8/14/2019 Term Paper Mpob Vishal
1/23
TERM Paper
OF
TOPIC - A review on therole of per ception inwor ld life sati sfactionandcommi tment.
Submitted to Submitted by
Mr. Rajan Girdhar Vishal kumar jaiswal
Lect of MGT Sec 326
LSB(LPU) Roll no 38(G2)
8/14/2019 Term Paper Mpob Vishal
2/23
Regd no 10812543
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I,Vishal kumar jaiswal student of MBA 1st SEM, roll no.38, Section -326, is
very thankful to my Sir, Mr. Rajan Girdhar for giving me term paper on the
review on the role of perception in world life satisfaction and commitment .
I enjoyed immensely while preparing this term-paper. I have come to know
about many things and learn a lot. I would like to thank my parents for their
financial support. I would also like to thank my friends for their
encouragement and support.
I am grateful to the library for providing me with necessary materials. I
would like acknowledge everyone who helps me without any hesitation.
8/14/2019 Term Paper Mpob Vishal
3/23
PERFACE
As MBA degree equal attention practical as well as the theoretical aspect ofthe business, various problems are to be dealt within these course that is why
research programs are there to give deep as well as through knowledge of
the subject.
I have attempted to live up these requisites while perparing this term paper.
It is part of professional course. With the help of term paper we can able to
understand the deep knowledge about the specific topic assign to us.
During my term paper work I observed some of the aspect of the role of
perception in world life satisfaction and commitment and gather informationregarded it.
My term paper entiteld THE ROLE OF PERCEPTION IN WORLD LIFE
SATISFACTION AND COMMITMENT, Critically review with evidence.It
is hope that this report meets the given expectation and various requirements
of the research.
8/14/2019 Term Paper Mpob Vishal
4/23
CONTENTS
1. PERCEPTION
2. The Role of Perception3. Public perception on social welfare
4. Perception and reality
5. Types of Perception
6. Employee Perception on CommitmentOriented Work Systems
7 . The Importance of Equity Perception and JobSatisfaction in Predicting Employee Intent to
Stay at Television Stations8. Role Perception as Predictor of Editors' Jobs
Satisfaction
9. How Does Perception Affect The Organisational Process?10.Job Satisfaction
11.Models of job Satisfaction
12.Job Satisfaction and emotions
13.Commitment
14.Authentic Commitment
15.How To Practice Commitment16.Perception as the Bridge Between Nature
and Life-World
8/14/2019 Term Paper Mpob Vishal
5/23
PERCEPTION
Perception is the process by which organisms interpret and organize
sensation to produce a meaningful experience of the world. Sensation
usually refers to the immediate, relatively unprocessed result of stimulation
of sensory receptors in the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, or skin. Perception, on
the other hand, better describes one's ultimate experience of the world and
typically involves further processing of sensory input. In practice, sensation
and perception are virtually impossible to separate, because they are part of
one continuous process.
Thus, perception in humans describes the process whereby sensory
stimulation is translated into organized experience. That experience, or
percept, is the joint product of the stimulation and of the process itself.Relations found between various types of stimulation (e.g., light waves and
sound waves) and their associated percepts suggest inferences that can be
made about the properties of the perceptual process; theories of perceiving
then can be developed on the basis of these inferences. Because the
perceptual process is not itself public or directly observable (except to the
perceiver himself, whose percepts are given directly in experience), the
validity of perceptual theories can be checked only indirectly.
Historically, systematic thought about perceiving was the province of
philosophy. Philosophical interest in perception stems largely from
questions about the sources and validity of what is called human knowledge
(epistemology). Epistemologists ask whether a real, physical world exists
independently of human experience and, if so, how its properties can be
learned and how the truth or accuracy of that experience can be determined.
They also ask whether there are innate ideas or whether all experience
originates through contact with the physical world, mediated by the sense
organs.
As a scientific enterprise, however, the investigation of perception has
especially developed as part of the larger discipline of psychology. For
the most part, psychology bypasses the questions about perceiving raised byphilosophy in favour of problems that can be handled by its special methods.
