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REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 184 OF 2014
SUBRAMANIAN SWAMY …PETITIONER(S)
VERSUS
UNION OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF LAW ! ORS. …RESPONDENT(S)
WITH
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 8 OF 2015
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 19 OF 2015
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 56 OF 2015
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 64 OF 2015
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 62 OF 2015
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 63 OF 2015
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 67 OF 2015
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 79 OF 2015
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 73 OF 2015
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WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 82 OF 2015
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 77 OF 2015
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 91 OF 2015
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 98 OF 2015
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 106 OF 2015
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 96 OF 2015
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 110 OF 2015
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 121 OF 2015
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 120 OF 2015
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 117 OF 2015
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 118 OF 2015
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 116 OF 2015
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO. 119 OF 2015
TRANSFER PETITION (CRIMINAL) NOS. 102-105 OF 2015
TRANSFER PETITION (CRIMINAL) NOS. 94-101 OF 2015
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$& # +&%#% '& +&%#% ! ',#+,$#// "#!+ &, '++
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++,$#/$ #''+%$! $h+ !#%&!#,%$ h$ &' '++& $ ! ultra
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#$ $h+ ,$+,#$&,#/ /++/ $h+ +!$%$+ *&!&,! +!++ $&
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%&//+%$&, &' *+!&,! $& h#+ $h+ "+,+'$ &' +'##$&, , $h+
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h&,+!$ &*,&, $h + %#+ #, #$$+,$&, #, $h+ %&,%+*$
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A$%/+ 19(1)(#) #, #/!& ! #, #%%+*$#"/+ *//# '& # '++ #,
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+*+!!&, h%h !"!++! $h+ *"/% ,$++!$. Th+ /#,#+
, h%h S+%$&, 499 IPC ! %&%h+ &+! ,&$ ,%&*&#$+ $h+
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$h#$ $&& &, $h+ "#!+ &' !"
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$h+ +!/$#,$ +''+%$ ! $h#$ S+%$&,! 499 #, 500 IPC %#!+
,,+%+!!# !%&'&$ $& A$%/+ 19(1)(#) #, #/!& $& A$%/+
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11. A':/,*& +, $5 + M'. A',&9$' G#*$
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/$-+,!&,#/ *+!&,#/$ '& /$*/+ +#!&,! #,
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*+
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,%/+ #// %#$+&+! &' !$#$&,! '& %&,!$$$, &''+,%+
$h&$ #=, $ %/+# h#$ ! *&h"$+ #, h#$ !
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,$& %&,!+#$&, #$ $h+ $+ &' !&,, &' $h+ #%%!+
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+%& #$ $h#$ !$#+. $ &, # */#, +#, &' $h+ *&!&,
$h#$ ! ,&$ *+!!"/+ #, h+,%+ $h+ *&!&, ! ultra vires
#! $h+ *&%++ +,!h,+ #''+%$! $h+ "#!% #& &' $h+
',#+,$#/ h$ *+$#,, $& '++& &' !*++%h #,
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&, h& # '/+ # %,#/ %&*/#,$ ,+ S+%$&, 499500
IPC h#! $& "+ ,#&/ %&,!$+ !& #! $& %&,'+ # +#,, $&
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&/ #''+%$ $h+ *&%+#/ !#'+# h%h ++,$#//
#''+%$! $h+ !"!$#,$+ h$.
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. Th+ +!!+,$#/ ,++,$! &' $h+ &''+,%+ ,+ S+%$&,
499 IPC h%h ,%/+ #=, & *"/!h, #, *$#$&,
%&,%+,, #, *+!&, #, $h#$ $h+ !# *$#$&, !$
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&+%&+
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#%%!+ &' #, #**+#/ $& $h+ C&$ &' S+!!&, #, ",! ,
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+''+%$ h%h /+#! $& !**+!! # *+!!"/+ %#*#,. Th+
$h+#$ &' *&!+%$&, #/&,+ ! +,&h $& !**+!! $h+ $$h
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*&!+%$&,! , %#!+! &' &!!/ ,+/+,$ & #/%&!
+*&$, #+ $h /$+& &$+!.
PROPONEMENTS IN OPPUGNATION
14. S/"&&"+,& + M'. M%5 R+$*:" 5$',3 A**+',7G,'$5 +' I,3"$
. A$%/+ 19(2) !$ "+ +# #! # *#$ &' $h+ '++& &'
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C&,!$$$&, +$ ++, , $h+ :,$+ S$#$+! h++ '++ !*++%h
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h#+ "++, +h#!$+/ !+$ &$ , A$%/+ 19(2). I$ ! '& $h+
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+#!&,#"/+,+!! #, , $h+ *+!+,$ %#!+ $h+ h$ $& '++
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!*++%h ,+ A$%/+ 19(1)(#) ! $!+/' %&,$&,+#/'+ "
$h+ +!$%$&,! %&,$#,+ , A$%/+ 19(2) h%h ,%/+!
