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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Civil Engineering Materials
Department of Civil, Structural and
Environmental EngineeringTrinity College Dublin
Dr. Roger P. West (TCD)
And Mr. Peter Flynn (Arup)
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Schedule Lectures:
Weeks 1-3(Wed 3-5): Timber, aluminium, glass and pre-cast
Weeks 4-9(Mon 10-11, Fri 3-4): Concrete, reinforcedconcrete and pre-stressed concrete
Tutorials:
Alternate weeks, weeks 4-9, Thursday 5-6pm, commencingGroups 1-20 in week 4 of term, in Joly Theatre
Concrete Laboratory:
Each laboratory group on either Monday or Thursday, forone week only, as per timetable
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A: Concrete
A1 Basic Materials:
A2 Fresh Concrete Properties:
A3 Hardened Concrete Properties:
A4 Concrete Mix Design:
A5 Reinforced Concrete:
A6 Pre-stressed Concrete:
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Concrete is a construction material composed ofcrushed rock or gravel and sand bound together witha hardened paste of cement and water.
Concrete is the most widely used construction materialin the world
What is Concrete?
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Concrete History
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Aquaducts
Concrete History
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Colleseum
Concrete History
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Pantheon
Concrete History
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Eddystone LighthouseJohn Smeaton (1756)
Concrete History
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Joseph Aspdin Patent (1824)
Concrete History
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Reinforced Concrete Flower Pot (Joseph Monier 1867)
Concrete History
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Weavers Mill Swansea (1898)
Concrete History
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Freysinnet
Concrete History
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Hoover Dam
Concrete History
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Astrodome
Concrete History
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Toronto Tower
Concrete History
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A.1 Basic Materials
1. Cement
2. Water
3. Aggregates
4. Admixtures
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A.1 Basic Materials
1. Cement
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
Sulphate Resistant Portland Cement (SRPC)
White Portland Cement (WPC)
Rapid Hardening Portland Cement (RHPC)
Masonry Portland Cement
Low Heat Portland Cement
Hydrophobic Portland Cement
Oil-well Portland Cement
Specialised Portland Cements:
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Alternative Cement Replacement Materials
Blastfurnace Slag Cement (GGBS)
Pulverised-fuel Ash Cement (PFA)
Metakaolin
Rice Husk Ash Silica Fume
Cements in Europe are classed as CEM1 (OPC or RHPC),
CEM2-4 (OPC with limestone, PFA or GGBS) in varyingproportions pre-blended
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A.1 Basic Materials
Chemistry of OPC
1. Cement
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A.1 Basic Materials
1. Cement
Manufacture
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A.1 Basic Materials
1. Cement Manufacture
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A.1 Basic Materials
Sulphate Resistant Portland Cement
Low triacalcium aluminate content (C3A)
Achieved by adding Iron oxide to decrease aluminate proportions
Resistant to sulphates but not resistant to strong acids
Reduced early heat
1. Cement
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A.1 Basic Materials
Blastfurnace Slag Cements (latent hydraulic binder)
By-product of iron smelting, quenched slag forms granuels
Generally blended with OPC up to 35%
Reduced early age strength
Reduced early heat of hydration
1. Cement
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A.1 Basic Materials
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A.1 Basic Materials
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A.1 Basic Materials
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A.1 Basic Materials
Delivery & Storage
Usually packaged in 25kg bags or transported in bulk tankers
Retail price 5
1. Cement
Warehouse set
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A.1 Basic Materials
Should be free from impurities
Sea water must not be used for reinforced concrete
2. Water
Unsuitable if it contains - sugars
- sulphates- chlorides
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A.1 Basic Materials
Setting and hardening results from a chemical reaction between the
cement and the water, not from a drying process.
Hydration
The paste is usually workable up to two hours before it begins to
harden
The reaction is exothermic and is irreversible. The heat produced is
known as the Heat of Hydration C3A and C3S are the compoundsprimarily responsible.
Strength gain is initially rapid becoming progressively less rapid
Strength gain continues indefinitely provided moisture is present.
Curing
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A.2 Fresh Concrete Properties
2. Cement hydration
Cement + H2O = Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C-S-H) +Ca (OH)2 +H2O
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A.2 Fresh Concrete Properties
2. Cement hydration and heat generation
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A.1 Basic Materials
2. Cement paste strength gain
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A.1 Basic Materials
Gravels, crushed rock and sands that are mixed with cement and
water to produce concrete.
Coarse aggregates are those that do not pass through a 5mm sieve.
Fine aggregates are those that pass through a 5mm sieve.
Generally make from 50% to 80% of the concrete mix.
Used to reduce cost and modify and imporve properties like strength
and drying shrinkage.
3. Aggregates
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A.1 Basic Materials
Quality Requirements
Durability - Hard
- Adequate Strength
- No deletrious material
Cleanliness - free from chemical impurities
- free from organic material
- free from dust
- excessive washing is not the answer
- avoid silica acid aggregates.
3. Aggregates
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A.1 Basic Materials
Aggregate Types
Normal density - Most gravels and crushed rock
- Divided into coarse and fine
Lightweight - Weak porous solids
- Good thermal properties
3. Aggregates
High Density - radioactive screening
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A.1 Basic Materials
Sieve Analysis
3. Aggregates
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A.1 Basic Materials
4. Admixtures
Additives to the concrete mix to improve certain properties
Must be used with care as excessive amounts can have adverse
effects on the concrete
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A.1 Basic Materials
4. Admixtures
Accelerators
Increases the rate of strength gain at an early age
Most common is calcium chloride (CaCl) but may corrode steel
Does not increase final strength
Most common is calcium chloride (CaCl) but may corrode steel
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A.1 Basic Materials
4. Admixtures Water Reducing Admixtures (Plasticisers)
Reduces the amount of water required for a given workability
Most common is calcium ligno-sulphate
Reduces the risk of evaporation cracks
Generates evenly dispersed air bubbles in the mix
Improves durability against frost and marine environments
Volume or air entrainment should not exceed 13% of cement paste
Air Entraining Admixtures
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A.1 Basic Materials
4. Admixtures Retarding Agents
Reduces the rate of evolution of heat
Necessary for very large concrete pours
Can improve impermeability of concrete in basements and
water retaining structures
No substitute for sound concrete
Water-repelling admixtures
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A.1 Basic Materials
4. Admixtures
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2E8 Materials (Civil Engineering Component)
Section A.1 Basic Materials
4. Admixtures Foaming Agents
Produces highly flowing light concrete
SuperplasticiserProduces flowing normal concrete with highstrength
Self-compacting
Allows highly flowing cohesive mix with no needfor vibration. It can also be self-levelling.