Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks -Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks -
Meeting the Market's Capacity DemandsMeeting the Market's Capacity Demands
at Lowest Overall Costat Lowest Overall Cost
Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks -Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks -
Meeting the Market's Capacity DemandsMeeting the Market's Capacity Demands
at Lowest Overall Costat Lowest Overall Cost
Katsutoshi Tamura, Katsutoshi Tamura, General ManagerGeneral ManagerSubmarine Networks Business DivisionSubmarine Networks Business DivisionInternational Telecommunications Business GroupInternational Telecommunications Business GroupFujitsu LimitedFujitsu Limited
Tatsuo Matsumoto, Tatsuo Matsumoto, Senior Director Senior DirectorSubmarine Telecommunications Engineering DivisionSubmarine Telecommunications Engineering DivisionTransport Systems GroupTransport Systems GroupFujitsu LimitedFujitsu Limited
Colin Anderson, Colin Anderson, Manager Business Development Manager Business DevelopmentSubmarine Networks Sales & MarketingSubmarine Networks Sales & MarketingInternational Telecommunications Business GroupInternational Telecommunications Business GroupFujitsu LimitedFujitsu Limited
PTC2000 Hawaii: A New Vision for the 21 st CenturyPTC2000 Hawaii: A New Vision for the 21 st CenturySession T.1.4.1 Tuesday 1 February 2000Session T.1.4.1 Tuesday 1 February 2000
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IntroductionIntroduction
Demand for international traffic continues driven by the Internet
Vendors strive to meet capacity and cost demands
Fortunately technology has enabled both capacity increases and cost reductions
Focus of this paper is “cost” rather than “capacity”
What have been the price implications of the technologies recently deployed ?
What will be the likely impacts of the next generation of'enabling technologies' on price as well as capacity ?
Which technologies will be best for the future submarine networks ?
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Typical WDM Optical Submarine Network ConfigurationTypical WDM Optical Submarine Network Configuration
Terminal Station EquipmentWDM: N channels of traffic ontoN wavelengths on a single fiber
Terminal Station Equipment
WDM Evolution:8 x 2.5 Gb/s ... 16 x 2.5 Gb/s … 16 x 10 Gb/s ... 32 x 10 Gb/s …64 x 10 Gb/s ... 128 x 10 Gb/s ... ? 8 x 40 Gb/s ... 16 x 40 Gb/s ... ?
Up to 200 Cascaded Optical Amplifiers
Span between Terminals: 500 km ~ 10,000 km(span between “optical - electrical” & “optical - electrical” conversion)
40 ~ 80 km between Repeaters
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Key Enabling TechnologiesKey Enabling Technologies
Erbium Doped Fiber Optical Amplifer
Study mid 1960's Practical reality in laboratories mid-1980's Practical in commercial networks early 1990's Slow start perhaps, but a dramatic impact in latter part of 1990's
Dense DWM Optical Devices
Wavelength-Locked Lasers Tunable lasers Passive optical devices (filters, multiplexers, etc...) etc
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History of WDM Optical Submarine NetworksHistory of WDM Optical Submarine Networks
1995: 1 wave of 2.5 Gb/s or 5.0 Gb/s
1998: 8 waves x 2.5 Gb/s or 16 waves x 2.5 Gb/s