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%#,,&$ "+ !# $h#$ $h++ ! #, ,"/+ h$ $& '++ %h
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,#/ %#!+! "+$++, $& ,#/! & # &* &'
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$& $h+ !$#$! &' # ',#+,$#/ h$ ! $h&$ %h
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. Th+ !$#, $h#$ %,#/ +'##$&, ,+ S+%$&, 499
IPC !&$h+! $h+ '++& &' !*++%h #, +*+!!&, & ! #
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+,!h,+ ,+ A$%/+ 19(1)(#) %#,,&$ #//&+ $& "!h ##
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%/ /# %#,,&$ "+ # &, $& +%/#+ S+%$&, 499500 IPC
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%#!+ #, =, &' !%&'&$ $& #, &' $h+ *&!&,! &' $h+
C&,!$$$&,. I, #$&, $& $h! $ %#, "+ !# $h#$ %/
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. Th+ S$#$+ ! ,+ #, &"/#$&, $& *&$+%$ h#,
,$ &' ++ ,#/. S/$#,+&!/ '++& &' !*++%h
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!#'+#! $& $h+ *&!&, #, $h++'&+ $ %#, ,++ "+
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%&,'++ " A$%/+ 19(1)(#) +# $h A$%/+ 19(2) #, A$%/+
194 +#/, $h $h+ P&+! P/++! +$%. &' $h+ H&!+! &'
L+!/#$+ #, &' $h+ M+"+! #, C&$$++! $h++&'
(A$%/+ 105 #/!& %&+!*&,! $& $h! A$%/+) ++ %&,!++
#, h#&,&!/ ,$+*+$+ #, #**/+ , Special
Reference No 1 of 1()' * h++, $h! C&$ #/!& &"!++
$h#$ ' # %$+, &+! $h+ Hh C&$ &, $h+ &, $h#$ h!
5
(1965) 1 SCR 413
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',#+,$#/ h$ ,+ A$%/+ 21 h#! "++, %&,$#+,+ $h+
Hh C&$ &/ "+ +,$$/+ $& +#,+ h! %/# #, $h#$
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*&+! %/#+ " $h+ H&!+. Th! "#/#,%, &' h$! ! #
%&,!$$$&,#/ ##,$.
M'. T.R. A,37$'",$ S'. A36+$*
. F++& &' !*++%h #, +*+!!&, , I,# ! ,&$
#"!&/$+ "$ !"
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+// #! $h+ ,#/ ! $h+ /&!+. P&$+%$&, &' +*$#$&, !
%&,%+ $& $h+ *"/% &&. Th++'&+ '++& &'
+*+!!&, ! ,&$ #, #"!&/$+ h$.
. Wh/+ $h+ '++& &' !*++%h #, +*+!!&, ! ,& &"$
+$++/ +/+#,$ #, ++! *&$+%$&, #! # ',#+,$#/
h$ #$ $h+ !#+ $+ $ ! ,+%+!!# $h#$ $h+ +*$#$&, &'
,#/! ++! $& "+ *&$+%$+ '& "+, ,,+%+!!#/
$#,!h+. R+*$#$&, ! #, +/++,$ &' *+!&,#/ !+%$ #,
! *&$+%$+ #! # ',#+,$#/ h$ ,+ A$%/+ 21 &' $h+
C&,!$$$&, #, ++! +#/ *&$+%$&,. Th+ h$ $&
'++& &' +*+!!&, ,+ A$%/+ 19 ! !"
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*&$+%$! $h+ #$h& ' $h+ *$#$&, ! $+ #, #+ '& $h+
*"/% &&. E+, $h $h+ E%+*$&,! , S+%$&, 499 IPC
$h++ +#,! $h+ *&"/+ &' h+$h+ %,#/ *&!+%$&, '&
+'##$&, ,+ S+%$&, 499 #, S+%$&, 500 IPC #%$! #! #
%h//, +''+%$ &, $h+ '++& &' !*++%h #, +*+!!&, & #
*&$+,$#/ '& h##!!+,$ *#$%/#/ &' $h+ *+!! #, +#.
F# %&+,$ &, # #$$+ &' *"/% ,$++!$ ! ,&$ #%$&,#"/+
, %/ #%$&, '& +'##$&,. Th! h$ ! &,+ &' $h+ #!*+%$!
&' $h+ ',#+,$#/ *,%*/+! &' '++& &' +*+!!&, #, $h+
%&$! #+ +#/&! $& *+!++ $ ,*#+; #, $h+ !#
*,%*/+ h#! "++, !$#$+ , Sal-on and e$ston on /a" of
Torts0 2* th Ed.0 p. 1% .
. I, # *&!+%$&, '& +'##$&, ,+ S+%$&, 499 IPC
'# %&+,$ h%h ! ,&$ %&++ " $h+ E%+*$&,! &/
,&$ "+ *&$+%$+. Th+ *&!*+%$ &' *,!h+,$ # !&+$+!