The remnants of such philosophical questions, however, do remain;
researchers are still concerned, for example, with the relative contributions
of innate and learned factors to the perceptual process.
8/14/2019 Term Paper Mpob Vishal
6/23
Such fundamental philosophical assertions as the existence of a physical
world, however, are taken for granted among most scientific students of
perceiving. Typically, researchers in perception simply accept the apparent
physical world particularly as it is described in those branches of physics
concerned with electromagnetic energy, optics, and mechanics.
The Role Of Perception
As we grow, and mature into what some would consider adults, we are told
to make sure we know about our environment and make sure to do unto
others as you would have done to you. In order to do this, you have to have
a level of perception in which you are able to see things in ways that others
may or may not. How do you see perception? On top of that, what isperception?
According to Kendra Van Wagner (UNK), Perception is our sensory
experience of the world around us and involves both the recognition of
environmental stimuli and actions in response to these stimuli. Through the
perceptual process, we gain information about properties and elements of the
environment that are critical to our survival. Perception not only creates our
experience of the world around us; it allows us to act within our
environment. That being said, how does that apply to everyday life and
how does that affect the views of those around you on you?
The best way to approach this is to find the most effective ways to view
perception. Three aspects can alter or influence how things are viewed. One
of them is the world as a whole. What is meant by the world is to say how
the world is viewed, no matter what it is that you look at. Everything has a
view and opinion from everyone who sees it, from the poor and homeless to
the rich and eloquent. Every person has an opinion on why the homeless are
homeless and why the rich are rich. What part of the scale do you fall on?
Are you the type that says that the homeless are homeless because of bad
luck and hard times? Do you lean the other way and think that the homelessare homeless because they are lazy and deserve nothing more than what they
have? Of the estimated 1.3 billion people living in poverty around the
world, 70 percent are women and girls. Women and girls are also the fastest
increasing group of impoverished, a process called "the global
feminization...
8/14/2019 Term Paper Mpob Vishal
7/23
PUBLIC PERCEPTION ON SOCIALWELFARE
Social welfare is an important element in determining society harmonious
life. Social welfare is the core to the concept of development of social,
community and nation. According to Midgley (1995) social development is:
A process of planned social change designed to promote the well-being of
the population as a whole in conjunction with a dynamic process of
economic development. (Midgley, 1995). Social development is the
promotion of social welfare or social living. However, social development
does not guarantee economic growth. Theoretically, social welfare provides
the people with a safe surrounding, satisfaction of basic needs andmaximizes opportunity for mobility. Therefore, the community is free to
develop its potential, participate actively in social activities and contribute to
their community. (Adriaansens, 1994; Fraser and Gordon, 1994; Midgley,
1995). Hence, social welfare care will contribute towards realizing the
advancement of the community.
Traditionally, social welfare efforts were to eradicate and control social
problems. Social welfare was also implemented as part of the efforts to
develop individuals potential to increase the level of social development.Social welfare efforts must be supported by other services in order to
achieve a more effective social development. This achievement is
meaningful to human life. Social welfare also refers to government activities
to provide assistance or social program for the poor.
Generally, the standard of living in Malaysia has improved at a healthy rate,
a product of strong economic growth rate. This is shown by the
improvement in several socio economy indicators like per capita income,
health, education, social well-being and housing (Rahimah and Mohamed
Yusof, 2002). However, at the same time the social welfare situation inMalaysia attract the attention of local academicians and social welfare
professionals as the development is skewed towards economic aspects but
fail to take into consideration social quality.
This study seeks to find the true meaning of the concept of social welfare
and its relationship with social development. Specific attention is given to
8/14/2019 Term Paper Mpob Vishal
8/23
aspects of social welfare such as poverty, unemployment, education, public
housing, health care and quality of life. The study will also attempt to
connect the concept of social welfare with social development with the
assumption that in Malaysia, social development is a process to improve the
social welfare of the community.
Perception and reality
In the case of visual perception, some people can actually see the precept
shift in their mind's.
The 'esemplastic' nature has been shown by experiment: an ambiguous
image has multiple interpretations on the perceptual level.