1999 / 2000: 32 waves x 10 Gb/s being contracted
Systems with 64 waves x 10 Gb/s will be commercialisedin the next two years
Foreseeable future: 128 x 10 Gb/s using C-Band and L-Band
N x 40 Gb/s systems will follow
Currently up to 4 fiber pairs in submerged plant
6 and 8 fiber pair systems by 2002
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Figure 1: Transmission Capacity per Optical FiberFigure 1: Transmission Capacity per Optical Fiber (8 x 2.5 Gb/s ~ 32 x 40 Gb/s) (8 x 2.5 Gb/s ~ 32 x 40 Gb/s)
0 Gb/s
200 Gb/s
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600 Gb/s
800 Gb/s
1,000 Gb/s
1,200 Gb/s
1,400 Gb/s
2.5x8x2 2.5x8x6 2.5x16x42.5x16x82.5x32x22.5x32x6 10x16x410x16x810x32x210x32x6 10x64x410x64x810x128x210x128x640x8x4 40x8x8 40x16x240x16x6 40x32x440x32x8
S yste m T yp e (l in e ra te x w a ve s x fib e r p a i rs)
1,000 G b/s = 1 Tb/s
Nomenclature: "10 x 32 x 4" means
"10 Gb/s x 32 waves x 4 fiber pairs"
1,000 Gb/s = 1.0 Tb/s
N x 10 Gb/s N x 40 Gb/s
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Figure 2: Transmission Capacity per Cable System Figure 2: Transmission Capacity per Cable System (8 x 2.5 Gb/s ~ 32 x 40 Gb/s)(8 x 2.5 Gb/s ~ 32 x 40 Gb/s)
Figure 2: Transmission Capacity per Submarine Cable(8 x 2.5 Gb/s ~ 32 x 40 Gb/s, 1 ~ 8 fiber pairs)
0 Gb/s
2,000 Gb/s
4,000 Gb/s
6,000 Gb/s
8,000 Gb/s
10,000 Gb/s
12,000 Gb/s
2.5x8x22.5x8x6 2.5x16x42.5x16x82.5x32x22.5x32x610x16x410x16x810x32x210x32x6 10x64x410x64x810x128x210x128x6
40x8x4 40x8x8 40x16x240x16x6 40x32x440x32x8
S yste m T yp e (l in e ra te x w a ve s x fib e r p a i rs)
1,000 G b/s = 1 Tb/s
10,000 G b/s = 10 Tb/s
Nomenclature: "10 x 32 x 4" means
"10 Gb/s x 32 waves x 4 fiber pairs"
10,000 Gb/s = 10 Tb/s
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History of Submarine Cable CapacityHistory of Submarine Cable Capacity
Period from 1989 to 1999
eg: TPC 3 = 2 x 280 Mb/s Optical Regenerator System Japan - US Cable = 16 x 10 Gb/s x 4 fiber pairs
Greatest increase in capacity with introduction of WDM technology
Extrapolation to Year 2010 ?
For example using the 'rule-of-thumb' growth rate predictionof "2 times per year" from 1999 base ?
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Figure 3: Submarine Cable Capacity verses Time, 1989 ~ 2010 ? Figure 3: Submarine Cable Capacity verses Time, 1989 ~ 2010 ?
Prediction of 2x /yr
from 1999
TPC-3 : 1x280M b/s
TPC-4: 1x560M b/s
TPC-5: 1x5Gx2fp
SEA-M E-WE-3: 8x2.5Gx2fp
CHINA-US: 8x2.5Gx4fp
SOUTHERN CROSS: 16x2.5Gx4fp
JAPAN-US: 16x10Gx4fp
64x10Gx6fp
32x10Gx6fp
32x10Gx4fp
128x10Gx6fp
0 Gb/s
1 Gb/s
10 Gb/s
100 Gb/s
1,000 Gb/s
10,000 Gb/s
100,000 Gb/s
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
= 1 Tb/s
= 100 Tb/s
= 10 Tb/s
Figure 3: Submarine Cable Capacity vs Time
1,200 m
120 m
12 m
1,200,000
120,000
Equivalent number ofvoice circuits (uncompressed)
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Price History of Submarine Cable SystemsPrice History of Submarine Cable Systems
Breakdown of price has been changing as capacity has increased
In past, large percentage of total price was in submerged plant, and capacity was fixed from initial deployment
Increasing number of waves of WDM has led to increased percentage of the total price is terminal equipment
