCR
51 1F 8#>, 52 2F 8#>52 2F 8#
T1 12
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p #e#&p
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@ U% % l ili % 1 i !
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1
2%&r&
51 52
Peneles&i&n:
Te!&n&n &*s$l#, pTe!&n&n &*s$l#, p11 F L 1 J F L 1 J
!';("!';("Pr$ses #e"perr !$ns#&n,"&!&:
p1. 51 p2.
52
3.3.. 1
1
11
2
112 p
VVp
VVpp === absolutcmkgp 22 236 ==
pp22 2 1 1 !';(" 2 1 1 !';(" +#e!&n&n pen'!r&n %i +#e!&n&n pen'!r&n %i
"&n$"e#er"&n$"e#er
@. U%&r& %&l&" silin%er 1, "e"pn&i #e!&n&npen'!r&n p1 F !';(" %&n %i*i&r!&n *ere!sp&nsi
%i silin%er 2 %en'&n $l"e > 51. Hi#n' #e!&n&n
&!hir p&%& silin%er 2, *il& pr$ses p&%& #e"perr!$ns#&n.
TUGAS +HOME WOR
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F(">
> ("
% F ""
J ("
>. B &r#i!el #en#&n' per*&h&n!e&%&&n '&s +%&p %in%h %&ri*er*&'&i s"*er #er"&s!In#erne#
TUGAS +HOME WOR
1. 5$l"e *$l& +bulb F (" *erisi%&r&, #e!&n&n &-&l J "" H'. Air
r&!s& %i"&s!!&n %&ri *&-&h *$l&sehin''& "en'rn' %&r& p&%& /n'pip& !&piler sep&n/&n' J (". Hi#n'#e!&n&n %&r& &n' #er!rn', *il&pr$ses *erl&n'sn' p&%& #e"perr!$ns#&n.
'&s
2 1
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7
2. Silin%er pis#$n, p&n/&n' l&n'!&h, 7 28#, %i&"e#er 2 in. Pis#$n %i#e!&nsehin''& '&& n&i! %&ri "en/&%i 1 N.Bil& #e!&n&n %&r& l&r 1 *&r %&n pr$sesis$#her"&l, hi#n' p&n/&n' pene!&n&npis#$n +71.
BAB III HUKUM TERMODINAMIKA I
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Bil& %i*eri!&n se/"l&h p&n&s !e(il % p&%& ssis#e" +'&s, "&!& '&s #erse*# *ere!sp&nsi %&n"el&!!&n !er/& l&r &n' !e(il se*es&r %.
Dis&"pin' i#, pe"&n&s&n #erh&%&p '&s /'& &!&n"eni"*l!&n:
1. per#&"*&h&n !e(ep&n "$le!l %&ri '&s.2. per#&"*&h&n /&r&! &n#&r& "$le!l) "$le!l '&s!&ren&sis#e" *ere!sp&nsi.
Ener'i &n' %iperl!&n n#! h&l ini %ise*#per#&"*&h&n ener'i %&l&""internal energy# %U$
'&s
21
%
%
%U
BAB III HUKUM TERMODINAMIKA I
%i % * i %i * h # ! # * h
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&%i p&n&s % se*&'i&n %ir*&h n#! per#&"*&h&nener'i %&l&". Sel&in i# /'& '&s "en'&l&"iper#&"*&h&n ener'i !ine#i! %&n ener'i p$#ensi&ll&r &!i* '&&)'&& l&r seper#i '&& 'r&i#&si.
% % L %E! L %EpKe#er&n'&n,dEk : Pertambaan energi kinetik!dEp : Pertambaan energi potensial
luar!
Pers&"&&n %i &s "en&!&n prinsip!$nser&si ener'i %&ri s sis#e" %&n%ise*# hu%um thermodinami%apertamasecara matemati%.
dEk " dEp # d$ (energi dalam)
H!" #her"$%in&"i!& per#&"& "en/&%i:
% %U L %
EKI5AEN PANAS + DENGAN KERA
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S + G +
Ener'i "e!&ni! & !er/& %&p "en'h&sil!&np&n&s, se*&'&i ($n#$h %& *&h *
%i'ese!!&n %&p "en'h&sil!&n &pi.
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S&n /"l&h p&n&s: K(&l & (&l.S&n !er/& & ener'i: !'" & N"
1 K(&l &%&l&h /"l&h p&n&s &n' %i*#h!&nn#! "en&i!!&n #e"perr 1 !' &ir se*es&r
1P&n&s %&n !er/& %&p e!i&len %&n%i!$nersi s s&"& l&in, &i#:
A.
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%: ¨a panas (K'al) ang dikonversi men&adi ker&a!
: ker&a atau energi (kgm) ang didapat dari panas %!*: koe+sien proporsional
H*n'&n &n#&r& p&n&s %en'&n ener'i "e!&ni!%ise*# HUKUM KONSER5ASI ENERGI, &n'
"en&!&n *&h-& ener'i #i%&! %&p%ihil&n'!&n, #e#&pi h&n& %&p %i!$nersi !e%&l&" *en#! ener'i l&in.
(
)A=
A.
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==
kgm
%cal
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==%cal
kgm
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&%i: 1 K(&l @2 !'"