Just as one object can give rise to multiple percepts, so an object may fail to
give rise to any percept at all: if the percept has no grounding in a person's
experience, the person may literally not perceive it.
The processes of perception routinely alter what humans see. When people
view something with a preconceived idea about it, they tend to take those
preconceived ideas and see them whether or not they are there. This problem
stems from the fact that humans are unable to understand new information,
without the inherent bias of their previous knowledge. The extent of a
persons knowledge creates their reality as much as the truth, because the
human mind can only contemplate that which it has been exposed to. When
objects are viewed without understanding, the mind will try to reach for
something that it already recognizes, in order to process what it is viewing.
That which most closely relates to the unfamiliar from our past experiences,
makes up what we see when we look at things that we dont comprehend.
This confusing ambiguity of perception is exploited in human technologies
such as camouflage, and also in biological mimicry, for example by Peacockbutterflies, whose wings bear eye markings that birds respond to as though
they were the eyes of a dangerous predator. Perceptual ambiguity is not
restricted to vision. For example, recent touch perception research Robles-
De-La-Torre & Hayward 2001 found that kinesthesia based haptic
perception strongly relies on the forces experienced during touch.
8/14/2019 Term Paper Mpob Vishal
9/23
Cognitive theories of perception assume there is a poverty of stimulus. This
(with reference to perception) is the claim that sensation are, by themselves,
unable to provide a unique description of the world. Sensations require
'enriching', which is the role of the mental model. A different type of theory
is the perceptual ecology approach of James J. Gibson.
Perception-in-action
The ecological understanding of perception advanced from Gibson's early
work is perception-in-action, the notion that perception is a requisite
property of animate action, without perception action would not be guided
and without action perception would be pointless. Animate actions require
perceiving and moving together. In a sense, "perception and movement are
two sides of the same coin, the coin is action." A mathematical theory of
perception-in-action has been devised and investigated in many forms of
controlled movement by many different species of organism, General Tau
Theory. According to this theory, tau information, or time-to-goal
information is the fundamental 'percept' in perception.-
Types of perception
a.) Amodal perception
b.) Color perception
c.) Depth perception
d.) Visual perception
e.) Form perception
f.) Haptic perceptinon
g.) Speech percepion
h.) Perception as Interpretationi.) Numeric Value of Perception
j.) Pitch perception
k.) Harmonic perception
l.) Rhythmic perception
8/14/2019 Term Paper Mpob Vishal
10/23
Employee Perception on CommitmentOriented Work Systems
Human resource management (HRM) does matter! Prior empirical research,
summarized and classified in the work of Delery and Doty (1996), Guest
(1997) and Boselie et al. (2000), suggests significant impact of HRM on the
competitive advantage of organizations. The mainstream research on this
topic reveals encouraging results on organizational level. Further research on
the perception of the individual employee may reveal new insights in the
effectiveness of HRM in organizations. Now we have the opportunity to
study recent empirical data of a Dutch employment agency. These data on
individual employee level provide us new insights in the perception of
commitment oriented HR systems and their relationship with perceived job
security and employee trust. High scores on employee participation,
payment system, training and development, information sharing, and support
of the direct supervisor result in employee trust and high scores on perceived
job security.
The Importance of Equity Perception
and Job Satisfaction in PredictingEmployee Intent to Stay at TelevisionStations
The purpose of this study was to determine what predicts employee intent to
stay at commercial television stations. Above-the-line employees of five
commercial television stations completed a survey questionnaire, whichfocused on employee turnover in three departments: news, production, and
sales. Data analysis indicated that a category of system outcomes predicted
perception of equity; that a category of interpersonal outcomes, in
conjunction with opportunity and perception of equity, predicted job
satisfaction; and that job satisfaction, in conjunction with perception of
equity and education, predicted intent to stay
8/14/2019 Term Paper Mpob Vishal
11/23
Role Perception as Predictor of Editors' JobSatisfaction
One of the main attractions of the profession to aspiring journalists has beenthe glamour associated with the ability to influence the course of events in
their community through informing the public debate on vital matters of
social and economic policy, keeping a check on the government, exposing
political corruption and helping to advance a progressive social agenda.