#%$ #! # +$++,$ &, $h+ '++& &' !*++%h. S+%$&, 199(2)
CPC # #/!& + #, ,'# !##,$#+ $& h#+ # *"/%
*&!+%$& , %#!+! &' # /"+/ ##,!$ # M,!$+ & # *"/%
!+#,$. Th+!+ '#%$&! ,++ $& "+ %&,!++ '& !#'+#,
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$h+ '++& &' !*++%h. S+%$&, 499 IPC "+ +# $& *&+
$h#$ *$#$&, #, %$%! & '# %&+,$ ++, ' ,&$ $+
"$ #+ , && '#$h #, , $h+ *"/% ,$++!$ &/ ,&$
,$+ %,#/ *&!+%$&,. S%h #, &$h+ #/'%#$&,!
# "+ %&,!++ #! ,+%+!!# $& +$#, %,#/ +'##$&,
#! # +#!&,#"/+ +!$%$&, &, $h+ '++& &' !*++%h #,
+*+!!&,. H+,%+ $h++ # "+ # ,++ $& h#+ # *&*+
"#/#,%, "+$++, $h+ '++& &' !*++%h #, $h+ ,+%+!!$ &'
%,#/ +'##$&,.
19. W+ h#+ !$+/ *$ '&$h $h+ !"!!&,! &' $h+
/+#,+ %&,!+/ '& $h+ *#$+!. Th+ h#+ +'++ $& #&!
#$h&$+! #, *+,+$#$,/ hh/h$+ &, ,+&!
#!*+%$! $& h%h + !h#// #+$ $& #$ $h+ #**&*#$+ !$#+.
P& $& $h#$ + ,$+, $& '& $h+ !#=+ &' %/#$ #, #/!&
=++*, , + $h+ #$ &' $h+ !!+ +// *&, %+$#,
#!*+%$!.
20. F!$ + !h#// +*#$#$+ &, $h+ %&,%+*$! &' +'##$&,
#, +*$#$&,. Th+ ,+!$#,, &' $h+ $+ +'##$&,
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#, #**+%#$&, &' $h+ ',#+,$#/ %&,%+*$ &' +*$#$&,
#+ #"!&/$+/ ,+%+!!$&! $& ,+!$#, $h+ %&,$&+!.
21. M$,",: + * *'/ =3$/$*"+,>
. Sal-ond e$ston &, $h+ /a" of Torts 20* E3,.?
+',+ # +'##$& !$#$++,$ #! ,+@-
A +'##$& !$#$++,$ ! &,+ h%h h#! #$+,+,% $& ,
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. Th+ +',$&, &' $h+ $+ h#! "++, +, " D!$%+
C#+ , $h+ %#!+ &' Scott v. Sa-pson #! # '#/!+ !$#$++,$
#"&$ # #, $& h! !%+$.
. ?+'##$&, #%%&, $& 3ha-ers T"entieth
3ent$r& 4ictionar& +#,! $& $#=+ ## & +!$& $h+ &&
'#+ & +*$#$&,; $& !*+#= +/ &'; $& %h#+ '#/!+/ & $&
#!*+!+. A%%&, $& S#/&,@-
Th+ &, &' +'##$&, %&,!!$! , $h+*"/%#$&, &' # '#/!+ #, +'##$& !$#$++,$%&,%+,, #,&$h+ *+!&, $h&$ /#'/
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?+'##$&, ! $h+ *"/%#$&, &' # !$#$++,$h%h $+,! $& /&+ # *+!&, , $h+ +!$#$&, &' h$ $h,=, +"+! &' !&%+$ +,+#//; &h%h $+,! $& #=+ $h+ !h, & #& $h#$
*+!&,.
. I, $h+ "&&= The /a" of 4efa-ation7 11 $h+ $+
+'##$&, h#! "++, +',+ #! "+/&@-
?+'##$&, # "+ "/ +',+ #! # '#/!+!$#$++,$ &' h%h $h+ $+,+,% ! $& !*##+ $h+
&& ,#+ & +*$#$&, &' #,&$h+ *+!&,.
. I, #ar-iter v. 3o$pland 12 +'##$&, h#! "++,
+!%"+ #!@-
>A *"/%#$&, $h&$
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# +'##$& !$#$++,$ ! # !$#$++,$ %&,%+,,#, *+!&, h%h +*&!+! h $& h#$+ %/+& %&,$+*$ & h%h %#!+! h $& "+ !h,,+ &#&+ & h%h h#! # $+,+,% $& ,
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$h+ +'++,%+ $& $h+ $+ >'#+ ! $& &!$#%!+ $h+ !#, $h#$
'#+ ! # '&& $h#$ +# +, +#$.
23. CONCEPT OF REPUTATION
H#, +#/$ #"&$ +'##$&, + &/ /=+ $& +'+
$& $h+ ,$,!% '#%+$! &' +*$#$&, #, h#$ %&,!$$$+!
+*$#$&,. Th+ #//!&,! &/ %/+#/ +*&!$ $h+ ,,#$+
,+!#/ #/+ &' +*$#$&, #, h& $ ! # %h+!h+
%&,!$$+,$ &' /'+ #, ,&$ /$+ & +!$%$+ " $+. Th+
+!%*$&, # "+ ''++,$ "$ $h+ %%#/ "#!+ ! $h+ !#+.