< 8 x 2.5 Gb/s: submerged 50 ~ 65 %; terminal 8 ~ 25 % 32 x 10 Gb/s: submerged 20 ~ 40 %; terminal 50 ~ 60 % (fully equipped) (major variation is with SLTE - SLTE span) Future terminal equipment approaching 70 % fully equipped? Also an increase in floor space for terminal equipment
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Price per Unit Capacity ComparisonPrice per Unit Capacity Comparison
Price per unit of traffic capacity has dramatically decreased("price-per-bit" or "price-per-STM-1" etc)
One of the factors stimulating cable deployment
Internet provided traffic demand (pull), and technology has reduced the cost per bit faster than market decreases in selling price per bit
For example 8 x 2.5 Gb/s to 16 x 2.5 Gb/s ~ 40 % decrease in cost per STM-1 due to technology 16 x 2.5 Gb/s to 16 x 10 Gb/s: ~ 65 % decrease in cost per STM-1 32 wave systems: perhaps 30 % ~ 35 % lower than 16 x 10 Gb/s ? Full information in Figure 4 (2,000 km) and Figure 5 (8,000 km)
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Figure 4: Overall Price per STM-1 over 2,000 km Submarine LinkFigure 4: Overall Price per STM-1 over 2,000 km Submarine Link
Figure 4: Overall Price per STM-1 over 2,000 km8 ~ 32 x 2.5 Gb/s & 16 ~ 32 x 10 Gb/s, 2 ~ 8 fiber pairs
0
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2.5x8x12.5x8x22.5x8x32.5x8x42.5x8x62.5x8x8 2.5x16x12.5x16x22.5x16x32.5x16x42.5x16x62.5x16x8 2.5x32x12.5x32x22.5x32x32.5x32x42.5x32x62.5x32x8 10x16x110x16x210x16x310x16x410x16x610x16x8 10x32x110x32x210x32x310x32x410x32x610x32x8
S yste m T yp e (l in e ra te x w a ve s x fib e r p a i rs)
1, 2, 3, 4, ... 6, ... 8 pairs
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Figure 5: Overall Price per STM-1 over 8,000 km Submarine LinkFigure 5: Overall Price per STM-1 over 8,000 km Submarine Link
Figure 5: Overall Price per STM-1 over 8,000 km8 ~ 32 x 2.5 Gb/s & 16 ~ 32 x 10 Gb/s, 2 ~ 8 fiber pairs
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
2.5x8x2 2.5x8x4 2.5x8x6 2.5x8x8 2.5x16x22.5x16x42.5x16x62.5x16x8 2.5x32x22.5x32x42.5x32x62.5x32x8 10x16x210x16x410x16x610x16x8 10x32x210x32x410x32x610x32x8
S yste m T yp e (l in e ra te x w a ve s x fib e r p a i rs)
2, 4, 6, 8 pairs
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
Technology History, Current & Future Technology TrendsTechnology History, Current & Future Technology Trends
Optical Amplifier Bandwidth & Amplitude Response
Traditionally used optical C-band (centered on 1,550 nm) L-Band becoming available (new EDFA) Bandwidth and flatness improvements Terrestrial systems announced in mid-1999:
80 x 10 Gb/s in C-Band + 90 x 10 Gb/s in L-Band (1.7 Tb/s per fiber) For submarine systems: C-Band = 26 nm, L-Band = 30 nm useable?
Number of WDM Channels, Bit Rate, Channel Spacing
WDM wave spacing: 1.6nm 0.8 nm 0.4 nm 0.3 nm possible ? 0.2 nm unlikely ? 0.4 nm allows > 64 waves in C-Band plus > 64 waves in L-Band
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
Optical Fiber Spectrum & Types of Optical AmplifierOptical Fiber Spectrum & Types of Optical Amplifier
1,450nm 1,490nm 1,530nm 1,570nm 1,610nm 1,650nm
S+ Band S Band C Band L Band L+ Band
RFA
TDFA EDTFA
GS-EDFAEDFAErbium DopedFiber Amplifier
Gain-ShiftedErbium DopedFiber Amplifier
Tellurite-BasedErbium DopedFiber Amplifier
Thulium DopedFlouride-BasedFiber Amplifier
Raman Fiber Amplifier
Total ~ 200 nm: 500 ~ 1,000 waves ?