Despite the primacy of the profit motive to many owners of the press, the
individual editors and journalists who engage in this less-than-lucrative
profession tend to still be driven, in many cases, by the grand vision of
journalism's influential role in shaping public life.
How Does Perception Affect TheOrganisational Process?
Perception affects things we experience in our daily lives too so of course it
has an impact on the organizational process too.
Perception is basically what we think of something, someone, a situation etc.
Our thinking might be our own or it might be the result of what someone
else thinks of a particular situation.
The reason perception affects the organizational process is because if the
employees cant perceive the goal or the aim of the organization properly
then thy might not be working towards it either and if they are not working
towards it then that organization faces a gap between what is required of the
people and what is actually being done.
I hope you have heard of the "change process" that happens frequently in
organizations. If suppose that process is being implemented then its very
important for the employees to know what the organization is going to go
through and what is going to happen after the process. If their perception
isn't clear about it then they might resist the change a lot which isn't good for
8/14/2019 Term Paper Mpob Vishal
12/23
the company. The employees' perception can help the company's
organizational process run smoother or become difficult.
JOB SATISFACTION
Definitions
Job satisfaction has been defined as a pleasurable emotional state resulting
from the appraisal of ones job;an affective reaction to ones job; and an
attitude towards ones job. Weiss (2002) has argued that job satisfaction is an
attitude but points out that researchers should clearly distinguish the objects
of cognitive evaluation which are affect (emotion), beliefs and behaviours.This definition suggests that we form attitudes towards our jobs by taking
into account our feelings, our beliefs, and our behaviors.
HistoryOne of the biggest preludes to the study of job satisfaction was the
Hawthorne studies. These studies (1924-1933), primarily credited to Elton
Mayo of the Harvard Business School, sought to find the effects of various
conditions (most notably illumination) on workers productivity. These
studies ultimately showed that novel changes in work conditions temporarilyincrease productivity (called the Hawthorne Effect. It was later found that
this increase resulted, not from the new conditions, but from the knowledge
of being observed. This finding provided strong evidence that people work
for purposes other than pay, which paved the way for researchers to
investigate other factors in job satisfaction.
Scientific management (aka Taylorism) also had a significant impact on the
study of job satisfaction. Frederick Winslow Taylors 1911 book, Principles
of Scientific Management, argued that there was a single best way to
perform any given work task. This book contributed to a change in industrial
production philosophies, causing a shift from skilled labor and piecework
towards the more modern approach of assembly lines and hourly wages. The
initial use of scientific management by industries greatly increased
productivity because workers were forced to work at a faster pace. However,
workers became exhausted and dissatisfied, thus leaving researchers with
8/14/2019 Term Paper Mpob Vishal
13/23
new questions to answer regarding job satisfaction. It should also be noted
that the work of W.L. Bryan, Walter Dill Scoft, and Hugo Munsterberg set
the tone for Taylors work.
Some argue that Maslows hierarchy of needs theory, a motivation theory,
laid the foundation for job satisfaction theory. This theory explains that
people seek to satisfy five specific needs in life physiological needs, safety
needs, social needs, self-esteem needs, and self-actualization. This model
served as a good basis from which early researchers could develop job
satisfaction theories.
Models of job satisfaction
Affect Theory
Edwin A. Lockes Range of Affect Theory (1976) is arguably the most
famous job satisfaction model. The main premise of this theory is that
satisfaction is determined by a discrepancy between what one wants in a job
and what one has in a job. Further, the theory states that how much one
values a given facet of work (e.g. the degree of autonomy in a position)
moderates how satisfied/dissatisfied one becomes when expectations
are/arent met. When a person values a particular facet of a job, hissatisfaction is more greatly impacted both positively (when expectations are
met) and negatively (when expectations are not met), compared to one who
doesnt value that facet. To illustrate, if Employee A values autonomy in the
workplace and Employee B is indifferent about autonomy, then Employee A
would be more satisfied in a position that offers a high degree of autonomy
and less satisfied in a position with little or no autonomy compared to
Employee B. This theory also states that too much of a particular facet will
produce stronger feelings of dissatisfaction the more a worker values that
facet.