@"&"+, + * A,",*&
. I, h### $# $ h#! "++, !# @-
अहं स स्यमकोध्यग शनिरपशै ुम। दय भू ि े !ो!ु "् ं मद # ं $%र&प!म '()- *'
#he $nglish translation of the afore%uoted shlo&a is'
N&,-&/+,%+ , $h&h$ & #, ++$$h'/,+!! #, +,#/$ &' !*++%h #"!+,%+ &' #,+ ++, &, *&&%#$&, !%/#, &+!h* ,
+!*+%$ &' #%$&,! +$+ & %&*&!+ &' ,.A"!$#,, '& #/%&! &!!* %&*#!!&,$&#! #// %+#$+! #"!+,%+ &' #$$#%h+,$ $& $h+&"
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. I, (ubhashitratbhandagaram $ h#! "++, +!%"+@-
“ Sa jeevti &asho &ash&a ,irti&ash&a sa jeevti0
8&asho,irtisan&$,to jeevannipe -ritoopa--a ”
T#,!/#$+ ,$& E,/!h $ ! #! '&//&!@
O,+ h& *&!!+!!+! '#+ #/&,+ &+! /+. O,+h& h#! && *#!+ &+! #/&,+ /+. Wh& h#! ,&'#+ #, ,+#$+ *#!+ ! +#/ $& &,+ h& !+# h/+ #/+.
. Th+ E,/!h $#,!/#$&, &' S#h 49 A###$ 11 &' $h+
H&/ K#, +#! #! '&//&!@-
L+$ ,&$ !&+ +, #&, & /#h #$ &$h+!@ $# "+ $h#$ $h+ (/#$$+) #+ "+$$+ $h#, $h+ ('&+)@,& +'#+ ,& "+ !#%#!$% $& +#%h &$h+ ,& %#//
+#%h &$h+ " (&''+,!+) ,%=,#+! //-!++, !# ,#+ %&,,&$, %=+,+!! ($& "+ !+ &' &,+)#'$+ h+ h#! "+/++@ #, $h&!+ h& & ,&$ +!!$#+ (,++) &, &,.
. P&+" 15 &' $h+ H&/ "/+ +#! #! ,+@-
A !&'$ #,!+ $,! ## #$h"$ # h#!h & !$! * #,+.
Th+ $&,+ &' $h+ !+ !*+,!+!=,&/++"$ $h+ &$h! &' '&&/! *& &$'&//. Th+ ++! &' $h+ LOR? #+ , ++*/#%+=++*, #$%h &, $h+ +/ #, $h+ &&.
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A +,$/+ $&,+ ! # $++ &' /'+"$ *++!+,+!! , $ "+#=! $h+ !*$.
Th&h $h+ #'&+!# !#,! h#+ ''++,$ %&,$+$! +$
$h+ /# !$+!! &, $h+ +*$#$&, ,#/ h&,& #, #/!&
$h+ ,++ &' +,$/+,+!! &' "+h#& &, $h+ *#$ &' +#%h &,+.
T+:*& + * '$*"6 9'"*'& $,3 *",%'&
24. W//# Sh#=+!*+#+ , O*55+ +*+!!+ h! %+#$+
$h&h$! &, %h##%$+ " $h+ '&//&, +*+!!&,@-
&& ,#+ , #, #, &#, +# /&! $h+ +#$+
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26. Th+ '#&! ++= *h/&!&*h+ #, $h,=+ S&%#$+!
$#h$@-
R+# & && ,#+ #! $h+ %h+!$
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29. #&! I,$+,#$&,#/ C&+,#,$! h#+ !$+!!+ &, $h+
!,'%#,%+ &' +*$#$&, #, h&,& , # *+!&,! /'+. Th+
Universal 4eclaration on $-an Rights0 1(' h#! +*/%$
*&!&,! '& "&$h $h+ h$ $& '++ !*++%h #, h$ $&
+*$#$&,. A$%/+ 12 &' $h+ !# ?+%/##$&, *&+! $h#$@-
N& &,+ !h#// "+ !"
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%+$#, +!$%$&,! "$ $h+!+ !h#// &,/ "+ !%h #!#+ *&+ " /# #, #+ ,+%+!!#@
(#) F& +!*+%$ &' $h+ h$! & +*$#$&,! &'
&$h+!;
(") F& $h+ *&$+%$&, &' ,#$&,#/ !+%$ & &' *"/% &+ (&+ *"/%) & &' *"/% h+#/$h& &#/!.
31. A$%/+! 8 #, 10 &' $h+ E$ropean 3onvention for the
#rotection of $-an Rights and 9$nda-ental 9reedo-s
(ECHR) *&+@-
=A'*"5 8. R":* *+ '* +' #'"6$* $,3$/"57 5"
1. E+&,+ h#! $h+ h$ $& +!*+%$ '& h! *#$+#, '#/ /'+ h! h&+ #, h!
%&+!*&,+,%+.