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1 hp F !'";s
1 hp ) hr F +J +J 2.!'" hr: h$r &
/&".
kcalhrhp 632427
000.2701 ==
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Se%&n'!&n s&n ener'i lis#ri! +!-h, &i#%&& se#i&p !- %&l&" -&!# 1 /&".
1 N";s 1 -#
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kcalk*h 860427
200.3671 ==
KON5ERSI DARI HORSEPOER MENADI KIOATT
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D&& !%& & #en&'& !%& &%&l&h ni# pen'!r&n%&& &n' se#&r& %en'&n >J hin''& @J -#. P&%&&-&ln&, is#il&h %&& !%& %i'n&!&n n#!
"e"*&n%in'!&n per8$r"& &n#&r& "esin &p %en'&n!e"&"p&n #&ri!&n !%& +draft horse. Se#el&h i#,s&n ini %i&%$psi n#! "en'!r %&& !el&r&n %&ripis#$n, #r*in, "$#$r lis#ri!, %&n "esin l&inn&.
De0nisi %&& !%& %&p *er&ri&si #er'&n#n' &pli!&sin&:
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D&& !%& "e#ri! +metric horsepo&er &%&l&h nil&i&n' *es&rn& se#&r& %en'&n F !'8)" per %e#i!+!'";s, & se#&r& %en'&n >J -#.
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-#. An'!& &n' #er#lis p&%& l&*el "erp&!&n %&&$#p#, *!&n %&& inp#.
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ONTOH SOA:
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Peneles&i&n:
Mesin &p1Fhp
1.@!';hr
"l&h p&n&s &n'%i!$nersi "en/&%i !er/&se#i&p /&": +1.@ C.!(&l
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1F . F. J. J @.F.!'"
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kcal
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e!i&len p&n&s %&n !er/& %&l&" /i ($*& "esin &p#erse*#.
2 Pe"*&n'!i# #en&'& lis#ri! "en'!$ns"si *&h&n
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"l&h p&n&s &n' %i!$nersi "en/&%i ener'i lis#ri!se#i&p J /&" %&n e0siensi 2:
Peneles&i&n:**&r& 2 #$n 2. !'
2. 7 7 ,2 2C..!(&l
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1 !-h CJ
!(&l
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860
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k*h
k*hN 420.5
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; +
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bp
==
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b
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b =
p +52 51P
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#&n%& ne'i8 +!er/& !$"presi.
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1
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bft( 100.4530,0
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2
2
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3,0.265.217.
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b
V
Vpp
===
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144530.434
inbp ==
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P1
P2
2 1
1
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in
bp
=
22 3017
inbp =
>. Ker/& p&%& pr$ses $l"e !$ns#&n
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>. Ker/& p&%& pr$ses $l"e !$ns#&n+isometric.
p
1
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p1
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!e&%&&n 1 !e !e&%&&n 2%en'&n $l"e !$ns#&n.
1 2
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=2
1
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Peneles&i&n:1 2 : pr$ses is$"e#ri(
2 > : pr$ses is$#her"&l
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%i*i&r!&n "en'e"*&n' is$#her"&l %&n #e!&n&n#rn !e p1, sel&n/#n& %i!$"presi se(&r& is$*&ri(
sehin''& !e"*&li !e !$n%isi &-&l. G&"*&r!&n%i&'r&" p) %&ri pr$ses #erse*# %&n hi#n' !er/&*ersih &n' %ih&sil!&n se#i&p s&n "&ss&.
2 1& p2 2
p1Pr$ses is$"e#ri(, !er/&, -
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p
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1 2 ";!' %&n p1 2 !';("A 2.
!';"A.
pis$"e#ri(
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K$n%isi 2 >:
pr$ses e!sp&nsiis$#her"&l
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p
vp
p
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5
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p2
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::
p
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kg
kgm* 450.552ln2.000.20.2 ==
Ker/& se#i&p s&n"&ss&:
3
2
22 ln. p
p
vp*=
1
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p
pvp*=
5
1
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p2
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p
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K$n%isi > 1: !$"presi is$*&ri(
Ker/& se#i&p s&n
"&ss&: - p1+1 >
- 2. +2 @ ) @. !'";!'K$"presi
1 2 ";!'.
> 2 1 @
";!'
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1F.@F!'";!'
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p2
51 52 5>
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::
TUGAS +HOME
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2. B(&ri &r#i!el #en#&n' !er/&;ener'i p&%&pr$ses is#i"e-& +is$*&ri(, is$#her"&l %&nis$"e#ri(.
1. S !' %&r& *ere!sp&nsi p&%& #e"perr
!$ns#&n 1 sehin''& $l"e "en'e"*&n' F!&li %&ri $l"e &-&l. Ten#!&n !er/& e!sp&nsi &n'%ih&sil!&n +!'";!' %&n hi#n' p&n&s e!i&len+K(&l;!'. Beri!&n &s"si "en'&p& #e!&n&n '&s&-&l #i%&! %iperhi#n'!&n
TUGAS +HOMEWOR
ENERGI DAAM +'()ER(*+E(ER!,
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96
E(ER!, Ener'i %&l&" +in#ern&l ener' U '&si%e&l h&n& 8n'si %&ri #e"perr.