80 nm: ~ 200 waves ?
40 nm
1,550nm 1,580nm
Potential of Optical Fiber: perhaps 250 waves x 100 Gb/s = 25,000 Gb/s = 25 Tb/s ?
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
Technology History, Current & Future Technology TrendsTechnology History, Current & Future Technology Trends
Number of WDM Channels, Bit Rate, Channel Spacing (cont)
As channel numbers increase, total power must be kept constant and so power per wave decreases
Repeaters need to be closer together (price and noise increase) Eventually, increasing the number of repeaters to give closer
repeater spacing gives worse performance (noise increase overwhelms other gains). Limit of the technology is reached.
Optical Amplifier Pumping Technologies
Traditionally 1,480 nm pumping lasers (cost & reliability) 980 nm lasers now available for lower noise in pre-amplifier stages combination of 980 nm and 1,480 nm in 'forward' and 'reverse'
pumping directions currently optimum
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
Forward & Reverse Pumping Using 980 nm & 1,480 nm Pumping LasersForward & Reverse Pumping Using 980 nm & 1,480 nm Pumping Lasers
Erbium Aluminum Doped Optical FiberL = 10 ~ 80m, Er ~ 500 ppm = 0.05 %
980nm PumpLaser Diode
20:1 Coupler
1,480nm PumpLaser Diode
Rear ModulatorReflector / Isolator
PIN
Input Output
Long PeriodFiber Grating
SV Monitor & Control Circuiit
LPG
PIN
20:1 Coupler
Input LevelMonitorPhoto-Diode
Output LevelMonitorPhoto-Diode
DC Input Power: 9 V 0.87 A ~ 8 W typ
3dBCoupler
WDM MUX
3dBCoupler
980nm Pumping 1,480nm Pumping
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
Technology History, Current & Future Technology TrendsTechnology History, Current & Future Technology Trends
Optical Amplifier Pumping & Output Power
Use of two 980 nm Pump Lasers and two 1,480 nm Pump Lasers is now not only cost effective, but further benefits reliability against hardware failures of lasers
Fiber non-linearities (not the amplifiers in the repeaters) now limit the maximum output power
Optical Amplifier Noise Figure
Current schemes have reduced noise figure of the amplifiers from 6.7 dB to around 5.5 dB resulting in increased spans between repeaters and lower overall costs
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
Technology History, Current & Future Technology TrendsTechnology History, Current & Future Technology Trends
Non-Linear Effects / Optical Fiber Effective Area
Non-Zero DSF has relatively small "effective area" compared to regular "Single Mode Fiber" (SMF)
Concentration of the light energy causes non-linear effects in the optical fiber
Several "Large Effective Area" optical fibers now available "Large Effective Area Fiber" is itself more expensive, but used in the
first half of the span it allows higher output powers (without non-linear distortions)
Hence increase repeater spacing (overall cost savings)
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
Technology History, Current & Future Technology TrendsTechnology History, Current & Future Technology Trends
Dispersion Compensation
Non-Zero DSF (or Large Effective Area optical fiber) + positive dispersion fiber, to give overall average zero dispersion
But only at one wavelength!Imperfect correction at other wavelengths
Increasing numbers of waves of WDM mean increased band-widths, and the current dispersion compensation schemes are not perfect over large band-widths.