2. Th++ !h#// "+ ,& ,$+'++,%+ " # *"/%#$h&$ $h $h+ ++%!+ &' $h! h$ +%+*$!%h #! ! , #%%&#,%+ $h $h+ /# #, !,+%+!!# , # +&%#$% !&%+$ , $h+,$++!$! &' ,#$&,#/ !+%$ *"/% !#'+$ &$h+ +%&,&% +//"+, &' $h+ %&,$ '& $h+*++,$&, &' !&+ & %+ '& $h+
*&$+%$&, &' h+#/$h & &#/! & '& $h+*&$+%$&, &' $h+ h$! #, '++&! &' &$h+!
A'*"5 10. F'3+/ + #'&&"+,
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1. E+&,+ h#! $h+ h$ $& '++& &' +*+!!&,. Th! h$ !h#// ,%/+ '++& $& h&/ &*,&,!#, $& +%++ #, *#$ ,'&#$&, #, +#!$h&$ ,$+'++,%+ " *"/% #$h&$ #,
+#/+!! &' '&,$+!. Th! #$%/+ !h#// ,&$*++,$ S$#$+! '& +, $h+ /%+,!, &' "%#!$, $+/+!&, & %,+# +,$+*!+!.
2. Th+ ++%!+ &' $h+!+ '++&! !,%+ $ %#+!$h $ $+! #, +!*&,!"/$+! #"+ !"
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''++,$/ !#,! $h+!+ #/+! ,& *+!&, & ,#/ %#,
%&,%++ $h+ +# &' # +#/ *+!&, '& #"!+,%+ &' $h+!+
#!*+%$! , /'+ #=+! # *+!&, # ,&,-*+!&, #, #, ,#/
$& "+ #, +,$$ &,/ , +!$+,%+ *+%++ $h&$
,#/$.
P'#*"+, + * C+'*& ", U,"*3
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h! &, *+!&,#/$ & !*&!$&,. Th#$ ! h C#+ D. !*&=+ &' +*$#$&, #$h+ $h#,%h##%$+.
Th+ $$h ! $h#$ $h+ & %h##%$+ ! &'$+,!+ #, $+ *&*+/ !+ , $h+ !#+ !+,!+#! $h+ & +*$#$&,. Th! h+, I !# &' ##, $h#$ H+ h#! #/#! "&,+ # && %h##%$+I +#, $h#$ h+ h#! #/#! "++, $h&h$ +// &' " &$h+!@ #, h+, I #,$ $& =,& h#$ h!%h##%$+ ! I $+ ,&$ $& h "$ $& &$h+! h&=,& !&+$h, #"&$ h. I, !h&$ h!%h##%$+ ! $h+ +!$++ , h%h h+ ! h+/ " &$h+! h& =,& h #, #+ , # *&!$&, $&
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!h&,+!$ '& $h+ &/ #$ /#+. H+ !h&/ ,&$"+ +,$$/+ $& ##+! &, $h+ "#!! $h#$ h+ ! ##, &' ,"/+!h+ +*$#$&,. Th++ !$ &,+!&/ $h,= "+ *+&*/+ h& =,& h #, %#,
%&+ #, !*+#= $& h! "# %h##%$+.
35. I, +# $& $h+ *&$#,%+ &' *&$+%$, #, ,#/!
+*$#$&, L& N%h&//! &' =+,h+# &"!++ , Re&nolds
v. Ti-es Ne"spapers /td 1) @-
>R+*$#$&, ! #, ,$+#/ #, *&$#,$ *#$ &' $h+,$ &' $h+ ,#/. I$ #/!& '&! $h+ "#!! &' #, +%!&,! , # +&%#$% !&%+$ h%h #+',#+,$#/ $& $! +//-"+,@ h& $& +*/& &&= '& h& $& *&&$+ h& $& & "!,+!!$h & $& &$+ '&. O,%+ "+!%h+ " #,,'&,+ #//+#$&, , # ,#$&,#/ ,+!*#*+ #+*$#$&, %#, "+ ##+ '&++ +!*+%#// ' $h++ ! ,& &**&$,$ $& ,%#$+ &,+!+*$#$&,. Wh+, $h! h#**+,! !&%+$ #! +// #!
$h+ ,#/ ! $h+ /&!+. F& $ !h&/ ,&$ "+!**&!+ $h#$ *&$+%$&, &' +*$#$&, ! # #$$+&' *&$#,%+ &,/ $& $h+ #''+%$+ ,#/ #,h! '#/. P&$+%$&, &' +*$#$&, ! %&,%+ $&$h+ *"/% &&. I$ ! , $h+ *"/% ,$++!$ $h#$ $h++*$#$&, &' *"/% '+! !h&/ ,&$ "+ +"#!+'#/!+/. I, $h+ *&/$%#/ '+/ , &+ $& #=+ #,,'&+ %h&%+ $h+ +/+%$&#$+ ,++! $& "+ #"/+ $&+,$' $h+ && #! +// #! $h+ "#. C&,!!$+,$/
$h $h+!+ %&,!+#$&,! h#, h$!%&,+,$&,! +%&,!+ $h#$ '++& &' +*+!!&, !,&$ #, #"!&/$+ h$. I$! ++%!+ # "+ !"