3
2
$
Pr$ses 1: $l"e !$ns#&n
Pr$ses 2: #e!&n&n !$ns#&n
D&ri h!" #er"$%in&"i!&per#&"&:
%? % L %- % %? ) %-
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!$ns#&n:% , "&!& !er/&, %-
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Un#! pr$ses %en'&n #e"perr
!$ns#&n:%T , %
% (p.%T p.%
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h&n& #er'&n#n' p&%& !e&%&&n &-&l %&n !e&%&&n&!hir pr$ses.% %U L % U2 U1 )
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)
sis#e"
1. Sis#e" +'&s "eneri"& p&n&s , "&!&sis#e" "el&!!&n !er/& l&r %&n ener'i%&l&" +internal energy "en/&%i n&i!. P&n&s
%&n !er/& l&r *er#&n%& p$si#i8.
2. Sis#e" +'&s "eneri"& !er/& l&r , "&!&sis#e" "en'el&r!&n p&n&s %&n ener'i%&l&" +internal energy "en/&%i #rn.P&n&s %&n !er/& l&r *er#&n%& ne'i8.
P&n&s "&s! *er#&n%& p$si#i8, p&n&s !el&r *er#&n%& ne'i8. Ker/& "&s!, *er#&n%& ne'i8, "en'h&sil!&n !er/& l&r, *er#&n%& p$si#i8.
H*n'&n ener'i %&l&" %&l&" %&n !er/& -
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99
Ener'i %&l&" +internal energy h&ner'&n#n' p&%& !e&%&&n &-&l %&n !e&%&&n &!hir
pr$ses #e#&pi !er/& - s&n' #er'&n#n' p&%&lin#&s&n pr$ses.
p
III
II
*
& I
Ener'i %&l&" +internal energy h&n& #er'&n#n' p&%& !e&%&&n&-&l %&n &!hir pr$ses, &i# &%&n *
Ker/& - s&n' #er'&n#n' p&%& lin#&s&n pr$ses,!er/& p&%& pr$ses I, II %&n III *er*e%&, &i# -I
-II -IIIsehin''& p&n&s &n' %i"&s!!&n !e
sis#e" /'& *er*e%&, &i# ?I ?II ?III.
P&%& pr$ses I, II %&n III,per*&h&n ener'i %&l&" *) &
$n#$h s$&l: !er/& %&n ener'i %&l&"
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100
@
>2
1
p
Sis#e" *er*&h %&ri !e&%&&n 1
!e !e&%&&n 2 "el&li lin#&s&n 1)>)2 p&n&s &n' "&s! F !%&n sis#e" "el&!!&n !er/& 2 !
& Ten#!&n p&n&s &n' "&s! !e
sis#e" "el&li lin#&s&n 1)@)2 /i!&sis#e" "el&!!&n !er/& F !.
* i!& sis#e" *er*&h !e"*&li %&ri!e&%&&n 2 !e !e&%&&n 1 "el&li !r&len'!n'&n 2)1 %&n sis#e" "eneri"& !er/&1 !, &p&!&h sis#e""eneri"&;"en'el&r!&n p&n&s %&n#en#!&n nil&in&.
Peneles&i&n:
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101
@
>2
1
p
Sis#e" "el&li lin#&s&n 1)>)2, "&!&:
U2 U1 VU12
F ! 2 ! >!
i!& sis#e" "el&li lin#&s&n 1)@)2, "&!&:
U2 U1 VU12
> ! F ! > ! L F ! >F !
&%i p&n&s &n' "&s! !e sis#e" "el&li lin#&s&n1)@)2 >F ! +#&n%& p$si#i8 sis#e" "eneri"&p&n&s
Ener'i %&l&" U h&n& #er'&n#n' %&ri !e&%&&n&-&l %&n &!hir %&ri pr$ses sis#e", "&!& VU1>2
VU1@2 VU12, !&ren& #i#i! &-&l %&n &!hir
&%&l&h s&"&.
ATATAN:
Sis#e" *er*&h %&ri !e&%&&n 2 !e>2
p
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102
!e&%&&n 1 "el&li !r& len'!n'&n 2)1%&n sis#e" "eneri"& !er/& 1 !.
@
2
1
Ker/& "&s!, ) 1 !
Se%&n'!&n, VU21 ) VU12 ) >
!&%i, VU21 VU21L
) > ! 1 ! )@ !T&n%& ne'i8, "&!& sis#e" "en'el&r!&np&n&s, se*es&r @ !.
i!& sis#e" "eneri"& p&n&s %&n "el&!!&n!er/& , "&!& %&n *er#&n%& p$si#i8.Se*&li!n& /i!& sis#e" "eneri"& !er/& %&n"en'el&r!&n p&n&s , "&!& %&n *er#&n%& ne'i8.
ATATAN:
BAB I5 PROSES ADIABATI
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103
Pr$ses &%i&*i! &%&l&h pr$sesper*&h&n !e&%&&n, #i%&! #er%&pp&n&s &n' %i!el&r!&n & %i#eri"&sis#e" %&ri & #erh&%&p se!elilin'n&.+%? .