Dispositional Theory
Another well-known job satisfaction theory is the Dispositional Theory. It is
a very general theory that suggests that people have innate dispositions that
cause them to have tendencies toward a certain level of satisfaction,
8/14/2019 Term Paper Mpob Vishal
14/23
regardless of ones job. This approach became a notable explanation of job
satisfaction in light of evidence that job satisfaction tends to be stable over
time and across careers and jobs. Research also indicates that identical twins
have similar levels of job satisfaction.
A significant model that narrowed the scope of the Dispositional Theory was
the Core Self-evaluations Model, proposed by Timothy A. Judge in 1998.
Judge argued that there are four Core Self-evaluations that determine ones
disposition towards job satisfaction: self-esteem, general self-efficacy, locus
of control, and neuroticism. This model states that higher levels of self-
esteem (the value one places on his/her self) and general self-efficacy (the
belief in ones own competence) lead to higher work satisfaction. Having an
internal locus of control (believing one has control over her\his own life, as
opposed to outside forces having control) leads to higher job satisfaction.
Finally, lower levels of neuroticism lead to higher job satisfaction
Measuring job satisfaction
There are many methods for measuring job satisfaction. By far, the most
common method for collecting data regarding job satisfaction is the Like
scale (named after Rensis Likert). Other less common methods of for
gauging job satisfaction include: Yes/No questions, True/False questions,
point systems, checklists, and forced choice answers. This data is typicallycollected using an Enterprise Feedback Management (EFM) system.
The Job Descriptive Index (JDI), created by Smith, Kendall, & Hulin
(1969), is a specific questionnaire of job satisfaction that has been widely
used. It measures ones satisfaction in five facets: pay, promotions and
promotion opportunities, coworkers, supervision, and the work itself. The
scale is simple, participants answer either yes, no, or cant decide (indicated
by ?) in response to whether given statements accurately describe ones
job.
The Job in General Index is an overall measurement of job satisfaction. It
is an improvement to the Job Descriptive Index because the JDI focuses too
much on individual facets and not enough on work satisfaction in general.
Other job satisfaction questionnaires include: the Minnesota Satisfaction
Questionnaire (MSQ), the Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS), and the Faces
8/14/2019 Term Paper Mpob Vishal
15/23
Scale. The MSQ measures job satisfaction in 20 facets and has a long form
with 100 questions (five items from each facet) and a short form with 20
questions (one item from each facet). The JSS is a 36 item questionnaire that
measures nine facets of job satisfaction. Finally, the Faces Scale of job
satisfaction, one of the first scales used widely, measured overall job
satisfaction with just one item which participants respond to by choosing a
face.
Job satisfaction and emotions
Mood and emotions while working are the raw materials which cumulate to
form the affective element of job satisfaction. (Weiss and Cropanzano,
1996). Moods tend to be longer lasting but often weaker states of uncertain
origin, while emotions are often more intense, short-lived and have a clear
object or cause.
There is some evidence in the literature that state moods are related to
overall job satisfaction. Positive and negative emotions were also found to
be significantly related to overall job satisfaction.
Frequency of experiencing net positive emotion will be a better predictor of
overall job satisfaction than will intensity of positive emotion when it is
experienced.
Emotion regulation and emotion labor are also related to job satisfaction.
Emotion work (or emotion management) refers to various efforts to manage
emotional states and displays. Emotion regulation includes all of the
conscious and unconscious efforts to increase, maintain, or decrease one or
more components of an emotion. Although early studies of the consequences
of emotional labor emphasized its harmful effects on workers, studies of
workers in a variety of occupations suggest that the consequences of
emotional labor are not uniformly negative.