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#+ ,+%+!!# , # +&%#$% !&%+$ '& $h+*&$+%$&, &' $h+ +*$#$&,! &' &$h+!.
36. Wh/+ +/"+#$, &, *&!!"/+ "#/#,%+ "+$++, $h+ h$
$& +*$#$&, #, '++& &' +*+!!&, , 3a-pell v. !GN
/td 1: $ h#! "++, !$#$+@-
&$h +'/+%$ *&$#,$ %/+ #/+! "$ #!&'$+, h#**+,! ,+$h+ %#, "+ +, +''+%$ , '//+#!+ $h&$ +!$%$, $h+ &$h+ H& #+$h+ $& "+ +%&,%/+ , # *#$%/# %#!+Q Th++ !, + ,& +!$&, &' #$&#$% *&$. N&! $h++ # *+!*$&, , '#& &' &,+ #$h+ $h#,$h+ &$h+. Th+ +!$&, ! #$h+ $h+ +$+,$ $&h%h $ ! ,+%+!!# $& #/' $h+ &,+ h$ ,&+ $& *&$+%$ $h+ ,+/, #/+ h%h !*&$+%$+ " $h+ &$h+. A, $h+ +$+,$ &' $h+#/'%#$&, !$ "+ *&*&$&,#$+ $& $h+ ,++. S++ @ S+/+ LD , 4o$ghlas v. ellol /td . 2001K 967
@"9 + * C+'*& ", U,"*3 S*$*&
37. I, 5isconsin v. 3onstantinea$ 1 $ h#! "++, &"!++
$h#$@-
Wh++ # *+!&,! && ,#+ +*$#$&, h&,&
& ,$+$ ! #$ !$#=+ "+%#!+ &' h#$ $h+&+,+,$ ! &, $& h ,&$%+ #, #,
17
(2004) L 22 at aa 5518
400 .S. 433 (1971)
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&**&$,$ $& "+ h+# #+ +!!+,$#/. P&!$,,+ $h+ W!%&,!, A%$ # $& !&+ "+ ++/ $h+ #= &' //,+!! $& &$h+! $ ! # !$# #,&''%#/ "#,, &' # *+!&,. Th+ /#"+/ ! #
+#, &,+. :,+ $h+ W!%&,!, A%$ # +!+,$&' H#$'& ! +, ,& *&%+!! #$ #//. Th! #**+//++#! ,&$ #''&+ # %h#,%+ $& +'+, h+!+/'. Sh+# h#+ "++, $h+ %$ &' #, &''%#/! %#*%+.O,/ h+, $h+ h&/+ *&%++,! /+#, $& $h+*,,, &' #, ,!#& /#"+/ &, # *+!&, #+ #+%#, &**+!!+ +!/$! "+ *++,$+.
38. I, Rosenlatt v. ;aer 1( M. D!$%+ S$+#$ &"!++
$h#$@-
Th+ h$ &' # #, $& $h+ *&$+%$&, &' h! &,+*$#$&, '& ,
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107 Th+ &$h+ #/+ $& "+ "#/#,%+ , #+'##$&, #%$&, ! $h+ *&$+%$&, &' $h++*$#$&, &' $h+ ,#/. A/$h&h %h h#!+ *&*+/ "++, !# #, $$+, #"&$ $h+
*&$#,%+ &' '++& &' +*+!!&, /$$/+ h#! "++,$$+, &' $h+ *&$#,%+ &' +*$#$&,. +$ $&&!$ *+&*/+ $h+ && +*$#$&, ! $& "+%h+!h+ #"&+ #//. A && +*$#$&, ! %/&!+/ +/#$+ $& $h+ ,,#$+ &$h,+!! #, ,$ &' $h+,#/. I$ ! #, #$$"$+ $h#$ !$
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(%/#!+ 7) *#% (%/#!+ 14) #, '++& &' +*+!!&,
(%/#!+ 16). I,
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)hag*ad ita $h +# $& !h&,& & /&!! &' +*$#$&,;
#, *&%+++ $& &$+@-
/&irtinchapi bhutani &athaishyanti te+a+vyayam, (ambha+vitasya Cha&irtir maranadatirichyate . (2.34)
(M+, // +%&,$ $h *+*+$#/ !h&,&#, $& &,+ hh/ +!$+++ !h&,&+%+++$h +#$h.)
Th++#'$+ $h+ C&$ +'++ $& /#%=!$&,+!
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, # *+!&,! /+#/ #, ,,$+*$+ +,
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+ $ ,&$+ # *#!!#+ '& 4.9. !arion v. 4avis 2( #!
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,!++#"/ #!!&%#$+ $h $h+ ,$ &' #h#, "+, h& ! "#!%#// ,+ ,&$ !+/+.