H&l ini %i"n'!in!&n *il& sis#e"diisolasi. Ke/&%i&n #erse*# #er/&%i p&%&"$#$r)"$#$r *&!&r /enis %iesel, p&%&&!hir !$"presi #e"perr %&r&
s&n' #in''i, sehin''& s&n''p"e"*&!&r *&h&n *&!&r #&np&"en''n&!&n *n'& &pi.
HUBUNGAN (p DAN
(
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104
(
(p ( R R: !$ns#&n#&
'&s
kc
c
v
p = !: !$ns#&n#& &%i&*i(
1,@
(p R L(
1+=+
=vv
v
v
p
c
$katauc
c$
c
c
1
=
k
$cvSehin''&:
Den'&n (&r& &n' s&"&, "&!&%i%&p: 1
.
=k
$kcp
PROSES ADIABATI
H ! # %i i! # % %
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105
H!" #er"$%in&"i!& per#&"&: %? % L%-
% (%T %&n %- p.
% (%T L p. %
Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l , p. Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l , p. R.TR.T
v
#$p
.=
0).:(0.
. =+=+v
"v
c
$
#
"#makac#"v
v
#$"#c
v
vv
Pr$ses &%i&*i(, %?
p
p2
p1
21
2
1
2
1
ll #J di!$
#c
$
+
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106
.. 1 constv# k =
Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l , p . R.T
p
#$vatau
$
vp#
..==
..,lnln constv#Jadi!onstvc
$# v
c
v
==+
kcc
v
p =D&ri, R (p) (%&n%&n
1= kc
$
v
1+=vc
$k1, =
= k
c
cc
c
$maka
v
vp
v
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107
p
#$vuntuk .= .
. 1
constp
#$#
k
=
!p# kk
=1
.
.adi p! v k # 0
... 1
const
$
vvp k=
$
vp#untuk .=
P * h ! % i% l
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108
Per*&h&n !e&%&&n '&s i%e&lp&%& pr$ses &%i&*i(:
!p# kk
=1
.
p. !
.. 1 constv# k =
p
p2
p1
21
2
1
2
1
KEADAAN 1 DAN 2 ADAAH:
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109
!v# k =1.
( )1
2
112
=
k
v
v##
p. ! p1. 1! p2.
2!
k
v
v
p
p
=
2
1
1
2k
p
p
v
v1
1
2
2
1
=
1
2
1
1
2
=
k
v
v
#
#
( )k
#
#VV
=
1
1
1
212
p
p2
p1
21
2
1
2
1
KEADAAN 1 DAN 2 ADAAH:
k1
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110
!p#
k
k
=
1
.
( )k
k
p
p
##
1
1
2
12
=
( )1
1
212
= k
k
##pp
k
k
p
p
#
#
=
1
1
2
2
1p
p2
p1
2
1
2
1
2
1
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vpvp$
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112
)(1
12211 vpvpk( =
Ker/& pr$ses E!sp&nsiA%i&*i(:
)(1
11122 vpvp
k(
=
Ker/& pr$ses !$"presiA%i&*i(:
=
$
vp
$
vp
k
$( 2211
..
1
p
p2
p1
21
2
1
2
1
Ker/& pr$ses E!sp&nsiKer/& pr$ses E!sp&nsiA%i * i
pp11
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113
A%i&*i(:A%i&*i(:
pp22
pp11
2211
22
22
11
)(1
1
2211
vpvpk
*
=
=
=
1
211
11
2211 11
.
.
.1
1
.
#
#
k
vp
vp
vp
k
vp*
k
v
v
p
p"ari
=
2
1
1
2,
=
1
2
111 11
.k
v
v
k
vp*
ONTOH SOA: PROSESADIABATI
1 G&s *ere!sp&nsi &%i&*i( %&ri #e!&n&n J &
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114
Pers&"&&n e!sp&nsi'&s:
!Vp =32
.
Hi#n' !er/& &n' %il&!!&n'&s.Peneles&i&
n:P1 J & J +1,1 1F J,J +1F
N;"P2 2 & 2 +1,1 1
F 2,2 +1F
N;"
1. G&s *ere!sp&nsi &%i&*i( %&ri #e!&n&n J &"en/&%i 2 &, $l"e &-&l 51 ,F "
>%&n
#e"perr &-&l T1 >.
3
2
113
2
.. VpVp = 32
3
2
11.
V
Vp
p=
Ker/& sis#e" , % p.%
=2
1
.
v
v
"Vp(
==2 2
3
2
3
2
1123
2
11 ..
v v
"VVVp"V
Vp(
p
p11
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115
1 1
11
3
211
v v
p
V
p
p2
21
2
2
1
= 3
1
13
1
23
2
11.3 VVVp(
Pers&"&&n !e&%&&n 1%&n 2:
3
2
223
2
11 .. VpVp =
3
2
5
5
2
3
2
113
2
2 )5,0(10.02,2
10.06,6.==
p
VpV
3
23
2
2 6,2,89,1 mVja"iV ==
112p
p11
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116
= 31
13
1
23
2
11.3 VVVp(
= 3
1
3
1
3
2
55,06,25,0.10.06,6.3(
> +J,J 1F+,J>+,FC
J,J@> +1F N"
p2
p1
21
2
2
1
51 ,F ">
52 2,J ">
2. P&%& l&n'!&h !$"presi &%i&*i( "esin Diesel,%&r& %i!$"presi %&ri #e!&n&n 1 & %&n
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117
%&r& %i!$"presi %&ri #e!&n&n 1 & %&n#e"perr 2 "en/&%i 1;1 $l"e "l&)"l&.Ten#!&n: & #e!&n&n %&n #e"perr &!hir, * !er/&
&n' h&rs %i*eri!&n per s&n "&ss& %&r&.