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
Technology History, Current & Future Technology TrendsTechnology History, Current & Future Technology Trends
Amplitude-Slope Compensation
Amplitude-slope is introduced by the fiber itself as well as the amplifiers
Current technologies only partially compensate
Active Gain-Slope Correction
New technology - remotely provisionable over the lifetime of the system. Reduce initial margins, and hence repeater cost savings
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Effect of Gain Slope in the NetworkEffect of Gain Slope in the Network
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Noise Floor
Noise Floor
Degraded Optical SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio)
Degraded SNR
Input Signaleg: 32 x 10 Gb/s
After Transmission (Case 1)
After Transmission (Case 2)
Before Transmission
Uniform Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
Advances in Terminal EquipmentAdvances in Terminal Equipment
Modulation Techniques
Traditionally Non-Return-to-Zero coding (NRZ) was preferred Recently significant advances in modulation hardware devices have
meant that Return-to-Zero modulation coding is simpler and more cost effective for 10 Gb/s WDM systems
However other schemes (Optical Duo-Binary, etc) hold even further promise for 40 Gb/s systems (improved dispersion tolerance, etc)
Forward Error Correction
Redundant information to allow error correction at the far end Bit rate is increased, but improvements in SNR far outweigh this
penalty Currently 4 ~ 6 dB of improvement (7 % bit rate increase)
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
Advances in Terminal EquipmentAdvances in Terminal Equipment
Forward Error Correction (cont)
Next generation "Super FEC" gives 7 ~ 10 dB of improvement(equivalent to > 4 x number of WDM waves)
Increased repeater spacing and significant cost savings Increased maximum spans
Dispersion Compensation
Reverse Dispersion Fibers (RDF or +D / -D) Improved technical performance as well as space savings at
terminal stations (less DCF)
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
Advances in Terminal EquipmentAdvances in Terminal Equipment
Tunable Lasers
Big savings for customer in spares Savings for manufacturer in number of different component types Eventually multiple wavelength arrays - further cost savings
Floor Space Requirements
Dense WDM systems require increasing terminal station space Cable station space is a real cost to the customer Re-locate SLTE to Central Station? (pros & cons) Separate Cable termination & Power Feed (at shore station) from
SLTE (at intermediate site) Use optical-layer protection instead of SDH protection
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Next Generation 40 Gb/s SystemsNext Generation 40 Gb/s Systems
Next logical choice for transmission rate after 10 Gb/s is 40 Gb/s
Many technical challenges (much more difficult than the migration 2.5 Gb/s 10 Gb/s)
Key issues include very high speed optical and electronic components severe effects of Chromatic Dispersion, Self-Phase Modulation (SPM), and
Polarisation Mode Dispersion (PMD) in the optical fiber when transmitting 40 Gb/s
To eventually be successful we know that 40 Gb/s systems will need to offer capacity increase at significantly reduced price per bit, as well as floor space savings
Past historical rule: “... 4 times the capacity for 2 ~ 3 timesthe price ...” ? Assumed in this paper.
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Future Submarine Network Price TrendsFuture Submarine Network Price Trends
System prices modelled for spans of 2,000 km ('short-haul') and 8,000 km ('long-haul') as earlier discussed
In fact N x 40 Gb/s may be limited to less than 8,000 km for some time to come ... but we assumed that the hurdles will eventually be overcome
Current market prices used where items exist, and'best estimate' prices used for future technologies
Hypothetical study, but rational and hopefully useful
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Figure 6: Overall Price per STM-1 over 2,000 km Submarine Link Figure 6: Overall Price per STM-1 over 2,000 km Submarine Link
Figure 6: Overall Price per STM-1 over 2,000 km16 ~ 128 x 10Gb/s & 8 ~ 32 x 40 Gb/s, 2 ~ 8 fiber pairs
0
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10x16x110x16x310x16x6 10x32x210x32x410x32x810x64x110x64x310x64x6 10x128x210x128x410x128x840x8x1 40x8x3 40x8x6 40x16x240x16x440x16x840x32x140x32x340x32x6