E/%#$, '$h+ $h+ C&$ &"!++@-
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!+%$ #, ! *&$+%$+ " $h+ C&,!$$$&, +#// $h $h+
h$ $& $h+ +,
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h%h %#,,&$ "+ #//&+ $& "+ !//+ $h $h+ *#!!#+ &'
$+. I$ ! +# $& /'+ #, &, !&+ &%%#!&,! $ ! +#+ $h#,
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3o$rt of G$jarat %: $h+ %&$ &*,+@-
A, h&,& h%h ! # /&!$ & /'+ h%h ! !,''+&$ %#,,&$ "+ +%&*+,!+
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#/+ &' +*$#$&, #, *&$#,%+ #$$#%h+ $& $. W+ !h#//
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#'&++,$&,+ #$h&$+! #, #/!& '& &$h+
*&,&,%++,$! $& ,+!$#, $h+ C&$! #%%+,$ &,
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53. H#, +%&,,&$++ $h+ #!!+!!+,$ &' $h+ #/+ &'
+*$#$&, #, !%$,!+ $h+ %&,%+*$#/ +#,, &' $h+
$+ +*$#$&, + #+ ++ $& +h , $h+ !%#/+ &'
'++& &' !*++%h #, +*+!!&, +!*+%#// ,+ &
C&,!$$$&, #, $h+ ,#$+ &' $h+ +&%#$% *&/$ $h+
%&,$ h#!.
R":* + * F'3+/ + S# $,3 E#'&&"+,
54. T& #**+%#$+ $h+ #,+ #, +*$h &' $h+ !# h$ $ !
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#! #+,+ " $h+ 1!$
A+,+,$ $& $h+ C&,!$$$&, &,
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19. (1) A// %$+,! !h#// h#+ $h+ h$
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55. A$%/+ 19(2) *& $& $h+ #+,+,$ #! %&%h+ , $h+
'&//&, &!@-
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N&$h, , !"-%/#!+ (#) &' C/.(1) !h#// #''+%$ $h+&*+#$&, &' #, +!$, /# , !& '# #! $ +/#$+!$& & *++,$! $h+ !$#$+ '& #=, #, /#+/#$, $& /"+/ !/#,+ +'##$&, %&,$+*$ &'
C&$ & #, #$$+ h%h &''+,! ##,!$ +%+,% & &#/$ & h%h ,+,+! $h+ !+%$ &' &$+,! $& &+$h& $h+ S$#$+.
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(2) N&$h, , !"-%/#!+ (#) &' %/#!+ (1) !h#//#''+%$ $h+ &*+#$&, &' #, +!$, /# & *++,$
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57. L+#,+ %&,!+/ #**+#, '& !&+ &' $h+ *+$$&,+!
#*#$ '& #+!!, #$ /+,$h &, $h+ %&,%+*$ &' +#!&,#"/+
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*+$#,, $& $h+ +#,, &' $h+ $+ +'##$&, #! !+ ,
A$%/+ 19(2). I, $h! +# '& #!*+%$! ,#+/ ()
+'##$&, h&++ +$+,!+/ !$+$%h+ %#, &,/ ,%/+ #
%/ #%$&, "$ ,&$ # %,#/ *&%++, () ++, '
+'##$&, ! %&,%++ &' $& ,%/+ # %,#/ &''+,%+
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+# "+, h# $& $! */#%++,$ , A$%/+ 19(2) $ h#! $& "+
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&''+,%+ '& $h+ *,%*/+ &' noscitur a sociis h#! $& "+ #+
#**/%#"/+ $h+, &,/ $h+ %h+!h+ #, ,#$#/ h$ &'
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! &!$/ +/#$#"/+ $& #!!#/$ &, +*$#$&, " #,&$h+
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& +'##$&, !+ , A$%/+ 19(2) &' $h+ C&,!$$$&,.
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+'##$&,. T& +/#"&#$+ h+$h+ $h+ & +'##$&,
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#,!+ $h+ !# +!$&, + !h#// *&%++ $& #+$ $& $h+
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#!*+%$ &' +#!&,#"/+ +!$%$&, &, $h+ h$ &' '++& &'
!*++%h #, +*+!!&, #! +,#'$+ ,+ A$%/+ 19(1)(#).
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%#,#!!+ $h#$ $& ,+!$#, $h+ #"$ &' $h+ &
+'##$&, , $h+ %&,$+$ &' $h+ /#,#+ +*/&+ ,
A$%/+ 19(2) $ ! ,+%+!!# $& +'+ $& $h+ C&,!$$+,$
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+"#$+! #, + $h,= $ #**&*#$+ $& +*&%+ $h+ +/+#,$
*#$!@-
T H+,+'$5 D'. B.R. A/3%$'@ S $h!#$%/+ ! $& "+ +# #/&, $h #$%/+ 8.
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$h++'&+ ,& ''%/$ , $h! #+,+,$ "+,#%%+*$+.
N& $h +# $& $h+ *&,$ #+ " F+, M.S#,$h#,# $ ! $+ $+ $h#$ !& '# #!',#+,$#/ h$! #+ %&,%+,+ $h+ &S$#$+ ! !+ , # &"/+ !+,!+ ,%/, $h+C+,$+ #! +// #! $h+ P&,%+!. $ I $h,= h+// "+# , , $h#$ ,&$$h!$#,, $h! '#%$ #S$#$+ # #=+ # /# #! +// #! $h+ C+,$+ # #=+ # /# !&+ &' $h+ h+#! +,$&,+ h++!%h #! /"+/ !/#,+ +'##$&, !+%$ &' S$#$+ +$%. #+ #$$+! */#%+ , $h+ C&,%+,$/!$ !& $h#$ ' $h++ #! #, + +#$ ##$&,
#&, $h+ /#! #+ +/#$, $& $h+!+ !"