Peneles&i&n:
K$ns#&n#& A%i&*i(, ! 1,@
R %&r& 2, !'";!'Kp1 1 & 1.>>2
!';"
p
p1
p2
12
1
2
1
2
T1 2 L 2>K
>K
12101 VV =
Pr$ses &%i&*#&i(, p.5 !!$ns#&n
p
p2
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118
%
% p
pp 10.
10
1 1
12 =
=
!$ns#&n& p1. 51
! p2. 52!
p1. 51!
p2+ 1;151
!
atam
kgp 25528.259)10(332.10
2
4,1
2 ===
p1
p2
12
1
1
2
T. 5 !)1 !$ns#&n
T1. 51!)1
T2. 52!)1
1
11
1
2
10.
10
1
=
= kk
##
#
!%# 014,12 48075310.300 ===
* Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l per s&n "&ss&:
p R Tp R T pp R T R T
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119
p. R. Tp. R. T pp11. . 11 R. T R. T11
kg
m
p
#$
v
3
1
1
1 8644,0332.10
300.77,29.
===
Pr$ses A%i&*i(, !er/& K$"presi:Pr$ses A%i&*i(, !er/& K$"presi:
)(
1
11122 vpvp
k
(
=
( )
=
= 11121122 .
10
1.
1
1..
1
1vpvp
kvpvp
k(
= )8644,0(10332)8644,0(
10
1.259528
14,1
1(
22.@>> !'" C.>1 !'" 1>F2!'" 1>2@F@ N" + /$le
>. K$"pres$r %&r& 2 #in'! *er$per&si %en'&n pr$ses&%i&*i( %&n "en''n&!&n pen%in'in +inter cooler.
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120
'' p ' + (p%&r& 1,F !;!'K %&n (%&r& ,1 !;!'K.Te!&n&n his&p +suction pressure, PS C !P&,#e!&n&n !el&r +discharge pressure, P% C *&r C!P&. Te"perr %&r& "&s!, #i >, #e!&n&nin#er ($$ler, Pi +ps. p% ,F Te"perr %&r& !el&rin#er ($$ler > , Ten#!&n %&& &n' %iperl!&n$leh !$"pres$r per s&n "&ss& %&r&, *&n%in'!&n*il& !$"pres$r h&n& #er%iri %&ri 1 #in'!. +! 1,@.
pi
ps
TSP%
T%
Ti
U%&r&"&s!
U%&r&!el&r
!$"pres$r
In#er ($$ler
1 2
T$
Peneles&i&n:
TS > > L 2>K
>>K
PS C !P&
P% C *&r C !P&
Pi +ps. p%,F
ps
TP%
U%&r&"&s!
U%&r&!el&r
K$"pres$r 2 #in'!
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121
pi
TS%
T%
Ti
!!$"pres$r
In#er ($$ler
1 2
T$
K$"pres$r 2 #in'!
Un#! #in'! 1:
Ker/& , (+Ti TS
( ) ( ) kappp "si 280800.98. 5,05,0 ===
4,1
14,11
98
280
303
=
= ik
k
s
i
s
i #ataup
p
#
# Ti @K
Ker/&, (+Ti TS ,1 +@ >> J
!;!'
U+tuk t+gkat 26
&! & 27K &K
ps
P%
U%&r&"&s
U%&r&!el&r
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122
o &! & 27K &K
4,1
14,11
280800
303
=
= "k
k
i
"
o
" #ataupp
##
T%
@K
Ker/&, (+T% T$ ,1 +@ >> J!;!'T$#&l !er/& n#! 2 #in'! , #$#&l J L J 1F2!;!'D&& &n' %iperl!&n , P 1F2!;!'
pi
TSP%
T%
Ti
!!$"pres$r
In#er ($$ler
1 2
T$
Bil& !$"pres$r h&n& 1 #in'!,"&!&:
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123
"&!&:
4,1
14,11
98
800
303
=
= "k
k
s
"
s
" #atau
p
p
#
#
T% FF2K
Ker/&, (+T% TS
,1 +FF2 ) >> 1C,F!;!'
D&& &n' %iperl!&n , P 1C,F!;!'
Pen'he"&n %&& n#! !$"pres$r 2#in'!