It was found that suppression of unpleasant emotions decreases job
satisfaction and the amplification of pleasant emotions increases job
satisfaction. The understanding of how emotion regulation relates to job
satisfaction concerns two models:
8/14/2019 Term Paper Mpob Vishal
16/23
Emotional dissonance Emotional dissonance is a state of
discrepancy between public displays of emotions and internal
experiences of emotions,that often follows the process of emotion
regulation.Emotional dissonance is associated with high emotional
exhaustion, low organizational commitment, and low jobsatisfaction.
Social interaction model. Taking the social interaction perspective,
workers emotion regulation might beget responses from others
during interpersonal encounters that subsequently impact their own
job satisfaction. For example: The accumulation of favorable
responses to displays of pleasant emotions might positively affect
job satisfaction .performance of emotional labor that produces
desired outcomes could increase job satisfaction.
COMMITMENT
A great business leader once said:
"...the basic philosophy, spirit, and drive of an organization have far more to
do with its relative achievements than do technological or economic
resources, organizational structure, innovation, and timing. All these things
weigh heavily in success. But they are, I think, transcended by how stronglythe people in the organization believe in its basic precepts and how faithfully
they carry them out." (from Thomas J. Watson, Jr., A Business and its Beliefs
- The ideas that helped build IBM).
As true as this is for the success of a corporation, it is even more so for the
individual. The most important single factor in individual success is
COMMITMENT. Commitment ignites action. To commit is to pledge
yourself to a certain purpose or line of conduct. It also means practicing your
beliefs consistently. There are, therefore, two fundamental conditions for
commitment. The first is having a sound set of beliefs. There is an old saying
that goes, "Stand for something or you'll fall for anything." The second is
faithful adherence to those beliefs with your behavior. Possibly the best
description of commitment is "persistence with a purpose".
8/14/2019 Term Paper Mpob Vishal
17/23
Many successful business people are hailed as visionary leaders. On careful
inspection they are found to be individuals who hold firmly to a simple set
of commitments, usually grounded in beliefs such as "the best product
money can buy", or the highest possible customer service". It is the strength
of these commitments, religiously followed, that led to their business
success.
Authentic Commitment
We live and work in a culture that takes its identity from its efficiency,
speed, and practicality. We pay a price, though, for being a society of
implementers and executors, and that price is the loss of our idealism and
sense of purpose. We need to find a way to balance our concern with what
works with what matters.
The leadership challenge is to create organizations that combine a larger
purpose with the day-to-day doing. Idealism is the pursuit of the way we
think things should be. Idealists follow their ideals, even to the point of
impracticality. Once we were all more idealistic. A young child asks for the
moon and expects it to be delivered. As we grow older and enter the real
world, our idealism is assaulted and is considered a weaknessa flaw in
perception, an incapacity to see the world as it is. To be told you are
unrealistic is a painful accusation. In the absence of idealism, materialism
flourishes.
The pressure for realism is introduced now at an increasingly early age. As
soon as our children begin school, we start worrying about their SAT scores
to get into college. We fill their afternoons and weekends with
developmental activities. We are happy when they win, for we think this is
an indicator of their future. In this way, we ask the child to shift from
experiencing life to preparing for success in the world of commerce.
The push toward early adulthood short circuits idealism. Idealism dissolves
in a world where measurement and instant results are the most acceptable
answer. The result is a socially acceptable cynicism. The cynic is a fallen
idealist. Cynicism becomes the safe groundthe ultimate defense against
disappointmentand a breeding ground for entitlement. When the idealist is
considered a foola dreamer, out of touch with realitypeople in
8/14/2019 Term Paper Mpob Vishal
18/23
organizations adopt the cynics stance: Since the dream is gone, the world
owes me something in return.
HOW TO PRACTICE COMMITMENT
Effectively demonstrating commitment to others, to the organization's basic
principles, and to oneself is never easy. The truth is, demonstrating
commitment is hard work. Wavering commitment is usually seen as no
commitment at all. The only way to achieve a reputation for commitment is
through determination and persistence. Genuine commitment stands the test
of time.