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#! , 1791 #, ' $h+ A+%#, %$+,$#,!+!!+ $h+ /$! #, +,#,++ $h+S$#$+ $h+
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, $h! C&,!$$$&,. I' #$ # *#$%/# $+ $h+/+!/#$+ $h,=! $h#$ $h+!+ h$! &h$ $& "++/#$+ , # %+$#, #,,+ #, , # *#$%/#+$h& $h++ ! ,&$h, &, , $ ,&$h,
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$h+ +#/ ,+ h%h $h! C&,!$$$&, ! "#!+// #/!& %&+ , h%h I h"/ !"$ &/,&$ "+ $h+ %#!+ ' & +*h#!!+ &,/ $h!#$%/+. I' & !# ++/ !"
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R+/, &, $h+ !# +"#$+! $ ! + " M. R&h#$
$h#$ $h+ '&,, '#$h+! h# ,& ,$+,$&, $& %&,'+ #
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60. A'$+ $h! +"#$+ A$%/+ 19(2) %#+ , $! &,#/ !h#*+.
Th++#'$+ $h+ F!$ A+,+,$ $& $h+ C&,!$$$&, *#!!+
, D,+ 1951 h%h +*&++ $h+ S$#$+ $& *&!+
+#!&,#"/+ +!$%$&,! &, $h+ '++& &' !*++%h #,
+*+!!&, , $h+ ,$++!$! &' $h+ !+%$ &' $h+ S$#$+38
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&#/$ & , +/#$&, $& %&,$+*$ &' %&$ +'##$&, &
,%$++,$ $& #, &''+,%+. Th+ &! /"+/ #, !/#,+ ++
&**+. I,%$++,$ $& #, &''+,%+ #! #+ #! # +!*&,!+
$& $h+ /,! , State of ;ihar v. Shailaala 4evi %( and
;rij ;h$shan v. State of 4elhi '6 . Th+ +!$%$&,! ++
#/'+ " *+', $h+ & +#!&,#"/+. Th+ 16$h
38
R!a%'- t*! +d$ +tends to overthrow the State,.39
AIR 1952 SC 32940
1952 SCR 654 AIR 1950 SC 129
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&' $h+ %&$ $& ', &$ $h+ ,$+,$&, &' $h+ '#+! &' $h+
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62. R+%+,$/ , !anoj Nar$la v. Union of India '' $h+
#
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O,+ &' $h+ &$!$#,, '#%$ &' E,/!h /+#/ h!$& '& $h+ /#!$ $h++ %+,$+! ! $h+ ++/&*+,$ &' $h+ /# &' $&$! '& !#// "+,,,! $& $! *+!+,$+,!&,! #! # !+*##$+ "#,%h &' /#. Th+
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Th++ ! #, ,h++,$ h$ , ++ *+!&, $& ",# !$ &' # %/ ,#$+ #, ,/+!! $h+ !$ ! "#+" !$#$+ &,+ # #$ &,+! *+/ ", # !$ &,+!%h&%+. I$ ! ,& #,!+ $& # !$ h&!&++
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$h#$ $ ! "+&, #, $#%+ &' &"$ $h#$ %/ #%$&, '& h%h
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P&%++ 1908 ,/+!! $h++ ! !*+%'% !$#$$& "# , $h#$
+#.
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&' A$%/+ 19(2)(#) ! $h#$ +'##$&, ++, ! %&,%++ &' $&
,%/+ # %,#/ &''+,%+ $ !$ h#+ $h+ *&$+,$#/$ $&
,%$+ $& %#!+ #, &''+,%+. T& +/#"&#$+ $h+ !"!!&, !
$h+ &! ,%$+ $& %#!+ #, &''+,%+ !h&/ "+ +# $& +
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%/#!+ (2) &' A$%/+ 19 ! $& ,%/+ # *"/% /# ++ ,
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+!*+%$ &' # +#,%+ $h#$ h#! # %&//+%$+ *#%$ "$ ,&$ #!
#, #%$&,#"/+ %/# ,+ $h+ %&&, /# " #, ,#/
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&''+,%+ &/ !& ##,$. M. R#& /+#,+ !+,& %&,!+/
#!$$+/ %#,#!!+ $h#$ ,/+!! $h+ & +'##$&, !
,+!$&& , $h! #,,+ #**/, $h+ *,%*/+ &' noscitur a
sociis $h+ %h+!h+ #, ,#$#/ h$ &' '++& &' !*++%h
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&/ %&,$+, $h#$ $h+ !# /+ &' %&,!$%$&, &/ ,&$ "+
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$h+ C&,!$$$&,. Th++ ! ,& &"$ $h#$ $h+ *,%*/+ &'
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&' #**/%#"/$ &' $h+ !# *,%*/+. I, State of ;o-a& v.
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