%5,17%100152
1525,178=
x
s
:d
d
Udara
masuk
Udara
keluar
komresor
$
TUGAS +HOMEWOR
8/9/2019 Termodinamika Modul Kuliah_2
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124
WOR
Se*&h silin%er pis#$n p$"p&
sepe%&, p&n/&n' l&n'!&h C in.Pis#$n %i#e!&n sehin''& silin%er*&-&h #e!&n&n n&i! "en/&%i JFl*;in &*s$l#. Bil& #e!&n&n %&r&l&r 1F l*;in &*s$l#, hi#n'
p&n/&n' l&n'!&h pene!&n&n pis#$n.& Pene!&n&n pis#$n se(&r& perl&h&n
+pr$ses is$#her"&l
* Pene!&n&n pis#$n se(&r& (ep+pr$ses &%i&*i(
==2
=1
11
TUGAS +HOMEWOR
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125
>. Sis#e" +%&r& "e"pn&i #e!&n&n &-&l ,& %&n #e"perr @F *er&%& %&l&" sr&n' #er#en#, %&r& %i!$"presi &%i&*i(hin''& $l"e &!hir "en/&%i 1;F $l"e &-&l.Hi#n' #e!&n&n %&n #e"perr &!hir !$"presi, ! 1,@
2. M&ss& %&r& , " 1 !' %en'&n #e"perr
> "l& ) "l& *er#e!&n&n 1 &. Sel&n/#n&%&r& %i!$"presi %en'&n pr$ses &%i&*i( hin''&"en(&p&i #e!&n&n 1 &. Hi#n' !er/& + &n'h&rs %i*eri!&n. +! 1,@ %&n %& l&in %&p%ilih %i #&*el.
WOR
@. B(&ri &r#i!el #en#&n' !er/&;ener'i p&%&pr$ses is#i"e-&, &i# pr$ses &%i&*i(.
BAB 5. KAPASITAS PANAS +HE*) -*.*-'),Bil& p&%& s sis#e" +'&s %i*eri!&n p&n&s %
8/9/2019 Termodinamika Modul Kuliah_2
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126
hin''& "en&i!&n #e"perr sis#e" se*es&r %T,"&!& per*&n%in'&n p&n&s % %en'&n !en&i!&n
#e"perr %T %ise*# !&p&si#&s p&n&s %&risis#e" +.
"#
"("+
"#
")!
+==%T
%
'&s
1 i!& pr$ses *erl&n'sn' p&%& $l"e !$ns#&n, "&!&!&p&si#&s p&n&s %ise*# %en'&n !&p&si#&s p&n&s$l"e !$ns#&n +.
1 i!& pr$ses *erl&n'sn' p&%& #e!&n&n !$ns#&n, "&!&
!&p&si#&s p&n&s %ise*# %en'&n !&p&si#&s p&n&s#e!&n&n !$ns#&n +p.
1 K&p&si#&s p&n&s per s&n "&ss& " %ise*#p&n&s spesi0! +specic heat, %en'&n n$#&si ( +!e(il
")!
1/&%i p&n&s spesi0! s sis#e" &%&l&h:
",
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127
"#m
")
m
!c
.== "#c",atau
"#
",c .==
m
!c"an
m
!c vv
p
p ==
D&ri h!" #er"$%in&"i!& per#&"&: % %U L%Un#! pr$ses %en'&n $l"e !$ns#&n: %5 %&n %
%? % (. %T
Un#! pr$ses %en'&n #e!&n&n !$ns#&n:
%? (p. %T
Un#! pr$ses %en'&n #e"perr !$ns#&n:%T , % %? %-
P&n&s #$#&l &n' "&s! !e sis#e" n#!
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128
P&n&s #$#&l &n' "&s! !e sis#e" n#! "&ss&
", p&%& pr$ses #e!&n&n !$ns#&n :% ". %? ". (p.
%T "#cm)
#
#
p .2
1
=
Bil& (p!$ns#&n, "&!& : ". (p +T2
T1
"&ss& ", p&%& pr$ses $l"e !$ns#&n :
% ". %? ". (.
%T
U2 U1 " (+T2 T1
HUBUNGAN (p DAN
(
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129
(p ( R R: !$ns#&n#&
'&s
k
c
c
v
p = !: !$ns#&n#& &%i&*i(
1,@
(p R L(
1+=+
= vvv
v
p
c
$
katauc
c$
c
c
1
=k
$cvSehin''&:
Den'&n (&r& &n' s&"&, "&!&%i%&p: 1
.
=k
$kcp
T&*el h&r'& (p%&n (p&%& # 1F s&"p&i
2
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2 GAS (p+!(&l;!' ,K (+!(&l;!' ,K
O2+$!si'en ,21C ,1FJ
H2+hi%r$'en >,@F 2,@2
O +K&r*$n "n ,2F ,1
U%&r& ,2@ ,12
O2+K&r*$n %i ,22 ,1F
2H2+&si#elin ,> ,2@
H@+"e#h&ne ,F1C ,>@
ONTOH SOA: KAPASITASPANAS1 S * h * 5 > li * i i % %
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1. Se*&h #&*n', 5 > li#er *erisi %&r& %en'&n#e!&n&n 2 !';("A, #e"perr >. U%&r&
%ip&n&s!&n sehin''& #e!&n&n n&i! "en/&%i @!';("A, hi#n' p&n&s &n' h&rs %iperl!&n+!(&l.
Peneles&i&n:
5$l"e #&*n' #e#&p, /&%ipr$ses $l"e !$ns#&n+is$"e#ri(:
T1 > L 2>K >>K
%&r&
2 &
>
Silin%er
!%p
p##
0
1
212 333606
2
4303 ====
P&n&s &n' %iperl!&n se#i&p s&n"&ss&:? (+T2 T1 ,12 +>>> > F2
!(&l;!'
$ntuk udara 'v# 42
k'al/kg50!
Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l%en'&nSilin%er
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%en'&n"e"perhi#n'!&n "&ss&:
p. 5 ". R. T
kg#$
Vpm 0665,0
303.77,29
03,0.000.20
.
.
1
1 ===
&%i /"l&h p&n&s &n' h&rs%i*eri!&n: ,JJF !' . F2 !(&l;!' >,F!(&l
%&r&
2 &
> M&ss& +" %&r& %&l&"#&*n':
2. Pe"&n&s %&r& *er$per&si p&%& #e!&n&n"$s0r %&ri #e"perr 1 s&"p&i F.P ! i i h # # ! ! %
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Pe"&!&i&n &ir h&n' n#! "e"&n&s!&n %&r&,&lir&n %&r& 1.2 ";/&". Hi#n' p&n&s &n'
%i*eri!&n se#i&p /&".Peneles&i&n:
P&n&s spesi0! #e!&n&n !$ns#&n +%&r&, (p ,2@
!(&l;!'.P&n&s &n' %iperl!&n se#i&p s&n "&ss&%&r&:
? (p+T2 T1 ,2@ W F +)1X 1@,@!(&l;!'
kg
m
p
#$
v
3
2
93,010332
323.77,29
===
Pers&"&&n '&s i%e&l, p. R.T
P " 1>>2 !';"2
T F F L 2> >2> KR %&r& 2, !'";!' K
Densi#%&r&:
075111 kg
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Alir&n "&ss&%&r&:
jam
kgVG 1290)200.1(075,1. ===
&%i, G. ? 12 !';/&" +1@,@!(&l;!'
1C.FJ !(&l;/&"
3075,1
93,0 m
g
v===
BAB 5I. ENTHAPY
En#h&lp +H s sis#e" &%&l&h pen/"l&h&n
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H U L p.5
D&ri h!" #er"$%in&"i!& per#&"&, % %U
L %
se%&n'!&n p. 5 %
"&!&: % %H A#&: H2 H1
En#h&lp +H s sis#e" &%&l&h pen/"l&h&n%&ri ener'i %&l&" +internal energy %en'&nh&sil !&li #e!&n&n %&n $l"e sis#e".
L U1 L U2 & U2 U1 )
U1 U2
D&ri h!" #er"$%in&"i!& per#&"&
P&%& pr$ses #e!&n&n !$ns#&n, p +52 51
U U ) p +5 5
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U2 U1 ) p +52 51
+U2L p 52 +U1L p 51 (p+T2
T1
&%i, H2 H1 p+T2 T1 /$le, !(&l, BTU
En#h&lp spesi0! en#h&lp per s&n
"&ss& +h:h2 h1 (p +T2 T1 /$le;!' < !(&l;!' : #i#i! !ri#is &ir, #e!&n&n %i&s #i#i! !ri#is #i%&! #er/&%i#r&nsisi %&ri &ir "en/&%i &p
En#&lpi spesi0! p&%& /aturated Water
P&%& #e!&n&n "$s0r, nil&i en#&lpi spesi0!
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, p psaturated &ater, h8 @1 !;!'
En#&lpi spesi0! &ir +&ater %&p %ihi#n':
h8 (p+#8)
#$h8: en#&lpi &ir +!;!'
(p: p&n&s spesi0! &ir @,1 +!;!' #8: #e"perr pen'&p&n +
#$ #e"perr &!#&l +
En#&lpi spesi0! p&%& /aturated steam
P&%& #e!&n&n "$s0r, nil&i en#&lpi spesi0!saturated steam, h8 2.JJ !;!'
En#&lpi spesi0! pen'&p&n %&p %ihi#n':
h +h
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h8' +h')
h8h8': en#&lpi spesi0! pen'&p&n
+!;!'P&%& #e!&n&n "$s0r, nil&i en#&lpispesi0! pen'&p&n n#! &ir %&p%ihi#n'0
h8' 2.JJ @1 2.2F!;!'
TUGAS +HOME WOR
&ri %&8#&r #&*el STEAM s&n S#&n%&rin#ern&si$n&l +SI %&n s&n IMPERIA+Bri#his
BAB 5II. APIKASI HKM ITERMODINAMIKA PROSES MEINGKAR ARNOT
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Pr$ses "elin'!&r &rn$#Pr$ses "elin'!&r &rn$#
&%&l&h pr$ses reersi*le &n'&%&l&h pr$ses reersi*le &n'#er%iri %&ri sep&s&n' pr$ses#er%iri %&ri sep&s&n' pr$ses
is$#her"&l %&n sep&s&n'is$#her"&l %&n sep&s&n'
pr$ses &%i&*i(.pr$ses &%i&*i(.