Day to day, commitment is demonstrated by a combination of two actions.The first action is called supporting. Genuine support develops a
commitment in the minds and hearts of others. This is accomplished by
focusing on what is important and leading by example. It is not uncommon
for people to be either confused as to what is important, or lose sight of it
over time. Supporting means concentrating on what adds value, spotlighting
what's working, and rewarding others who are focusing on what is important
and leading by example. A crucial aspect of true support is standing up to
those who would undermine commitment, those whose words or actions
show disrespect.
The second action underlying commitment is called improving. Improving
stretches our commitment to an even higher level. Commitment means a
willingness to look for a better way and learn from the process. It focuses on
eliminating complacency, confronting what is not working, and providing
incentives for improvement. The spirit of improving is rooted in challenging
current expectation and ultimately taking the risk to make changes.
It is the combination of both supporting and improving behaviors that makes
up the practice of commitment. Separately neither action is capable of
sustaining commitment. Promoting alone can come across as a shallow andpollyannish. Continuous improvement can be seen as "good is never good
enough". Together they provide a needed balance. Both are essential to
commitment.
8/14/2019 Term Paper Mpob Vishal
19/23
ARTICLE
The Role of Organizational Justice in Pay and
Employee Benefit Satisfaction, and its Effects on Work
Attitudes
REVIEW
The objective of our study is to provide a complementary approach with
regard to organizational justice in the domain of compensation. It presents
research undertaken on a sample of 285 employees in three different
Canadian organizations. The results reveal that employees distinguish
clearly between pay satisfaction and benefit satisfaction, and that distributive
justice perceptions are better predictors of pay satisfaction than procedural
justice perceptions. This result is reversed for employee benefit satisfaction:
Procedural justice perceptions are better predictors than distributive justice
perceptions. Lastly, the results show that distributive justice perceptions with
regard to pay play a more important role than procedural justice in job
satisfaction and satisfaction with the organization.
8/14/2019 Term Paper Mpob Vishal
20/23
8/14/2019 Term Paper Mpob Vishal
21/23
Perception as the Bridge BetweenNature and Life-World
REVIEW
The main claim in "Perception as the Bridge Between Nature and Life-
World" is that philosophy once again has to discuss the old problem of direct
realism. According to modern philosophy of perception we are never in our
perceptions in direct contact with the external world, but in our everyday
lives we take direct veridical perception for granted most of the time. Our
culture contains an epistemological contradiction. Therefore,
phenomenological philosophers should allow themselves to drop the method
of epoch, and analytic philosophers should not confine themselves to
language analysis. In the paper, some peculiar consequences of direct
realism are highlighted. Modern direct realists have to accept that veridical
perception (a) is x-ray perception (i.e. we perceive through material things),
(b) is backward perception (i.e. we perceive backwards in time), and (c) that
such perception contains a connection at a distance; they also have to accept
(d) that our ego has no determinate spatial and temporal limits. The mainalternative to direct realism seems to be some kind of monadology. It is
claimed, however, that a monadology is even worse off than direct realism
is. Therefore, the philosophical problems of direct realism have to be
discussed.
8/14/2019 Term Paper Mpob Vishal
22/23
SUPERVISORS PERCEPTIONS OF
ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS
Power is a complex social phenomenon which has a pervasive influence on
the functioning of an organization. Though power relationships are
universally observed in organizational settings, they manifest themselves in
various forms in different organizations. The most distinctive aspect of
power structure in an organization is the way power is distributed over the
different hierarchical levels. The problem of distribution of power is usually
focused upon the twin guest ions of participation and power equalization in
the organization and their relative influence in determining organizational
effectiveness. The distribution or power, that is, how much influence in the
decision making is exerted by the different hierarchical levels, is closely
associated with the expected distribution of power, that is, how much
influence members expect different hierarchical levels to exert in the
decision making process. In addition to the expectations of the members, the
subordinates perceptions of the source from which the superiors influenceis derived, further adds to the complexity of understanding organizational
power
REFERENCES
www.wikipedia.com
www1.sapdesignguild.org/resources/optical_illusions/intro_definition.html - 6k
hem.passagen.se/ijohansson/intentionality1.ht
www.emeraldinsight.com
8/14/2019 Term Paper Mpob Vishal
23/23
www.nos.org/secpsycour/unit-8