S yste m T yp e (l in e ra te x w a ve s x fib e r p a i rs)
N x 10 Gb/s N x 40 Gb/s
1, 2, 3, 4, ... 6, ... 8 pairs
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Figure 7: Overall Price per STM-1 over 8,000 km Submarine Link Figure 7: Overall Price per STM-1 over 8,000 km Submarine Link
Figure 7: Overall Price per STM-1 over 8,000 km16 ~ 128 x10 Gb/s & 8 ~ 32 x 40 Gb/s, 2 ~ 8 fiber pairs
0
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S yste m T yp e (l in e ra te x w a ve s x fib e r p a i rs)
N x 10 Gb/s N x 40 Gb/s
2, 4, 6, 8 pairs
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Price-per-Bit Comparison SummaryPrice-per-Bit Comparison Summary
64 x 10 Gb/s compared to 32 x 10 Gb/s(640 Gb/s per fiber pair cf 320 Gb/s per fiber pair) (2x)
Long-haul: approx 25% savings (20 ~ 30%) Short-haul: approx 23% savings (17 ~ 30 %)
128 x 10 Gb/s compared to 64 x 10 Gb/s(1,280 Gb/s per fiber pair cf 640 Gb/s per fiber pair) (2x)
Long-haul: 10 ~ 15% increase in price per bit (but capacity doubled) Short-haul: approx same price per bit (but capacity doubled)
8 x 40 Gb/s compared to 32 x 10 Gb/s(320 Gb/s per fiber pair in both cases) (1x)
15 ~ 20 % savings approx (short-haul or long-haul)
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Price-per-Bit Comparison SummaryPrice-per-Bit Comparison Summary
16 x 40 Gb/s compared to 64 x 10 Gb/s(640 Gb/s per fiber pair in both cases) (1x)
~ 25 % savings approx (short-haul or long-haul)
32 x 40 Gb/s compared to 64 x 10 Gb/s(1,280 Gb/s per fiber pair cf 640 Gb/s per fiber pair) (2x)
~ 50 % savings approx (short-haul or long-haul)
Please correct yourhard-copy printout
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Comparison of 40 Gb/s to 10 Gb/sComparison of 40 Gb/s to 10 Gb/s
64 x 10 Gb/s systems are economical compared to 32 x 10 Gb/s, and will continue to provide good solutions for up to 5 Tb/s per cable (64 x 10Gb/s x 8 fp) at low cost-per-bit
Next step of 128 x 10 Gb/s may not be so attractive from point of view of ‘price per bit’ or floor space requirements
When 40 Gb/s systems become available commercially they will compete well at 320 Gb/s per fiber and above, and will offer best solutions for 320 Gb/s to 10 Tb/s per cable (32 x 40G x 8 fp)
40 Gb/s systems can be expected to much reduce floor space requirements at terminal stations of very high capacity systems
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
Future Network Architectures & Protection SchemesFuture Network Architectures & Protection Schemes
The above analysis does not include SDH Multiplex orNetwork protection Equipment
Combined SDH (SIE, MUX & NPE) typically represents approx15 % of the total network price, fully equipped (& much less for initial sub-equipped configurations; perhaps 3 ~ 7 % ?)
Other drivers are acting - SONET / SDH are excellent for voice networks but somewhat inefficient for data-centric andIP-centric networks: ‘IP over WDM’ vs ‘IP over SDH’
Separate the MUX / SDH SIE requirement from the NPE requirement ?
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 34
PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
Future Network Architectures & Protection SchemesFuture Network Architectures & Protection Schemes
Full function Network Protection can be provided by new optical layer NPE equipment without the need for any protocol dependence (SDH, etc), and with lower power consumption and floor space requirements than for SDH
Price is already less than for SDH NPE in some configurations
Increased use of optical layer NPE in terrestrial networks will soon see further price reductions in optical switches and optical NPE's
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary Slide 35
PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
We have tried to identify the impacts of recent technology developments on both capacity, price, & price-per-bit for submarine cable networks
In future there seem to be several identifiable promising new key technologies, including 40 Gb/s transmission, which will be able to be exploited to give further capacity increases and at the same time give price-per-bit decreases
The era of ‘Terabit’ Submarine Cable Networks is certainly already with us - and the same kind of technology developments which made those networks feasible seem likely to be able to continue to offer the future solutions which the market-place demands, and at affordable prices