Pr$ses 1 ) 2: e!sp&nsiPr$ses 1 ) 2: e!sp&nsi
is$#her"&l, sis#e" +'&sis$#her"&l, sis#e" +'&s
"ener&p p&n&s "ener&p p&n&s 22%&ri%&ri
reser$ir p&n&s %en'&nreser$ir p&n&s %en'&n
#e"perr !$ns#&n T#e"perr !$ns#&n T22. 5$l"e. 5$l"esis#e" *er#&"*&h %&ri 5sis#e" *er#&"*&h %&ri 511
"en/&%i 5"en/&%i 522%&n sis#e"%&n sis#e"
"el&!!&n !er/& e!sp&nsi"el&!!&n !er/& e!sp&nsi
se*es&r se*es&r 22
3
$
2
#
$
2
#
3$ 32 33#
;$
;2
$-26eksa+s sotermal
2-6eksa+s adabat0
-#6komres sotermal
#-$6komres adabat0
PROSES MEINGKAR ARNOT
BAB 5. APIKASI HUKUMTERMODINAMIKA I
PROSES MEINGKAR
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Pr$ses "elin'!&r &rn$# &%&l&h
pr$ses reersi*le &n' #er%iri %&risep&s&n' pr$ses is$#her"&l %&nsep&s&n' pr$ses &%i&*i(.
Pr$ses 1 ) 2: e!sp&nsi is$#her"&l,sistem+'&s "ener&p p&n&s ?1
%&ri s"*er ener'i p&n&s %en'&n#e"perr !$ns#&n T1. 5$l"e
spesi0! sis#e" *er#&"*&h %&ri 1
"en/&%i 2%&n /"l&h p&n&s ?1&%&l&h:
pp
11
22
>>
@@
pp11
pp22
pp>>
pp@@
11 22 >>@@??22
??11
1)2:e!sp&nsi1)2:e!sp&nsi
is$#her"&lis$#her"&l
2)>:e!sp&nsi &%i&*i(2)>:e!sp&nsi &%i&*i(
>)@:!$"presi>)@:!$"presi
is$#her"&lis$#her"&l
@)1:!$"presi &%i&*i(@)1:!$"presi &%i&*i(
PROSES MEINGKARARNOT
Un#! per s&n "&ss& 1 !'
1
2111 ln.
v
v#$*, ==
Pr$ses 2 ) >: e!sp&nsi &%i&*i(,pp
11pp
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p&%& #i#i! 2 #r&ns8er p&n&s%ihen#i!&n, #e"perr sistem
+'&s #rn %&ri T1%i #i#i! 2 !e T2
%i #i#i! >. 5$l"e sis#e"*er#&"*&h %&ri 52"en/&%i 5>%&n
sis#e" "el&!!&n !er/& e!sp&nsise*es&r -
11
22
>>
@@
pp11
pp22
pp>>
pp@@
11 22 >>@@??22
??11
1)2:e!sp&nsi1)2:e!sp&nsi
is$#her"&lis$#her"&l
2)>:e!sp&nsi &%i&*i(2)>:e!sp&nsi &%i&*i(
>)@:!$"presi>)@:!$"presi
is$#her"&lis$#her"&l
@)1:!$"presi &%i&*i(@)1:!$"presi &%i&*i(
==2
1
3
2
'#
#
v"#c"u*
)()(' 2112 ##c##c* vv ==
Pr$ses > ) @: !$"presii #h l i t +
pp
11pp11
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is$#her"&l, sistem+'&s%i!$n#&!!&n %en'&n reser$ir
%in'in #e"perr !$ns#&n T2%&n sis#e" "e"*eri!&n p&n&s?2. 5$l"e sis#e" *er!r&n'
%&ri 5>"en/&%i 5@. Sis#e"
"ener&h!&n p&n&s ?2. P&%&
pr$ses is$#her"is, /"l&h p&n&s !er/&.
22
>>
@@pp22
pp>>
pp@@
11 22 >>@@??22
??11
1)2:e!sp&nsi1)2:e!sp&nsi
is$#her"&lis$#her"&l
2)>:e!sp&nsi &%i&*i(2)>:e!sp&nsi &%i&*i(
>)@:!$"presi>)@:!$"presiis$#her"&lis$#her"&l
@)1:!$"presi &%i&*i(@)1:!$"presi &%i&*i(
3
4222 ln.
v
v#$*, ==
Pr$ses @ ) 1: !$"presi &%i&*i(
pp
11pp11
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144
phin''& !e"*&li !e #i#i! &-&l +1,sis#e" "eneri"& !er/& !$"presise*es&r - %&n "en&i!!&nener'i %&l&" sehin''e"perr sis#e" n&i! %&ri T2%i
#i#i! @ "en/&%i T1%i #i#i! 1.
5$l"e sis#e" *er!r&n' %&ri 5@
"en/&%i 51%&n sis#e" !e"*&li !e
!e&%&&n se"l&.
==1
2
1
4
''
#
#
v"#c"u*
)( 21'' ##c* v =
22
>>
@@
pp11
pp22
pp>>
pp@@
11 22 >>@@??22
??11
1)2:e!sp&nsi1)2:e!sp&nsi
is$#her"&lis$#her"&l
2)>:e!sp&nsi &%i&*i(2)>:e!sp&nsi &%i&*i(
>)@:!$"presi>)@:!$"presi
is$#her"&lis$#her"&l
@)1:!$"presi &%i&*i(@)1:!$"presi &%i&*i(
Ker/& ne##$ p&%& pr$ses "elin'!&r (&rn$#:
- -1L - L -2L -
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145
1 2
( ) ++= 211
21 ln. ##c
vv#$* v
( )213
42 ln. ##c
v
v#$ v
=
4
32
1
21 ln..ln..
V
V#$
V
V#$*
+
=
3
42
1
21 ln..ln.